The Lorentz force (the force acting on currents in a magnetic field) plays an increasingly larger role in techniques to image current and conductivity. This review will summarize several applications involving the Lorentz force, including (1) magneto-acoustic imaging of current; (2) ‘Hall effect’ imaging; (3) ultrasonically-induced Lorentz force imaging of conductivity; (4) magneto-acoustic tomography with magnetic induction; and (5) Lorentz force imaging of action currents using magnetic resonance imaging.
HobbieRK, RothBJ. Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology, 4th edn. New York: Springer, 2007
2.
SchenckJF. Safety of strong static magnetic fields. J Mag Reson Imag2000;12:2–19
3.
WikswoJPJr, BarachJP. An estimate of the steady magnetic field strength required to influence nerve conduction. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng1980;27:722–3
4.
SekinoM, TatsuokaH, YamaguchiS, EguchiY, UenoS. Effects of strong static magnetic fields on nerve excitation. IEEE Trans Mag2006;42:3584–6
5.
FrankelRB, BlakemoreRP, WolfeRS. Magnetite in freshwater magnetotactic bacteria. Science1979;203:1355–6
6.
ToweBC, IslamMR. A magneto-acoustic method for noninvasive measurement of bioelectric currents. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng1988;35:892–4
7.
IslamMR, ToweBC. Bioelectric current image reconstruction from magneto-acoustic measurements. IEEE Trans Med Imag1988;7:386–91
8.
ToweBC. Investigation of a Lorentz force biomagnetometer. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng1997;44:455–61
9.
RothBJ, BasserPJ, WikswoJPJr. A theoretical model of magneto-acoustic imaging of bioelectric currents. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng1994;41:723–8
10.
OhayanJ, ChadwickRS. Effects of collagen microstructure on the mechanics of the left ventricle. Biophys J1988;54:1077–88
11.
AmmariH, CapdeboscqY, KangH, KozhemyakA. Mathematical models and reconstruction methods in magneto-acoustic imaging. Euro J Appl Math2009;20:303–17
12.
WenH, ShahJ, BalabanRS. Hall effect imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng1998;45:119–24
13.
WenH. Volumetric Hall effect tomography – a feasibility study. Utrasonic Imaging1999;21:186–200
14.
WenH. Feasibility of biomedical applications of Hall effect imaging. Ultrasonic Imaging2000;22:123–36
15.
RothBJ, WikswoJPJr. Comments on “Hall effect imaging”. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng1998;45:1294–5
16.
MontalibetA, JossinetJ, MatiasA. Scanning electric conductivity gradients with ultrasonically-induced Lorentz force. Ultrasonic Imaging2001;23:117–32
17.
MontalibetA, JossinetJ, MatiasA, CathignolD. Electric current generated by ultrasonically induced Lorentz force in biological media. Med Biol Eng Comput2001;39:15–20
18.
RothBJ, SchalteK. Ultrasonically-induced Lorentz force tomography. Med Biol Eng Comput2009;47:573–7
19.
HaiderS, HrbekA, XuY. Magneto-acousto-electrical tomography: A potential method for imaging current density and electrical impedance. Physiol Meas2008;29:S41–50
20.
OlafssonR, WitteRS, HuangS-W, O'DonnellM. Ultrasound current source density imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng2008;55:1840–8
21.
TsengN, RothBJ. The potential induced in anisotropic tissue by the ultrasonically-induced Lorentz force. Med Biol Eng Comput2008;46:195–7
22.
BeveridgeAC, WangS, DieboldGJ. Imaging based on the ultrasonic vibration potential. Appl Phys Lett2004;85:5466–8
23.
XuY, HeB. Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI). Phys Med Biol2005;50:5175–87
24.
LiX, XuY, HeB. Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction for imaging electrical impedance of biological tissue. J Appl Phys2006;99:066112
25.
LiX, XuY, HeB. Imaging electrical impedance from acoustic measurements by means of magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI). IEEE Trans Biomed Eng2007;54:323–30
26.
XiaR, LiX, HeB. Magnetoacoustic tomographic imaging of electrical impedance with magnetic induction. Appl Phys Lett2007;91:083903
27.
MaQ, HeB. Investigation on magnetoacoustic signal generation with magnetic induction and its application to electrical conductivity reconstruction. Phys Med Biol2007;52:5085–99
28.
MaQY, HeB. Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction: A rigorous theory. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng2008;55:813–16
29.
LiX, LiX, ZhuSN, HeB. Solving the forward problem of magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction by means of the finite element method. Phys Med Biol2009;54:2667–82
30.
XiaRM, LiX, HeB. Reconstruction of vectorial acoustic sources in time-domain tomography. IEEE Trans Med Imag2009;28:669–75
31.
XiaRM, LiX, HeB. Comparison study of three different image reconstruction algorithms for MAT-MI. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng2010;57:708–13
32.
BrinkerK, RothBJ. The effect of electrical anisotropy during magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng2008;55:1637–9
33.
SongAW, TakahashiAM. Lorentz effect imaging. Magn Res Imag2001;19:763–7
34.
TruongT-K, WilburJL, SongAW. Synchronized detection of minute electrical currents with MRI using Lorentz effect imaging. J Magn Res2006;179:85–91
35.
TruongT-K, SongAW. Finding neuroelectric activity under magnetic-field oscillations (NAMO) with magnetic resonance imaging in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci2006;103:12598–601
