Cardiac CT is increasingly utilized in children thanks to advanced scan
techniques reducing cardiac and respiratory motion artifacts. Consequently,
clinical indications of cardiac CT are not confined to the extracardiac
evaluation and extended further to the assessment of intracardiac structures,
coronary arteries, ventricular volumetry, and ventricular function. In addition,
dual-energy CT allows the assessment of regional lung perfusion and ventilation.
Four-dimensional airway evaluation is also useful and may be added to cardiac CT
protocols. At the same time, a favorable risk-benefit ratio of cardiac CT can be
achieved by means of various dose-saving techniques. Therefore, flexible scan
techniques with minimal motion artifacts, low dose techniques without
compromising excellent image quality, and extended clinical applications towards
truly cardiac assessments constitute current trends in cardiac CT in
children.
GooHW, ParkIS, KoJK.
CT of congenital heart disease: normal anatomy and typical
pathologic conditions. Radiographics2003;23:S147–65
2.
GooHW, ParkIS, KoJK.
Computed tomography for the diagnosis of congenital heart
disease in pediatric and adult patients. Int J
Cardiovasc Imaging2005;21:347–65
3.
LeschkaS, OechslinE, HusmannL.
Pre- and postoperative evaluation of congenital heart disease
in children and adults with 64-section CT.
Radiographics2007;27:829–46
4.
SenaL, GooHW.
Computed tomography in congenital heart
disease. In: DonoghueV, ed.
Radiological imaging of the neonatal chest. 2nd edn.
Berlin:
Springer,
2008:319
5.
GooHW. CT in
pediatric heart disease. In: SaremiF, AchenbachS, ArbustiniE.,
eds. Revisiting cardiac anatomy: a computed-tomography-based atlas and
reference. Oxford:
Wiley-Blackwell,
2011:76
6.
GooHW.
Pediatric congenital heart disease. In: AbramsonS, ed. Cardiac
CT: the practical approach. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill,
2012:503
7.
GooHW.
State-of-the-art CT imaging techniques for congenital heart
disease. Korean J Radiol2010;11:4–18
8.
GooHW.
Cardiac MDCT in children: CT technology overview and
interpretation. Radiol Clin N Am2011;49:997–1010
9.
GooHW, ParkIS, KoJK.
Coronary CT angiography and MR angiography of Kawasaki
disease. Pediatr Radiol2006;36:697–705
10.
GooHW.
Haemodynamic findings on cardiac CT in children with
congenital heart disease. Pediatric Radiol2011;41:250–61
11.
GooHW.
Pediatric CT: understanding
of radiation dose and optimization of imaging techniques.
J Korean Radiol Soc2005;52:1–5
12.
YangDH, GooHW.
Pediatric 16-slice CT protocol: radiation dose and image
quality. J Korean Radiol Soc2008;59:333–47
13.
JungYY, GooHW.
The optimal parameter for radiation dose in pediatric low
dose abdominal CT: cross-sectional dimensions versus body
weight. J Korean Radiol Soc2008;58:169–75
14.
Sigal-CinqualbreAB,
HennequinR, AbadaHT.
Low-kilovoltage multi-detector row chest CT in adults:
feasibility and effect on image quality and iodine dose.
Radiology2004;231:169–74
GooHW, SuhDS.
Tube current reduction in Non-ECG-gated heart CT by combined
tube current modulation in children. Pediatr
Radiol2006;36:344–51
17.
GooHW, SuhDS.
The influences of tube voltage and scan direction on combined
tube current modulation: a phantom study. Pediatr
Radiol2006;36:833–40
18.
LeeCH, GooJM, YeHJ.
Radiation dose modulation techniques in the multidetector CT
era: from basics to practice. Radiographics2008;28:1451–9
19.
HerzogC, MulvihillDM, NguyenSA.
Pediatric cardiovascular CT angiography: radiation dose
reduction using automatic tube current modulation.
Am J Roentgenol2008;190:1232–40
20.
HopperKD, MosherTJ, KasalesCJ.
Thoracic spiral CT: delivery of contrast material pushed with
injectable saline solution in a power injector.
Radiology1997;205:269–71
21.
BaeKT.
Peak contrast enhancement in CT and MR angiography: when does
it occur and why? Pharmacokinetic study in a porcine model.
Radiology2003;227:809–16
22.
LitmanovitchD,
ZamboniGA, HauserTH.
ECG-gated chest CT angiography with 64-MDCT and tri-phasic IV
contrast administration regimen in patients with acute non-specific chest
pain. Eur Radiol2008;18:308–17
23.
GreenbergSB, BhuttaST.
A dual contrast injection technique for multidetector
computed tomography angiography of Fontan procedures.
Int J Cardiovasc Imaging2008;24:345–8
24.
PrabhuSP, MahmoodS, SenaL.
MDCT evaluation of pulmonary embolism in children and young
adults following a lateral tunnel Fontan procedure: optimizing
contrast-enhancement techniques. Pediatr
Radiol2009;39:938–44
25.
ShihMC, TholpadyA, KramerCM.
Surgical and endovascular repair of aortic coarctation:
normal findings and appearance of complications on CT angiography and MR
angiography. Am J Roentgenol2006;187:W302–12
RajeshkannanR,
MoorthyS, SreekumarKP.
Role of 64-MDCT in evaluation of pulmonary atresia with
ventricular septal defect. Am J Roentgenol2010;194:110–8
28.
GreilGF, SchoebingerM,
KuettnerA.
Imaging of aortopulmonary collateral arteries with
high-resolution multidetector CT. Pediatr
Radiol2006;36:502–9
29.
DillmanJR, YarramSG, HernandezRJ.
Imaging of pulmonary venous developmental
anomalies. Am J Roentgenol2009;192:1272–85
30.
EichhornJG, JourdanC, HillSL.
CT of pediatric vascular stents used to treat congenital
heart disease. Am J Roentgenol2008;190:1241–6
31.
KimC, GooHW, YuJJ.
Coronary sinus ostial atresia with persistent left superior
vena cava demonstrated on cardiac CT in an infant with a functional single
ventricle. Pediatr Radiol2012;42:761–3
32.
SchievanoS, CapelliC, YoungC.
Four-dimensional computed tomography: a method of assessing
right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary artery deformations throughout
the cardiac cycle. Eur Radiol2011;21:36–45
33.
BuschS, JohnsonTR, WinterspergerBJ.
Quantitative assessment of left ventricular function with
dual-source CT in comparison to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: initial
findings. Eur Radiol2008;18:570–5
34.
GuoYK, GaoHL, ZhangXC.
Accuracy and reproducibility of assessing right ventricular
function with 64-section multi-detector row CT: comparison with magnetic
resonance imaging. Int J Cardiol2010;139:254–62
35.
NieP, WangX, ChengZ.
Accuracy, image quality and radiation dose comparison of
high-pitch spiral and sequential acquisition on 128-slice dual-source CT
angiography in children with congenital heart disease.
Eur Radiol2012;22:2057–66
36.
GooHW, ParkIS, KoJK.
Visibility of the origin and proximal course of coronary
arteries on non-ECG-gated heart CT in patients with congenital heart
disease. Pediatr Radiol2005;35:792–8
37.
TsaiIC, LeeT, ChenMC.
Visualization of neonatal coronary arteries on multidetector
row CT: ECG-gated versus non-ECG-gated technique.
Pediatr Radiol2007;37:818–25
38.
GooHW, YangDH.
Coronary artery visibility in free-breathing young children
with congenital heart disease on cardiac 64-slice CT: dual-source
ECG-triggered sequential scan vs. single-source non-ECG-synchronized spiral
scan. Pediatr Radiol2010;40:1670–80
39.
GooHW, SeoDM, YunTJ.
Coronary artery anomalies and clinically important anatomy in
patients with congenital heart disease. Pediatr
Radiol2009;39;265–73
40.
OuP, MousseauxE, AzarineA.
Detection of coronary complications after the arterial switch
operation for transposition of the great arteries: first experience with
multislice computed tomography in children. J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg2006;131:639–43
41.
TackeCE, KuipersIM, GroeninkM.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for noninvasive assessment
of cardiovascular disease during the follow-up of patients with Kawasaki
disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging2011;4:712–20
42.
GooHW.
Evaluation of the airways in patients with congenital heart
disease using multi-slice CT. J Korean Pediatr
Cardiol Soc2004;8:37–43
43.
KatzM, KonenE, RozenmanJ.
Spiral CT and 3D image reconstruction of vascular rings and
associated tracheobronchial anomalies. J Comput
Assist Tomogr1995;19:564–8
44.
JhangWK, ParkJJ, SeoDM.
Perioperative evaluation of airways in patients with arch
obstruction and intracardiac defects. Ann Tlwrac
Surg2008;85:1753–8
45.
GooHW, JhangWK, KimYH.
CT findings of plastic bronchitis in children after Fontan
operation. Pediatr Radiol2008;38:989–93
46.
ChooKS, LeeHD, SungSC.
Evaluation of obstructive airway lesions in complex
congenital heart disease using composite volume-rendered images from
multislice CT. Pediatr Radiol2006;36:219–23
47.
DesirA, GhayeB.Congenital abnormalities of intrathoracic
airways. Radiol Clin North Am2009;47:203–25
48.
GooHW, KimYH, KoJK.
Horseshoe lung: useful angiographic and bronchographic images
using multidetector-row spiral CT in two infants.
Pediatr Radiol2002;32:529–32
49.
LeeEY, BoisellePM.
Tracheobronchomalacia in infants and children: multidetector
CT evaluation. Radiology2009;252:7–22
50.
ShinJH, GooHW.
Tracheomalacia in infants and children: detection by
free-breathing cine CT [abstract VP32-11]. In: Program in brief of the 96th
Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting of Radiological Society of North
America. Chicago, IL: RSNA,
2010:164
51.
GooHW.
Initial experience of dual-energy lung perfusion CT using a
dual-source CT system in children. Pediatr
Radiol2010;40:1536–44
52.
GooHW, YangDH, HongSJ.
Xenon ventilation CT using dual-source and dual-energy
technique in children with bronchiolitis obliterans: correlation of xenon
and CT density values with pulmonary function test results.
Pediatr Radiol2010;40:1490–7
53.
GooHW, KimHJ.
Detection of air trapping on inspiratory and expiratory phase
images obtained by 0.3-second cine CT in the lungs of free-breathing young
children. Am J Roentgenol2006;187:1019–23
54.
GooHW.
Individualized volume CT dose index determined by
cross-sectional area and mean density of the body to achieve uniform image
noise of contrast-enhanced pediatric chest CT obatined at variable kV levels
and with combined tube current modulation. Pediatr
Radiol2011;41:839–47
55.
WeustinkAC, MolletNR, PuglieseF.
Optimal electrocardiographic pulsing windows and heart rate:
effect on image quality and radiation exposure at dual-source coronary CT
angiography. Radiology2008;248:792–8
56.
PaulJF, RohneanA, ElfassyE.
Radiation dose for thoracic and coronary step-and-shoot CT
using a 128-slice dual-source machine in infants and small children with
congenital heart disease. Pediatr Radiol2011;41:244–9
57.
HuangM, LiangC, ZhaoZ.
Evaluation of image quality and radiation dose at prospective
ECG-triggered axial 256-slice multi-detector CT in infants with congenital
heart disease. Pediatr Radiol2011;41:858–66
58.
ZhangT, WangW, LuoZ.
Initial experience on the application of 320-row CT
angiography with low-dose prospective ECG-triggered in children with
congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiovasc
Imaging2011Dec 28 [Epub ahead of print]
59.
TzedakisA, DamilakisJ, PerisinakisK.
Influence of z overscanning on normalized effective doses
calculated for pediatric patients undergoing multidetector CT
examinations. Med Phys2007;34:1163–75
60.
DeakPD, LangnerO, LeilM.
Effects of adaptive section collimation on patient radiation
dose in multisection spiral CT. Radiology2009;252:140–7
61.
BittencourtMS,
SchmidtB, SeitmannM.
Iterative reconstruction in image space (IRIS) in cardiac
computed tomography: initial experience. Int J
Cardiovasc Imaging2011;27:1081–7
62.
LeipsicJ, LabountyTM, HeilbronB.
Adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction: assessment of
image noise and image quality in coronary CT angiography.
Am J Roentgenol2010;195:649–54
63.
GooHW.
CT radiation dose optimization and estimation: an update for
radiologists. Korean J Radiol2012;13:1–11
