It is becoming increasingly evident that reactive oxygen species (ROS) act at different stages of carcinogenesis, and thus play multiple roles in oncogenesis. In addition to being mutagenic and initiating tumors, ROS or carcinogens that result in ROS generation may affect tumor promotion and progression through varied effects on growth promoting, growth inhibitory, or apoptotic signaling pathways.
Perchellet JP , Perchellet EM , Gali HU , Gao XM . Oxidant stress and multistage carcinogenesis. In Mukhtar H ed. Skin cancer: mechanisms and human relevance. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press , 1995: 145–180.
Gopalakrishna R , Jaken S.Protein kinase C signaling and oxidative stress . Free Radic Biol Med2000; 28: 1349–1361 .
4.
Irani K , Xia Y , Zweier JL , Sollott SJ , Der CJ , Fearon ER , Sundaresan M , Finkel T , Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ . Mitogenic signaling mediated by oxidants in Rastransformed fibroblasts . Science1997; 275: 1649–1652 .
5.
Gupta A , Rosenberger SF , Bowden GT . Increased ROS levels contribute to elevated transcription factor and MAP kinase activities in malignantly progressed mouse keratinocyte cell lines . Carcinogenesis1999; 20: 2063–2073 .
6.
Deng L , Lin-Lee YC , Clarret FX , Kuo MT . 2-Acetylami-nofluorene up-regulates rat mdr1b expression through generating reactive oxygen species that activate NF-kappaB pathway . J Biol Chem2001; 276: 413–420 .