The management of displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneum remains a contentious subject. Recent advances in the understanding of fracture anatomy have emphasized the fact that not all fractures are the same and therefore different management options should be considered for different patients. This review endeavours to highlight new developments in the assessment of the patient and his fracture and discusses new techniques for the operative management of some injuries. There is also considerable debate on how outcome should be assessed and the role of gait analysis and pedobarography is discussed. Undoubtedly some patients with a displaced intra-articular fracture of the calcaneum will benefit from a surgical procedure the skill, as always, is in deciding which fracture requires which treatment.
Abidi NA, Dhawan S, Gruen GS, Vogt MT, Conti SF.1998. Wound-healing risk factors after open reduction and internal fixation of calcaneal fractures. Foot Ankle Int19(12): 856-861.
2.
Aktuglu K, Aydogan U.2002. The functional outcome of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: a comparison between isolated cases and polytrauma patients. Foot Ankle Int23(4): 314-318.
Andermahr J, Helling HJ, Rehm KE, Koebke Z.1999. The vascularization of the os calcaneum and the clinical consequences. Clin Orthop363: 212-218.
5.
Andermahr J, Jesch AB, Helling HJ, Jubel A, Fischbach R, Rehm KE.2002. CT morphometry for calcaneal fractures and comparison of the Zwipp and Sanders classifications. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb140(3): 339-346.
6.
Buckley R, Tough S, McCormack R, Pate G, Leighton R, Petrie D, Galpin R.2002. Operative compared with nonoperative treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: a prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am84- A(10): 1733-1744.
7.
Carr JB, Hansen ST, Benirschke SK.1988. Subtalar distraction bone block fusion for late complications of os calcis fractures. Foot and Ankle9: 81-81.
8.
Chandler JT, Bonar SK, Anderson RB, Davis WH.1999. Results of in situ subtalar arthrodesis for late sequelae of calcaneus fractures. Foot Ankle Int20(1): 18-24.
9.
Csizy M, Buckley R, Tough S, Leighton R, Smith J, McCormack R, Petrie D, Galpin R.2003. Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: variables predicting late subtalar fusion. J Orthop Trauma17: 106-112.
10.
Dudkiewicz I, Levi R, Blankstein A, Chechick A, Salai M.2002. Dynamic footprints: adjuvant method for postoperative assessment of patients after calcaneal fractures. Isr Med Assoc J4(5): 349-352.
11.
Eastwood DM, Gregg PJ, Atkins RM.1993. Intraarticular fractures of the calcaneum. Part1: pathological anatomy and classification. J Bone Joint Surg75-B: 183-188.
12.
Eastwood DM, Maxwell-Armstron CA, Atkins RM.1993. Fracture of the lateral malleolus with talar tilt: primarily a calcaneal fracture not an ankle injury. Injury24: 109-109.
13.
Ebraheim NA, Elgafy H, Sabry FF, Too S.2000. Calcaneus fracture with subluxation of the posterior facet - a surgical indication. Clin Orthop377: 210-216.
14.
Erdmann MW, Richards J, Templeton J.1992. Os calcis fractures.A randomisedtrial comparing conservative treatment with impulse compression of the foot. Injury23: 305-305.
15.
Essex-Lopresti P.1952. The mechanism, reduction technique and results in fractures of the os calcis. Br J Surg39: 395-395.
16.
Flemister AS Jr, Infante AF, Sanders RW, Walling AK.2000. Subtalar arthrodesis for complications of intraarticular calcaneal fractures. Foot Ankle Int21(5): 392-399.
17.
Freeman BJ, Duff S, Allen PE, Nicholson HD, Atkins RM.1998. The extended lateral approach to the hindfoot. Anatomical basis and surgical implications. J Bone Joint Surg80: 139-142.
18.
Gavlik JM, Rammelt S, Zwipp H.2002. The use of subtalar arthroscopy in open reduction and internal fixation of intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Injury33(1): 63-71.
19.
Harvey EJ, Grujic L, Early JS, Benirschke SK, Sangeorzan BJ.2001. Morbidity associated with ORIF of intra-articular calcaneus fractures using a lateral approach. Foot Ankle Int22(11): 868-873.
20.
Hildebrand KA, Buckley RE, Mohtadi NGH, Faris P.1996. Functional outcome measures after displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. J Bone Joint Surg78B: 119-123.
21.
Huang PJ, Fu YC, Cheng YM, Lin SY.1999. Subtalar arthrodesis for late sequelae of calcaneal fractures: fusion in situ versus fusion with sliding corrective osteotomy. Foot Ankle Int20(3): 166-170.
22.
Huefner T, Thermann H, Geerling J, Pape HC, Pohlemann T.2001. Primary subtalar arthrodesis of calcaneal fractures. Foot Ankle Int22(1): 9-14.
23.
Kerr PS, Prothero DL, Atkins RM.1996. Assessing outcome following calcaneal fracture. A rational scoring system. Injury27: 35-35.
24.
Kinner BJ, Best R, Falk K, Thon KP, Riemer B.2002. Is there a reliable outcome measurement for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures?J Trauma53(6): 1094-1102.
25.
Langdon IJ, Kerr PS, Atkins RM.1994. Fractures of the calcaneum: the anterolateral fragment. J Bone Joint Surg76-B: 303-305.
26.
Loucks C, Buckley R.1999. Bohler’s angle: correlation with outcome in displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. J Orthop Trauma13(8): 554-558.
27.
Longino D, Buckley RE.2001. Bone graft in the operative treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: is it helpful?J Orthop Trauma15(4): 280-286.
28.
Morin P, Buckley R, Stewart R, Vande Gutche R.1998. Oral analogue scale as an outcome measure after displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Foot Ankle Int19: 694-697.
29.
Mulcahy DM, McCormack DM, Stephens MM.1998. Intra-articular calcaneal fractures: effect of open reduction and internal fixation on the contact characteristics of the subtalar joint. Foot Ankle Int19: 842-848.
30.
Myerson M, Manoli A.1993. Compartment syndromes of the foot after calcaneal fracture. Clin Orthop290: 142-142.
31.
Paley D, Fischgrund J.1993. Open reduction and circular external fixation of intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Clin Orthop290: 125-125.
32.
Rammelt S, Gavlik JM, Barthel S, Zwipp H.2002. The value of subtalar arthroscopy in the management of intra-articular calcaneus fractures. Foot Ankle Int23(10): 906-916.
33.
Randle JA, Kreder HJ, Stephen D, Williams J, Jaglal S, Hu R.2000. Should calcaneal fractures be treated surgically? A meta-analysis. Clin Orthop377: 217-227.
34.
Richards PJ, Bridgman S.2001. Review of the radiology in randomized controlled trials in open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Injury32(8): 633-636.
35.
Rosenbaum D, Lubke B, Bauer G, Claes L.1995.Long-term effects of hindfoot fractures evaluated by means of plantar pressure analyses. Clin Biomech10(7): 345-351.
36.
Sanders R, Fortin P, Dipasquale T, Walling A.1993. Operative treatment in 120 displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Results using a prognostic computed tomography scan classification. Clin Orthop290: 97-97.
37.
Sanders R, Gregory P.1995. Operative treatment of intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus. Orthop clin North Am26: 203-214.
38.
Sangeorzan BJ, Ananthakrishnan D, Tencer AF.1995. Contact characteristics of the subtalar joint after a simulated calcaneal fracture. J Orthop Trauma9: 251-258.
39.
Schildhauer TA, Bauer TW, Josten C, Muhr G.2000. Open reduction and augmentation of internal fixation with an injectable skeletal cement for the treatment of complex calcaneal fractures. J Orthop Trauma14(5): 309-317.
40.
Schildhauer TA, Sangeorzan BJ.2002. Push screw for indirect reduction of severe joint depression-type calcaneal fractures. J Orthop Trauma16(6): 422-424.
41.
Shuler FD, Conti SF, Gruen GS, Abidi NA.2001. Wound-healing risk factors after open reduction and internal fixation of calcaneal fractures: does correction of Bohler’s angle alter outcomes?Orthop Clin North Am32(1): 187-192.
42.
Squires B, Allen PE, Livingstone J, Atkins RM.2001. Fractures of the tuberosity of the calcaneus. J Bone Joint Surg Br83(1): 55-61.
43.
Tennent TD, Calder PR, Salisbury RD, Allen PW, Eastwood DM.2001. The operative management of displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneum: a two-centre study using a defined protocol. Injury32(6): 491-496.
44.
Thermann H, Hufner T, Schratt E, Held C, von Glinski S, Tscherne H.1999. Long-term results of subtalar fusions after operative versus nonoperative treatment of os calcis fractures. Foot Ankle Int20(7): 408-416.
45.
Tornetta P III.2000. Percutaneous treatment of calcaneal fractures. Clin Orthop375: 91-96.
Trepman E, Newberg AH, Wetzner SM.1999. Early postoperative computed tomography after surgical treatment of calcaneal fractures: a brief report. Foot Ankle Surg5: 197-197.
48.
Trnka HJ, Easley ME, Lam PW, Anderson CD, Schon LC, Myerson MS.2001. Subtalar distraction bone block arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Br83(6): 849-854.
49.
Tscherne H, Zwipp H.1993. Calcaneal fractures. In: Tscherne H and Schatzker J, eds. Major fractures of the pilon, the talus and the calcaneus. Current concepts in treatment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 153-174.
50.
Tufescu TV, Buckley R.2001. Age, gender, work capability, and worker’s compensation in patients with displaced intra-articularcalcaneal fractures. J Orthop Trauma15(4): 275-279.
51.
Zmurko MG, Karge DE.2002. Functional outcome of patients following open reduction and internal fixation for bilateral calcaneus fractures. Foot Ankle Int23: 917-921.
