Bone loss induced by the inflammatory response to wear particles is a major cause of long-term failure of total joint replacement. This review describes the cellular reaction occurring in response to these particles and what is currently known about the inflammatory mechanisms contributing to bone resorption.
GeesinkR. G. T.Hydroxyl-apatite coated hip implants. PhD thesis, University of Maastricht1987.
2.
AlbrektssonT.AlbrektssonB.Osseointegration of bone implantsActa Orthop. Scand., 1987, 58, 567–577.
3.
HenchL. L.PantanoC. G.BuscemiP. J.Analysis of bioglass fixation of hip prosthesesJ. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1977, 11, 267–282.
4.
BanerT. W.GeesinkR. G. T.ZimmermanR.Hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stems—Histological analysis of components retrieved at autopsyJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1991, 73A, 1439–1452.
5.
FurlongR. J.OsbornJ. F.Fixation of hip prostheses by hydroxyapatite ceramic coatingsJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1991, 73B, 741–745.
6.
GeesinkR. G. T.de GrootK.KleinC. P.A.T.Bonding of bone with apatite-coated implantsJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1988, 70B, 17–22.
7.
OonishiH.YamamotoM. I.TsujiE.The effect of hydroxyapatite coating on bone growth into porous titanium alloy implantsJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1989, 71B, 213–216.
8.
SoballeK.GotfredsenK.Brockstedt-RasmussenH.Histologic analysis of a retrieved hydroxyapatite-coated femoral prosthesisClin. Orthop., 1991, 272, 255–258.
9.
DhertW. J. A.Plasma-sprayed coatings and hard-tissue compatibility. PhD thesis, University of Leiden1992.
10.
RevellP. A.Immunohistochemistry and bone: Characterisation of the tissue reactions to orthopaedic implants, including the changes in aseptic loosening and those related to bioactive materials In Bioceramics 8 (Eds WilsonJ.HenchL. L.GreenspanD.), 1995, pp. 11–16. (Pergamon, London, New York, Tokyo).
11.
SoballeR.HansenE. B.Brockstet-RasmussenH.BurgerC.Tissue ingrowth into titanium and hydroxyapatite coated implants during stable and unstable mechanical conditionsJ. Orthop. Res., 1992, 10, 285–299.
12.
GoldringS. R.SchillerA. L.RoelkeM.The synovial-like membrane at the bone-cement interface in loose total hip joint replacements and its proposed role in bone lysisJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1983, 65A, 575–584.
13.
LaterP. A.RevellP. A.The presence of a synovial layer at the bone-implant interface: An immunohistological study demonstrating the close similarity to true synoviumClin. Mater., 1993, 14, 91–100.
PollockL. E.LalorP.RevellP. A.Type IV collagen and laminin in the synovial intimal lining: An immunohistochemical studyRheumatol. Int., 1990, 9, 277–280.
16.
StevensC. R.MappP. I.RevellP. A.A monoclonal antibody (Mab67) marks type B synoviocytesRheumatol. Int., 1990, 10, 103–106.
17.
RevellP. A.KadoyaY.AL-Saffar. The bone reaction to failed total joint arthroplastiesProceedings of the Australian Society of Biomaterials 5 B3, Melbourne, Australia1995.
18.
RevellP. A.LalorP. A.Synovial cells at the interface with retrieved implants In The Bone-Biomaterials Interface (Ed. DaviesJ. E.), Proceedings of the Bone-Biomaterial Interface Workshop, 1990 (Toronto University Press).
19.
SavioJ. A.OvercampL. M.BlackJ.Size and shape of biomaterial wear debrisClin. Mater., 1994, 15, 101–147.
20.
GrayM. H.TalbertM. L.TalbertW. M.Changes seen in lymph nodes draining the sites of large joint prosthesesAm. J. Surg. Pathol., 1999, 13, 1050–1056.
21.
BosI.JohannisonR.LohrsU.Comparative investigations of regional lymph nodes and pseudocapsules after implantation of joint endoprosthesesPathol. Res. Practise, 1990, 186, 707–716.
22.
LangkamerV. G.CaseC. P.HeapP.Systemic distribution of wear debris after hip replacement. A cause for concern?J. Bone Jt. Surg., 1992, 74B, 831–839.
23.
CaseC. P.LangkamerV. G.JamesC.Widespread dissemination of metal debris from implantsJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1994, 76B, 701–712.
24.
O'ConnellJ. X.RosenbergA.Histiocytic lymphadenitis with a large joint prosthesisAm. J. Clin. Pathol., 1993, 99, 314–316.
25.
RevellP. A.Tissue reactions to joint prostheses and the products of wear and corrosion In Bone and Joint Disease (Ed. BerryC. L.) Current Topics in Pathology, Vol. 71, 1982, pp. 73–101. (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York).
26.
WillertH. G.LudwigJ.SemlitschM.Reaction of bone to methacrylate after hip arthroplasty: A long-term gross, light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic studyJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1974, 56A, 1368–1382.
27.
CampbellP.MaS.YeomB.Isolation of predominantly submicron-sized UHMWPE wear particles from periprosthetic tissuesJ. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1995, 29, 127–131.
28.
ShanbhagA. S.JacobsJ. J.GlantT. T.Composition and morphology of wear debris in failed uncemented total hip replacementJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1994, 76B, 60–67.
29.
MaloneyW. J.SmithR. L.SchmalzreidT. P.Isolation and characterization of wear particles generated in patients who have had failure of a hip arthroplasty without cementJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1994, 77A, 1301–1310.
MargeviciusK. J.BauerT. E.McMahonJ. T.Isolation and characterization of debris in membranes around total joint prosthesesJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1994, 76A, 1664–1675.
32.
KobayashiA.BonfieldW.KadoyaA.et al. Size and shape of particulate polyethylene wear debris in conforming tibiofemoral prostheses. Proceedings of the Society of Biomaterials (21st Meeting), San Francisco, 1995, abstract 316.
33.
YamacT.KobayashiA.BonfieldW.et al. Extraction and characterization of metallic particles in total joint replacements. Proceedings of the 5th World Biomaterials Congress, Toronto, 1996, abstract II.861.
34.
SchmalzriedT. P.JastyM.HarrisW. H.Periprosthetic bone loss in total joint hip arthroplasty: The role of polyethylene wear debris and the concept of effective joint spaceJ. Bone Jt Surg. (Am.), 1992, 74A, 849–863.
35.
SchmalzriedT. P.KwongL. M.JastyM.The mechanism of loosening of cemented acetabular components in total hip arthroplasty: Analysis of specimens retrieved at autopsyClin. Orthop., 1992, 274, 60–78.
36.
JastyM.FloydW. E.SchillerA. L.GoldringS. R.HarrisW. H.Localized osteolysis in stable, non-septic total hip replacementJ. Bone Jt Surg. (Am.), 1986, 68A, 912–919.
HolowitzS. M.DotyS. B.LaneJ. M.BurnsteinA. H.Studies of the mechanism by which the mechanical failure of polymethylmethacrylate leads to bone resorptionJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1993, 75A, 802–813.
39.
JastyM.JiranekW.HarrisW. H.Acrylic fragmentation in total hip replacements and its biological consequencesClin. Orthop., 1992, 285, 116–128.
40.
MaloneyW. J.JastyM.RosenbergA.HarrisW. H.Bone lysis in well-fixed cemented femoral componentsJ. Bone Jt Surg. (Br.), 1990, 72B, 966–970.
41.
QuinnJ.JoynerC.TriffittJ. T.AthanasouN. A.Polymethylmethacrylate-induced inflammatory macrophages resorb boneJ. Bone Jt Surg. (Br.), 1992, 74B, 652–658.
42.
WillertH. G.BertramH.BuchhornG. H.Osteolysis in alloarthroplasty of the hip. The role of bone cement fragmentationClin. Orthop., 1990, 258, 108–121.
43.
AL-SaffarN.MahJ. T. L.KadoyaY.RevellP. A.Neovascularisation and the induction of cell adhesion molecules in response to degradation products from orthopaedic implantsAnn. Rheum. Dis., 1995, 54, 201–208.
44.
AL-SaffarN.MahJ. T.L.RevellP. A.Immunological response of the bone microvasculature to orthopaedic implant degeneration productsJ. Pathol., 1994, 172, Supplement 103A.
45.
AL-SaffarN.MahJ. T.L.RevellP. A.A characterization of functionally distinct populations of macrophages in the bone-implant interface from failed orthopaedic implantsJ. Pathol., 1993, 170, Supplement 348A.
46.
RevellP. A.AL-SaffarN.Inflammatory mediators in aseptic loosening of prostheses In Failure of Joint Replacement. A Biological, Mechanical or Surgical Problem? (Eds DownesS.DabestaniM.), 1994, pp. 89–96 (Institute of Orthopaedics, London).
MorrisseyP. J.BresslerL.CharrierK.AlpertA.Response of resident murine periotoneal macrophages to in vivo administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factorJ. Immunol., 1988, 140, 1910–1915.
49.
Alvaro-GraciaJ. M.ZvaiflerN. J.FiresteinG. S.Cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritris. IV Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor mediated induction of class II MHC antigen on human monocytes: A possible role in rheumatoid arthritisJ. Exp. Medicine, 1989, 170, 865–875.
50.
AL-SaffarN.RevellP. A.Phenotypic and function transformation of cells in response to degradation products from orthopaedic implantsTrans. Soc. Biomater., 1994, 17, 233.
51.
LalorP. A.RevellP. A.GrayA. B.Sensitivity to titanium. A cause of implant failure?J. Bone Jt Surg., 1991, 73B, 25–28.
52.
AL-SaffarN.RevellP. A.SachsJ. A.Macrophage activation and IL-1 production in response to metal debris after total hip replacementsJ. Pathol., 1993, 169, Supplement 150A.
53.
RevellP. A.LalorP. A.AL-SaffarN.Lymphocytes, macrophages and titanium (TiAlV) alloy. Evidence for immunological events associated with metal debris. Implant Retrieval Symposium of the Society for Biomaterials, St Charles, Illinois, USA, September 1992.
54.
AL-SaffarN.RevellP. A.IL-1 production by activated macrophages surrounding loosened orthopaedic implants: A potential role in osteolysisBr. J. Rheumatol., 1994, 33, 309–316.
55.
AL-SaffarN.RevellP. A.SachsJ. A.Assessment of osteolysis in relation to inflammatory cellular response and underlying joint diseaseTrans. Soc. Biomater., Birmingham, Alabama, April 1993, 19, p. 193.
56.
NorrisP.PostonR. N.ThomasD. S.The expression of endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in experimental cutaneous inflammation: A comparison of ultraviolet B erythema and delayed hypersensitivityJ. Invest. Dermatol., 1992, 96, 763–770.
57.
AgtasH. J.AlcockN. W.BonsalM.Metallic wear in failed titanium alloy total hip replacements: A histological and quantitative analysisJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1988, 70A, 347–356.
58.
LombardiA. V.MalloryT. H.VaughanB. R.DrouillardP.Aseptic loosening in total hip arthroplasty secondary to osteolysis induced by wear debris from titanium alloy modular femoral headsJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1989, 71A, 1337–1342.
59.
SantavirtaS.KontinnenY. T.BergrothV.Aggressive granulomatous lesions in hip arthroplasty: Immunopathological studiesJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1990, 72A, 252–258.
60.
SartavirtaS.KotinnenY. T.HoikkaV.Immunopathological response to loose cementless acetabular componentsJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1991, 73B, 38–42.
61.
RevellP. A.Pathology of Bone, 1986, Ch. 1 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York).
62.
AthanasouN. A.OnionJ.BulstrodeC. J. K.Resorption of bone by inflammatory cells derived from the joint capsule of hip arthroplastiesJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1992, 74B, 57–62.
63.
KossovskyN.LiaoK.MillettD.Periprosthetic chronic inflammation characterised through the measurement of superoxide anion production by synovial-derived macrophagesClin. Orthop., 1991, 263, 263–271.
64.
LinderL.LindbergL.CarlssonA.Aseptic loosening of hip prostheses. A histologic and enzyme histochemical studyClin. Orthop., 1983, 175, 93–104.
65.
DorrL. D.BloebaumK.EmmanuelJ.MeldrumR.Histologic, biochemical and ion analysis of tissue and fluids retrieved during total hip arthroplastyClin. Orthop., 1990, 261, 82–95.
66.
GoodmanS. B.ChinR. C.ChionS. S.A clinical-pathological-biochemical study of the membrane surrounding loosened and non-loosened total hip arthroplastiesclin. Orthop., 1989, 244, 182–187.
67.
KadoyaY.AL-SaffarN.KobayashiA.RevellP. A.The expression of osteoclast markers on foreign body giant cellsBone and Mineral, 1994, 27, 85–96.
68.
KadoyaY.RevellP. A.AL-SaffarN.The bone formation and bone resorption in failed total joint arthroplasties—histomorphometric analysis with histochemical and immunohistochemical techniquesJ. Orthop. Res., 1996, 14, 473–482.
69.
KadoyaY.RevellP. A.AL-SaffarN.Wear particulate debris and bone loss in failed total joint arthoplastiesTrans. Soc. Biomater., San Francisco, March 1995, 21, 311.
70.
BertoliniD. R.NedwinG. F.BringmanT. S.Stimulation of bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation in vitro by human tumour necrosis factorNature, 1986, 319, 516–518.
71.
GowenM.WoodD. D.IhrieE. J.An interleukin-1 like factor stimulates bone resorptionin vitro. Nature, 1983, 306, 378–380.
72.
DewhirstF. E.StashenkoP. P.MoleJ. E.TsurumachT.Purification and partial sequence of human osteoclast activating factor: Identity with interleukin 1βJ. Immunol., 1985, 135, 2562–2567.
73.
PfeilscifterJ.ChenuC.BiralA.Interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor stimulate the formation of human osteoclast like cellsin vitro. J. Bone Miner. Res., 1989, 4, 113–118.
74.
PostlethwaiteA. E.LachmanL. B.MainardiC. L.KangA. H.Interleukin-1 stimulation of collagenase production by cultured fibroblastsJ. Expl Medicine, 1983, 157, 801–806.
75.
AppelA. M.SowderW. G.SieverhusS. W.Prosthesis-associated pseudomembrane-induced bone resorptionBr. J. Rheumatol., 1990, 29, 32–36.
76.
WestacottC. I.TaylorG.AtkinsR.ElsonC.Interleukin-lα and β production by cells isolated from membranes around aseptically loose total joint replacementsAnn. Rheum. Dis., 1992, 51, 638–642.
77.
AL-SaffarN.RevellP. A.KhwajaH. A.BonfieldW.Assessment of the role of cytokines in bone resorption in patients with total joint replacementsJ. Mater. Sciences, Materials in Medicine, 1995, 6, 762–767.
78.
AL-SaffarN.KhwajaH. A.RevellP. A.The potential role of transforming growth factors in the cellular transformation around orthopaedic implantsJ. Pathol., 1995, 176, Supplement 11 A.
79.
AL-SaffarN.RevellP. A.KhwajaH. A.KadoyaY.Assessment of the role of GM-CSF in the cellular transformation and the development of erosive lesions around orthopaedic implantsAm. J. Clin. Pathol., 1996, 105, 628–639.
80.
ChibaJ.SchwendemanL. J.BoothR. E.JrA biochemical, histologic and immunohistologic analysis of membranes obtained from failed cemented and cementless total knee arthroplastyClin. Orthop., 1994, 299, 114–124.
81.
JiranekW. A.MachadoM.JastyM.Production of cytokines around loosened cemented acetabular componentsJ. Bone Jt Surg., 1993, 75A, 863–879.
82.
GowenM.Cytokines and Bone Metabolism, 1992 (CRC Press, London).
83.
ChensueS. W.OtternessI. G.HigashiG. I.Monokine production by hypersensitivity (Schistosoma mansoni egg) and foreign body (Sephadex bead-type) granuloma macrophages: Evidence for sequential production of IL-1 and tumour necrosis factorJ. Immunol., 1989, 142, 1281–1293.
84.
KuriharaN.BertoliaiD.SudaT.IL-6 simulates osteoclast-like multinucleated cell formation in long term human marrow cultures by inducing IL-1 releaseJ. Immunol., 1990, 144, 4226–4230.
85.
KariharaN.GluckS.RoodmanG. D.Sequential expression of phenotype markers for osteoclasts during differentiation of precursors for multinucleated cells formed in long term human marrow culturesEndocrinology, 1990, 127, 3215–3221.
86.
NietfeldJ. J.WilbrinkB.HelleM.Interleukin-1 induced interleukin-6 is required for the inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis by interleukin-1 in human articular cartilageArthritis Rheum., 1990, 33, 1695–1701.
87.
KuriharaN.CivinC.RoodmanG. D.Ostcotropic factor responsiveness of highly purified populations of early and late precursors for human multinucleated cells expressing the osteoclast phenotypeJ. Bone Miner. Res., 1991, 6, 257–261.
88.
ChenB. D. M.ClarkC. R.ChouT. H.Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor stimulates mono-cytes and tissue macrophages proliferation and enhances their responsiveness to macrophage colony stimulating factorBlood, 1988, 71, 997–1002.
89.
LorenzoJ. A.SousaS. L.FonsecaJ. M.Colony-stimulating factors regulate the development of multinucleated osteoclasts from recently replicated cells In vitro.J. Clin. Invest., 1987, 80, 16–64.
90.
SantavirtaS.SorsaT.KonttinenY. T.Role of mesenchymal collagenase in the loosening of total hip prosthesesClin. Orthop., 1993, 290, 205–215.
