Many existing diesel particulate filter (DPF) models do not sufficiently describe the actual physiochemical processes that occur during the regeneration process. This is due to the various assumptions made in the models. To overcome this shortcoming, a detailed two-dimensional DPF regeneration model with a multistep chemical reaction scheme is presented. The model solves the variable density, multicomponent conservation equations by the pressure implicit with splitting of operators (PISO) scheme for inlet and outlet channels as well as the porous soot layer and filter wall. It includes a non-thermal equilibrium (NTE) model for the energy equation for porous media. In addition, for the first time, experiments on the DPF were conducted to determine the interstitial heat transfer coefficient inside the DPF porous wall. The results compare well with an in-house one-dimensional model and subsequently this was used in the new two-dimensional model. By using this detailed two-dimensional model, some interesting observations of the DPF regeneration process were revealed. These included flow reversals and asymmetry in the filter channels.
WallaceW.LiuL.KeaneM.CuiM.EnsellM.MillerW.KashonK.OngT. In vitro genotoxicity of gasoline and diesel engine vehicle exhaust particulate and semi-volatile organic compound materials. In Eighth Diesel Engine Emission Reduction Conference, San Diego, California, 2002.
2.
HallD. E.KingD. J.MorganT. D. B.Baver-StockS. J.HeinzeP.SimpsonB. J. A review of recent literature investigating the measurement of automotive particulate; the relationship with environmental aerosol, air quality and health effects. SAE Paper 982602, 1998.
3.
KhairM. K. A review of diesel particulate filter technologies. SAE Paper 2003–01–2303, 2003.
4.
BissettE. J. Mathematical model of the thermal regeneration of a wall-flow monolith diesel particulate filter. Chem. Engng Sci, 1984, 39 (7/8), 1233–1244.
5.
GarnerC. P.DentJ. C. A thermal regeneration model for monolithic and fibrous diesel particulate traps. SAE Trans. J. Passenger Cars, 1988, 97(4), 9–24.
6.
AokiH.AsanoA.KurazonoK.KobashiK.SamiH. Numerical simulation model for the regeneration process of a wall-flow monolith diesel particulate filter. SAE Paper 930364, 1993.
7.
OprisC. N.JohnsonJ. H.A 2-D computational model describing the heat transfer, reaction kinetics and regeneration characteristics of a ceramic diesel particulate trap. SAE Paper 980546, 1998.
8.
KonstandopolousA. G.KostoglouM.HousiadaP.VlachosN.ZarvalisD. Multichannel simulation of soot oxidation in diesel particulate filters. SAE Paper 2003–01–0839, 2003.
9.
KoltsakisG. C.HaralampousO. A.MargaritisN. K.SamarasZ. C.VogtC.-D.OharaE.WatanabeY.MizutaniT. 3-Dimensional modeling of the regeneration in SiC particulate filters. SAE Paper 2005–01–0953, 2005.
10.
ZhengH.KeithJ. M. Ignition analysis of wall-flow monolith diesel particulate filters. Catalysis Today, 2004, 98, 403–412.
11.
LawM. C.ClarkeA.GarnerC. P. A diesel particulate filter regeneration model with a multi-step chemical reaction scheme. Proc. IMechE Part D: J. Automobile Engineering, 2005, 219(D2), 215–226.
12.
PontikakisG.StamatelosA.BakasisK.AravasN. 3-D catalytic regeneration and stress modeling of diesel particulate filters by Abaqus Fem software. SAE Paper 2002–01–1017, 2002.
HouJ. Z.AngeloT. A new CFD model for understanding and managing diesel particulate filter regeneration. In Proceedings of the 10th Diesel Engine Emissions Reduction Conference, Coronado, California, 2004.
15.
KavianyM. Principles of heat transfer in porous media, 2nd edition, 1999 (Springer-Verlag Inc., New York).
16.
KonstandopolousA. G.KostoglouM.SkaperdasE.PapaioannouE.ZarvalisD.KladopoulouE. Fundamental studies of diesel particulate filters: transient loading, regeneration and aging. SAE Paper 2000–01–1016, 2000, pp. 1–23.
17.
KonstandopolousA. G.SkaperdasE.MasoudiM. Inertial contributions to the pressure drop of diesel particulate filters. SAE Paper 2001–01–0909, 2001.
18.
AlazmiB.VafaiK. Constant wall heat boundary conditions in porous media under local thermal non-equilibrium conditions. Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 2002, 45, 3071–3087.
19.
LawM. CClarkeA.GarnerC. P. The effects of soot properties on the regeneration behaviour of wall-flow diesel particulate filters. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Part D: J. Automobile Engineering, 2004, 218(D12), 1513–1524.
20.
TurnsS. R. An introduction to combustion, 2nd edition, 2000 (McGraw-Hill International Editions, New York).
21.
HaralampousO. A.KoltsakisG. CSamarasZ. CVogtC.-D.OharaE.WatanabeY.MizutaniT. Reaction and diffusion phenomena in catalyzed diesel particulate filters. SAE Paper 2004–01–0696, 2004.
22.
HayesR. E.KolaczkowskiS. T. Introduction to catalytic combustion, 1997 (Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam).
23.
SatterfieldC. N. Mass transfer in heterogeneous catalysis, 1970 (The Colonial Press, Inc., Clinton, Massachusetts).
24.
KilpinenP.KallioS.KonttinenJ.BarišicV.Char-nitrogen oxidation under fluidised bed combustion conditions: Single particle studies. Fuel, 2002, 81, 2349–2362.
25.
HottelH. CWilliamsG. CNerhaimN. M.SchneiderG. R. Kinetic studies in stirred reactors: Combustion of carbon monoxide and propene. In Proceedings of the Tenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1965, pp. 111–121.
26.
OttoK.SiegM. H.ZinboM.BartosiewiczL. The oxidation of soot deposits from diesel engines. SAE Paper 800336, 1980.
27.
GravenW. M.LongF. J. Kinetics and mechanisms of the two opposing reactions of the equilibrium CO + H2O = CO2 + H2. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1954, 76, 2602–2607.
AlazmiB.VafaiK. Analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer interfacial conditions between a porous medium and a fluid layer. Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow, 2001, 44, 1735–1749.
30.
ZhangH. Y.HuangX. Y. Volumetric heat transfer coefficients in solid-fluid porous media: Closure problem, thermal analysis and model improvement with fluid flow. Int. Commun. Heat and Mass Transfer, 2000, 43, 3417–3432.
31.
GoyeauB.LhuillierD.GobinD.VelardeM. G. Momentum transfer at a fluid-porous interface. Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 2003, 46, 4071–4081.
VersteegH. K.MalalasekeraW. An introduction to computational fluid dynamics: the finite volume method, 1995 (Person Education Limited, Essex).
34.
IssaR. I. Solution of the implicitly discretised fluid flow equations by operator-splitting. J. Computat. Physics, 1985, 62, 40–65.
35.
WakaoN.KagueiS. Heat and mass transfer in packed beds. In Topics in chemical engineering (Ed. HughesR.), 1982 (Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Ltd, London).
36.
HolmanJ. P. Heat transfer, 6th edition, 1986 (McGraw-Hill, Singapore).
37.
HiguchiN.MochidaS.KojimaM. Optimized regeneration conditions of ceramic honeycomb diesel particulate filters. SAE Paper 830078, 1983.
38.
KonstandopoulosA. G.SkaperdasE.MansoudiM. Microstructural properties of soot deposits in diesel particulate traps. SAE Paper 2002–01–1015, 2002.
39.
GuoZ.ZhangZ.Multi-dimensional modelling and simulation of wall-flow diesel particulate filter during loading and regeneration. SAE Paper 2006–01–0265, 2006.
40.
OprisC. N.JohnsonJ. H.A 2-D computational model describing the heat transfer, reaction kinetics and regeneration characteristics of a ceramic diesel particulate trap. SAE Paper 980546, 1998.
