The United Nations International Year of Ecotourism (IYE) of 2002 marked out the rise
of ecotourism from new niche market opportunity in the 1980s to being regarded by
its advocates as an exemplary form of sustainable development in the rural
developing world. This paper briefly situates the IYE in the context of wider ideas
on development and conservation. It identifies and critically considers three key
themes featured in the documentation from the IYE: community participation,
traditional knowledge and natural capital. Further, it is
argued that the IYE reflects a diminished and constrained vision of the
possibilities for rural development.
Adams, W. M.2001: Green development: environment and sustainability in the third
world, 2nd edition.
Routledge
.
2.
Beckerman, W.1994:
Sustainable development: is it a useful concept?Environmental Values3,
191-209
.
3.
Beckerman, W.1995:
How would you like your sustainability sir? Weak or strong? A reply to my critics
. Environmental Values4,
169-179
.
4.
Berkes, F.
and
Folke, C.1994: Investing in natural capital for the sustainable use of
natural capital. In
Jansson, A.
,
Hammer, M.
,
Folke, C.
and
Constanza, R.
, editors, Investing in natural capital: the ecological economics
approach to sustainability.
Island Press
, 128-149.
5.
Brundtland, H.1987: Our common future.
Oxford University Press, for the World Commission on Environment and Development
.
6.
Buckley, P.1995:
Critical natural capital: operational flaws in a valid concept
. Ecos: A Review of Conservation16,
13-18
.
7.
Butcher, J.2003: The moralisation of tourism: sun, sand... and saving the world?Routledge
.
8.
Cater, E.
and
Lowman, G.
, editors 1994: Ecotourism: a sustainable option.
Wiley
.
9.
Chambers, R.1983: Rural development: putting the last first.
Longman
.
10.
Chambers, R.1996: Whose reality counts? Putting the first last.
ITDG Publishing
.
11.
Conservation International
n.d. Biodiversity hotspots. Retrieved 20 July 2003 from http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/hotspotsScience/
12.
Croall, J.1995: Preserve or destroy? Tourism and the environment.
Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
.
13.
Fennell, D. A.2003: Ecotourism: an introduction, 2nd edition.
Routledge
.
14.
Goodwin, H.2000: Tourism and natural heritage, a symbiotic
relationship? In
Robinson, M.
,
Swarbrooke, J.
,
Evans, N.
,
Long, P.
and
Sharpley, R.
, editors, Environmental management and pathways to sustainable
development.
Business Education Publishers Limited
, 97-112.
15.
Hall, C. M.
and
Lew, A. A.1998: The geography of sustainable tourism development: an
introduction. In
Hall, C. M.
and
Lew, A. A.
, editors, Sustainable tourism: a geographical perspective.
Longman
.
16.
Hewison, R.1987: The heritage industry: Britain in a climate of decline.
Methuen
.
17.
Honey, M.1999: Ecotourism and sustainable development: who owns paradise?Island Press
.
18.
Hudock, A.1999: NGOs and civil society: democracy by proxy?Polity
.
19.
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources1980: The world conservation strategy.
IUCN, UNEP and WWF
.
20.
Krippendorf, J.1987: The holiday makers: understanding the impact of leisure
travel.
Heinemann
.
21.
Leech, K.2002: Enforced primitivism. In
Jerkins, T.
, editor, Ethical tourism: who benefits?Hodder & Stoughton
, 75-94.
22.
Lomborg, B.2001: The skeptical environmentalist: measuring the real state of
the world.
Cambridge University Press
.
23.
Marshall, G.
, editor 1998: The Oxford dictionary of sociology.
Oxford Paperbacks
.
24.
McCormick, J.1995: The global environmental movement.
Wiley
.
25.
McLaren, D.1998: Rethinking tourism and ecotravel: the paving of paradise and
what you can do to stop it.
Kumarian Press
.
26.
McMichael, P.2000: Development and social change: a global perspective.
Sage
.
27.
Muller, H.1994:
The thorny path to sustainable tourism development
. Journal of Sustainable Tourism2,
131-136
.
28.
Neale, G.1998: The green travel guide.
Earthscan
.
29.
Potter, R. B.
,
Binns, T.
,
Elliott, J. A.
and
Smith, D.1999: Geographies of development.
Longman
.
30.
Redclift, M.1987: Sustainable development: exploring the contradictions.
Routledge
.
31.
Scheyvens, R.2002: Tourism for development: empowering communities.
Prentice Hall
.
32.
Turner, L.
and
Ash, J.1975: The golden hordes: international tourism and the pleasure
periphery.
Constable
.
33.
United Nations Environment Programme
and
World Tourism Organisation2002a: The world ecotourism summit final report.
UNEP and WTO
.
34.
United Nations Environment Programme
and
World Tourism Organisation2002b: The Quebec declaration on ecotourism.
UNEP and WTO
.
35.
World Commission on Environment and Development1987: Our common future.
Oxford University Press
.
36.
Worthington, E. B.1938: Science in Africa: a review of scientific research relating to
tropical and southern Africa.
Royal Institute of International Affairs
.
37.
World Wildlife Fund-International2001: Tourism background paper.
WWF International
.
38.
World Tourism Organisation2001: The British ecotourism market. Special report no.11,
WTO
.
