This paper reviews contemporary approaches in Anglophone human geography to the geographical constitution and expression of militarism and military activities. Three main approaches are identified, and the merits, limitations and insights of each are discussed. These are: traditional Military Geography, intimately associated with state military discourses of military power; a broad political geography, focused on the spatiality of armed conflict; and research from across the social sciences on the political economies and sociocultural geographies of militarism, particularly in nonconflict situations. The paper concludes with some suggestions for further empirical and theoretical inquiry, and argues on moral grounds for a human geography explicitly concerned with military geographies in all their forms.
Abu-Nimer, M.2001: Another voice against the war . Arab World Geographer4(2), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
2.
Agnew, J.2001: Not the wretched of the earth: Osama Bin Laden and the clash of the civilizations . Arab World Geographer4(2), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
3.
Agnew, J.2003: American hegemony into American empire? Lessons from the invasion of Iraq . Antipode35, 871-885 .
4.
Agnew, J.2003: Learning from the war on Iraq . Arab World Geographer6(1), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
5.
Allen, J.1999: Power. In Massey, D. , Allen, J. and Sarre, P. , editors, Human geography today, Cambridge: Polity Press , 194-218.
6.
Allen, J.2004: Lost geographies of power. Oxford: Blackwell .
7.
Arnove, A. , editor 2003: Iraq under siege: the deadly impact of sanctions and war. London: Pluto Press .
8.
Ashworth, G.J.1991: War and the city. London: Routledge .
9.
Atkinson, D. and Cosgrove, D.1998: Urban rhetoric and embodied identities: city, nation and empire at the Vittorio Emanuele II monument in Rome, 1870-1945 . Annals of the Association of American Geographers88, 28-49 .
10.
Azaryahu, M.2003: Replacing memory: the reorientation of Buchenwald . Cultural Geographies10, 1-20 .
11.
Bankoff, G.2003: Regions of risk: western discourses on terrorism and the significance of Islam . Studies in Conflict and Terrorism26, 413-428 .
12.
Bateman, M. and Riley, R. , editors 1987: The geography of defence. London: Croom Helm .
13.
Beck, R.A.2003: Remote sensing and GIS as counter-terrorism tools in the Afghanistan War: a case study of the Zhawar Kili Region . The Professional Geographer55, 170-179 .
14.
Bell, M. , Butlin, R. and Heffernan, M. , editors 1995: Geography and imperialism, 1820-1940. Manchester: Manchester University Press .
15.
BICC (Bonn International Centre for Conversion)2005: Conversion survey 2005: global disarmament, demilitarization and demobilization. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft .
16.
Bishop, R. and Phillips, J.2002: Unmanning the homeland . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research26, 620-625 .
17.
Bitzinger, R. , editor 2003: Towards a brave new arms industry? The decline of the second-tier arms-producing countries and the emerging international division of labour in the defence industry. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
18.
Brand, U. and Hirsch, J.2004: In search of emancipatory politics: the resonances of Zapatism in western Europe . Antipode36, 371-382 .
19.
Brömmelhörster, J. , editor 2000: Demystifying the peace dividend. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft .
20.
Brunn, S. , editor 2004: 11 September and its aftermath: the geopolitics of terror. London: Frank Cass .
21.
Brzoska, M.1999: Military conversion: the balance sheet . Journal of Peace Research36, 131-140 .
22.
Calhoun, C. , editor 2002: Militarism. In Dictionary of the social sciences, Oxford: Oxford University Press .
23.
Campbell, David1998: Writing security: US foreign policy and the politics of identity (revised edition). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press .
24.
Campbell, Duncan1984: The unsinkable aircraft carrier: American military power in Britain. London: Michael Joseph .
25.
Carlton, E.2001: Militarism: rule without law. Aldershot: Ashgate .
26.
Cawley, R.M. and Lawrence, R.M.1995, National security policy and federal lands policy, or, the greening of the Pentagon. In Crotty, W. , editor, Post-cold war policy: the social and domestic context, Chicago: Nelson Hall , 274-292.
27.
Ceceña, A.E.2004: The subversion of historical knowledge of the struggle: Zapatistas in the twenty-first century . Antipode36, 361-370 .
28.
Charlesworth, A.2004: A corner of a foreign field that is forever Spielberg's: understanding the moral landscapes of the site of the former KL Pøaszow, Kraków . Cultural Geography11, 291-312 .
29.
Charlesworth, A. and Addis, M.2002: Memorialisation and the ecological landscapes of Holocaust sites: the cases of Plaszow and Auschwitz-Birkenau . Landscape Research27, 229-251 .
30.
Childs, J.1998: The military use of land: a history of the defence estate. Bern: Peter Lang AG .
31.
Cloke, P. and Johnston, R.2005: Spaces of geographical thought: deconstructing human geography's binaries. London: Sage .
32.
Cloud, J.2002: American cartographic transformations during the cold war . Cartography and Geographic Information Science29, 261-282 .
33.
Clout, H.1997: War and recovery in the countryside of north-eastern France: the example of the Meurthe-et-Moselle . Journal of Historical Geography23, 164-186 .
34.
Clout, H.1999: Destruction and revival: the example of Calvados and Caen, 1940-1965 . Landscape Research24, 117-139 .
35.
Clout, H.2004: Review of Boulanger, P., 2002, La Geographie militaire française, 1871-1939. Economica, Paris . Journal of Historical Geography30, 188-190 .
36.
Clout, H. and Gosme, C.2003: The naval intelligence handbooks: a monument in geographical writing . Progress in Human Geography27, 153-173 .
37.
Coaffee, J.2003: Terrorism, risk and the city: the making of a contemporary urban landscape. Aldershot: Ashgate .
38.
Cohen, S.2001: States of denial: knowing about atrocities and suffering. Cambridge: Polity .
39.
Cole, D.H.1930: Imperial military geography: general characteristics of the empire in relation to defence. London: Sifton Praed .
40.
Collins, J.M.1998: Military geography for professionals and the public. Washington, DC: Brassey's .
41.
Cornish, V.1916: Naval and military geography of the British Empire: considered in relation to the war with Germany. London: Hugh Rees .
42.
Cornish, V.1918: The strategic geography of the great powers. London: George Philip and Son .
43.
Corson, M.W.2000; Strategic mobility in the 21st century: projecting national power in a MOOTW environment. In Palka, E.J. and Galgano, F.A. , editors, The scope of military geography: across the spectrum from peacetime to war, New York: McGraw Hill , 233-262.
44.
Cutter, S.L. , Richardson, D.B. and Wilbanks, T.J. , editors 2003: the geographical dimensions of terrorism. New York: Routledge .
45.
Dahlman, C.2005: Geographies of genocide and ethnic cleansing: the lessons of Bosnia-Herzegovina. In Flint, C. , editor, The geography of war and peace: from death camps to diplomats, Oxford: Oxford University Press , 174-197.
46.
Dalby, S.2001: Classics in human geography revisited, commentary 1, on Hepple's `The revival of geopolitics' (1986) . Progress in Human Geography25, 423-424 .
47.
Dalby, S.2002: Environmental security. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press .
48.
Dalby, S.2003: Geopolitics, the Bush doctrine, and war on Iraq . Arab World Geographer6(1), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
49.
Dandeker, C.2000: Armed forces and society research in the UK: A review of British military sociology. In Kümmel, G. and Prüfert, A.D. , editors, Military sociology: the richness of a discipline, Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft , 68-90.
50.
der Derian, J.2001: Virtuous war: mapping the military-industrial-media-entertainment network. Boulder, CO: Westview Press .
51.
Dijkink, G.2003: World police, unilateralism, and the future of a country . Arab World Geographer6(1), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
52.
Dodds, K. and Atkinson, D. , editors 2000: Geopolitical traditions: a century of geopolitical thought. London: Routledge .
53.
Doxford, D. and Hill, A.1998: Land use for military training in the UK: the current situation, likely developments and possible alternatives . Journal of Environmental Planning and Management41, 279-297 .
54.
Doxford, D. and Judd, A.2002: Army training: the environmental gains resulting from the adoption of alternatives to traditional training methods . Journal of Environmental Planning and Management45, 279-365 .
55.
Doyle, P. and Bennett, M.1997: Military geography: terrain evaluation and the British Western Front, 1914-1918 . Geographical Journal163, 1-24 .
56.
Doyle, P. and Bennett, M.1999: Military geography: the influence of terrain in the outcome of the Gallipoli Campaign, 1915 . Geographical Journal165, 12-36 .
57.
Doyle, P. and Bennett, M. , editors 2002: Fields of battle: terrain in military history. Amsterdam: Kluwer .
58.
Driver, F.2000: Geography militant: cultures of exploration and empire. Oxford: Blackwell .
59.
Duke, S.1989: United States military forces and installations in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
60.
EAG/Ecotech1996: The impact of the peace dividend on rural England. Salisbury: Rural Development Commission .
61.
Ek, R.2000: A revolution in military geopolitics . Political Geography19, 841-874 .
62.
El-Bushra, E.S. and Muhammadain, M.M.1992: Perspectives on the contribution of Arabs and Muslims to geography . GeoJournal26, 157-166 .
63.
Enloe, C.1983: Does khaki become you? The militarisation of women's lives. London: Pluto .
64.
Enloe, C.2000: Maneuvres: The international politics of militarizing women's lives. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press .
65.
Ettlinger, N. and Bosco, F.2004: Thinking through networks and their spatiality: a critique of the US (public) war on terrorism and its geographic discourse . Antipode36, 249-271 .
66.
Euler, C. and Welzer-Lang, D.2000: Developing best professional practice for reducing sexual abuse, domestic violence and trafficking in militarised areas of peacetime Europe. Leeds: Research Centre for Violence, Abuse and Gender Relations, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK .
67.
Evinger, W.R.1998: Directory of US military bases worldwide (third edition). New York: Oxryx Press .
68.
Fahrer, C.2001: The geography of Egypt's Islamist insurgency . Arab World Geographer4-4 , online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
69.
Falah, G.1994: The frontier of criticism in Israeli geographic practice . Area26, 1-13 .
70.
Falah, G.2000: Editorial . Arab World Geographer3(3), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
71.
Falah, G.2003: Whose war ? Arab World Geographer6(1), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
72.
Falah, G.W.2004: Truth at war and naming the intolerable in Palestine . Antipode36, 596-600 .
73.
Farhan, Y.2003: The illegitimate and shameless war on the Iraqi homeland and the Iraqi people . Arab World Geographer6(1), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
74.
Farish, M.2003: Disaster and decentralisation: American cities and the cold war . Cultural Geographies10, 125-148 .
75.
Ferguson, K.E. and Turnbull, P.1998: Oh, say, can you see? The semiotics of the military in Hawaii. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press .
76.
Findlay, A.M. and Hoy, C.2000: Global population issues: towards a geographical research agenda . Applied Geography20, 207-219 .
77.
Finkelstein, N.2003: Prospects for ending the occupation . Antipode35, 839-845 .
78.
Flint, C.2001: Initial thoughts towards political geographies in the wake of September 11, 2001: an introduction . Arab World Geographer4(2), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
79.
Flint, C.2002: Political geography: globalization, metapolitical geographies and everyday life . Progress in Human Geography26, 391-400 .
80.
Flint, C.2003a: Political geography II: terrorism, modernity, governance and governmentality . Progress in Human Geography27, 97-106 .
81.
Flint, C.2003b: Political geography: context and agency in a multiscalar framework . Progress in Human Geography27, 627-636 .
82.
Flint, C.2003c: Terrorism and counter-terrorism: geographic research questions and agendas . The Professional Geographer55, 161-169 .
83.
Flint, C. , editor 2005: The geography of war and peace: from death camps to diplomats. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
84.
Foster, J.2004: Creating a temenos positing `South Africanism': national memory, landscape practice and the circulation of identity at Delville Wood . Cultural Geography11, 259-290 .
85.
Freeman, T.W.1980: The Royal Geographical Society and the development of geography. In Brown, E.H. , editor, Geography yesterday and tomorrow, Oxford: Oxford University Press , 1-99.
86.
Galgano, F.A.2000: Streams and the Civil War landscape: The battle for Island No. 10, Mississippi River, 1862. In Palka, E.J. and Galgano, F.A. , editors, The scope of military geography: across the spectrum from peacetime to war, New York: McGraw-Hill , 31-52.
87.
Gallaher, C.2004: Teaching about political violence: a primer on representation . Journal of Geography in Higher Education28, 301-317 .
88.
Garcia, E. and Nemenzo, F.1988: The sovereign quest: freedom from foreign military bases. Quezon: Claretian Publications .
89.
Gerson, J. and Birchard, B. , editors 1991: The sun never sets... Confronting the network of foreign US military bases. Boston: South End Press .
90.
Glenn, R.2000: Capital preservation: Preparing for urban operations in the 21st century. Santa Monica: RAND .
91.
Godlewska, R. and Smith, N. , editors 1994: Geography and empire. Oxford: Blackwell .
92.
Gough, P.2004: Sites in the imagination: the Beaumont Hamel Newfoundland Memorial on the Somme . Cultural Geographies11, 235-258 .
93.
Grabau, W.E.2000: 98 days: a geographer's view of the Vicksburg campaign. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press .
94.
Graham, S.2004a: Introduction: cities, war and states of emergency. In Graham, S. , editor, Cities, war and terrorism: towards an urban geopolitics, Oxford: Blackwell , 2-25.
95.
Graham, S.2004b: Vertical geopolitics: Baghdad and after . Antipode36, 12-23 .
96.
Graham, S. , editor 2004c: Cities, war and terrorism: towards an urban geopolitics. Oxford: Blackwell .
97.
Graham, S.2005: Remember Fallujah: demonising place, constructing atrocity . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space23, 1-10 .
98.
Gray, C.H.1997: Postmodern war: the new politics of conflict. New York: Guilford .
99.
Gray, C.H.2005: Peace, war, and computers. New York: Routledge .
100.
Gray, C.S. and Sloan, G. , editors 1999: Geopolitics: geography and strategy. London: Frank Cass .
101.
Gray, M. and Markusen, A.1999: Colorado Springs: a military anchored city in transition. In Markusen, A. , Lee, Y.-S. and di Giovanna, S. , editors, Second tier cities, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press , 311-332.
102.
Gregory, D.2004a: The colonial present. Oxford: Blackwell .
103.
Gregory, D.2004b: The angel of Iraq . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space22, 317-324 .
104.
Gregory, D.2004c: Palestine under siege . Antipode36, 601-606 .
105.
Gregory, D. and Walford, R. , editors 1989: Horizons in human geography. London: Macmillan .
106.
Gregory, D. , Martin, R. and Smith, G. , editors 1994: Human geography: society, space and social science. London: Macmillan .
107.
Grossman, Z.2002: New US military bases . Counterpunch 2 February, online edition. Retrieved 17 August 2005 from http://www.counterpunch.org/zoltanbases.html
108.
Guay, T.2001: At arm's length: the European Union and Europe's defence industry. London: Palgrave Macmillan .
109.
Halper, J.2000: The struggle for control, the end of a paradigm . Arab World Geographer3 (3), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
110.
Hanafi, H.1992: World-views of Arab geographers . GeoJournal26, 153-156 .
111.
Harris, C.D.1997: Geographers in the US Government in Washington DC, during World War II . Professional Geographer49, 245-256 .
112.
Harvey, D.1974: What kind of geography for what kind of public policy ? Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS63, 18-24 .
113.
Harvey, D.2003: The new imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
114.
Heffernan, M.1994: A state scholarship: the political geography of French international science during the 19th century . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS19, 21-45 .
115.
Heffernan, M.1995: For ever England: the western front and the politics of remembrance in Britain . Ecumene2, 293-323 .
116.
Heffernan, M.1996: Geography, cartography and military intelligence: the Royal Geographical Society and the first world war . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS21, 504-533 .
117.
Heffernan, M.1998: The meaning of Europe: Geography and geopolitics. London: Arnold .
118.
Heffernan, M.2000: Professor Penck's bluff: Geography, espionage and hysteria in World War I . Scottish Geographical Journal116, 267-282 .
119.
Henderson, J.P.2000: Military geography of the Civil War: the Blue Ridge and Valley and Ridge province. In Palka, E.J. and Galgano, F.A. , editors, The scope of military geography: across the spectrum from peacetime to war. New York: McGraw-Hill , 53-73.
120.
Herl, B.K.2000: Integrated military land management: the warfighter's terrain perspective. In Palka, E.J. and Galgano, F.A. , editors, The scope of military geography: across the spectrum from peacetime to war. New York: McGraw-Hill , 411-436.
121.
Hewitt, K.1987: The social space of terror: towards a civil interpretation of total war . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space5, 445-474 .
122.
Hewitt, K.1997: Regions of risk: a geographical introduction to disasters. Harlow: Longman .
123.
Hewitt, K.2001: Between Pinochet and Kropotkin: state terror, human rights and the geographer . The Canadian Geographer45, 338-355 .
124.
Hills, A.2004: Future war in cities: rethinking a liberal dilemma. London: Frank Cass .
125.
Hixson, W.L.2003: The war on Iraq and American freedom . Arab World Geographer6(1), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
126.
Hoffenberg, P.H.2001: Landscape, memory and the Australian war experience, 1915-18 . Journal of Contemporary History36, 111-131 .
127.
Homer-Dixon, T.1991: On the threshold: environmental changes as causes of acute conflict . International Security16, 76-116 .
128.
Homer-Dixon, T.1999: Environment, security and violence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
129.
Hooker, M. and Knetter, M.1999: Measuring the economic effects of military base closures. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 6941. Cambridge, MA: NBER .
130.
Hooks, G.2003: Military and civilian dimensions of America's regional policy, 1972-1994 . Armed Forces and Society29, 227-251 .
131.
Ignatieff, M.2000: Virtual war: Kosovo and beyond. New York: Metropolitan Books .
132.
Inbar, E. and Zilberfarb, B. , editors 1998: The politics and economics of defence industries. London: Frank Cass .
133.
Inglis, K.S.2005: Sacred places: war memorials in the Australian landscape. Melbourne: University of Melbourne Press .
134.
Isako-Angst, L.2001: The sacrifice of a schoolgirl: the 1995 rape case, discourses of power, and women's lives in Okinawa . Critical Asian Studies33, 243-266 .
135.
Jamoul, L.2004: Palestine - in search of dignity . Antipode36, 581-595 .
136.
Jauhiainen, J.1997: Militarisation, demilitarisation and re-use of military areas: the case of Estonia . Geography82, 118-126 .
137.
Jhaveri, N.2004: Petroimperialism: US oil interests and the Iraq war . Antipode36, 2-11 .
138.
Johnson, C.2004: The sorrows of empire: militarism, secrecy and the end of the republic. New York: Metropolitan Books .
139.
Johnson, N.2003: Irish nationalism and the geography of remembrance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
140.
Johnston, R.J. , editor 1981: The dictionary of human geography (first edition). Oxford: Blackwell .
141.
Johnston, R.J. and Claval, P. , editors 1984: Geography since the Second World War: an international survey. London: Croom Helm .
142.
Johnston, R.J. , Gregory, D. , Pratt, G. and Watts, M.2000: The dictionary of human geography (fourth edition). Oxford: Blackwell .
143.
Johnston, R.J. , Gregory, D. and Smith, D.M. , editors 1986: The dictionary of human geography (second edition). Oxford: Blackwell .
144.
Johnston, R.J. , Gregory, D. and Smith, D.M.1994: The dictionary of human geography (third edition). Oxford: Blackwell .
145.
Jones, R. and Phillips, R.2005: Unsettling geographical horizons: exploring premodern and non-European imperialism . Annals of the Association of American Geographers95, 141-161 .
146.
Kaldor, M.1999: New and old war: organized violence in a global era. Cambridge: Polity Press .
147.
Kaldor, M. and Schméder, G.1997: The European rupture: the defence sector in transition. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar .
148.
Kashani-Sabet, F.1998: Picturing the homeland: geography and national identity in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Iran . Journal of Historical Geography24, 413-430 .
149.
Khamaisi, R.2000: `Intifada al-Aqsa' - the perpetuation of the situation or a turning point in Israel's relation to its Arab-Palestinian citizens ? Arab World Geographer3(3), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
150.
Khashan, H.2000: An Intifada for peace and against its process . Arab World Geographer3(3), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
151.
Khashan, H.2003: Baghdad's new Mongols . Arab World Geographer6(1), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
152.
Keeble, R.1997: Secret state, silent press: new militarism, the Gulf and the modern image of warfare. Luton: University of Luton Press .
153.
Kiefer, C.W.1992: Militarism and world health . Social Science and Medicine34, 719-724 .
154.
Kiernan, B.2003: `Collateral damage' from Cambodia to Iraq . Antipode35, 856-870 .
155.
King, A.1998: Memorials of the Great War in Britain: the symbolism and politics of remembrance. Oxford: Berg .
156.
King, W.C. , Palka, E.J. and Harmon, R.S.2004: Identifying optimum locations for tropical testing of United States Army materièl and systems . Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography25, 92-108 .
157.
Kliot, N. and Waterman, S. , editors 1991: The political geography of conflict and peace. London: Belhaven .
158.
Kuletz, V.1998: The tainted desert: environmental and social ruin in the American West. London: Routledge .
159.
Lacoste, Y.1973: An illustration of geographical warfare: bombing of the dikes on the Red River, North Vietnam . Antipode5, 1-13 .
160.
Lacoste, Y. 1976: La Géographie, ça sert, d'abord, à faire la guerre. Paris: Maspéro.
161.
Law, A.1999: Melting the cold war permafrost: restructuring military industry in Scotland . Antipode31, 421-452 .
162.
Law, R. , Wolch, J. and Takahashi, L.1993: Defenseless territory: workers, communities and the decline of military production in Los Angeles . Environment and Planning C11, 291-315 .
163.
Le Billon, P.2001: The political ecology of war: natural resources and armed conflicts . Political Geography20, 561-584 .
164.
Le Billon, P. , editor 2005: The geopolitics of resource wars: resource dependence, governance and violence. London: Frank Cass .
165.
Lindberg, M. and Todd, M.2001: Brown-, green- and blue-water fleets: the influence of geography on naval warfare, 1861 to the present. Westport: Praeger .
166.
Lindsay-Poland, J.2001: US military bases in Latin America and the Caribbean . Foreign Policy in Focus6-6 , online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol6/v6n35milbase.html
167.
Livingstone, D.1998: The geographical tradition: episodes in the history of a contested enterprise. Oxford: Blackwell .
168.
Loomis, D.1993: Combat zoning: military land use planning in Nevada. Reno: University of Nevada Press .
169.
Lovering, J.1990: Military expenditure and the restructuring of capitalism: the military industry in Britain . Cambridge Journal of Economics14, 453-467 .
170.
Lovering, J.2000: Loose cannons: creating the arms industry in the 21st century. In Kaldor, M. , editor, Global insecurity: restructuring the global military sector, vol. III, London: Pinter , 147-176.
171.
Luke, T. and Ó Tuathail, G.2000: Thinking geopolitical space: the spatiality of war, speed and vision in the work of Paul Virilio. In Crang, M. and Thrift, N. , editors, Thinking space, London: Routledge , 360-379.
172.
Lumpe, L. , editor 2000: Running guns: the global black market in small arms. New York: Zed Books .
173.
Lustick, I.S.2003: America's war and Osama's script . Arab World Geographer6(1), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
174.
MacDonnell, A.C.1911: Outlines of military geography. London: Hugh Rees .
175.
Maguire, T.M.1899: Outlines of military geography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
176.
Malinowski, J. , editor 2003: Iraq: geographic perspectives. New York: McGraw-Hill .
177.
Mamadouh, V.1998: Geopolitics in the nineties: one flag, many meanings . GeoJournal46, 237-253 .
178.
Mamadouh, V.2005: Geography and war, geographers and peace. In Flint, C. , editor, The geography of war and peace: from death camps to diplomats, Oxford: Oxford University Press , 26-60.
179.
Mann, M.1988: States, war and capitalism. Oxford: Blackwell .
180.
Markusen, A. and Brzoska, M.2000: The regional role in post cold-war military industrial conversion . International Regional Science Review23, 3-24 .
181.
Markusen, A. and Serfati, C.2000: Remaking the military industrial relationship: a French-American comparison . Defence and Peace Economics11, 271-299 .
182.
Markusen, A. , Hall, P. , Campbell, S. and Deitrick, S.1991: The rise of the gunbelt: the military remapping of industrial America. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
183.
Marsden, W.E.2000: Geography and two centuries of education for peace and international understanding . Geography85, 289-302 .
184.
Marshall, D.2004: Making sense of remembrance . Social and Cultural Geography5, 37-54 .
185.
Marston, S. and Rouhani, F.2001: Teaching and learning the lesson of complexity . Arab World Geographer4(2), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
186.
Massabni, M.1977: Urban contradiction and civil war: the destruction of the slum of Quarantina in Beirut . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research1, 132-144 .
187.
Massey, D. , Allen, J. and Sarre, P.1999: Human geography today. Cambridge: Polity .
188.
May, E.S.1909: An introduction to military geography. London: Hugh Rees .
189.
Mayhew, R.2000: Enlightenment geography: the political languages of British geography, 1650-1850. Basingstoke: Macmillan .
190.
McColl, R.W.2000: On a razor's edge: opportunity lost or opportunity gained ? Arab World Geographer3(3), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
191.
McColl, R.W.2001: The law of unintended consequences: reflections on some global and national changes following the events of September 11, 2001 . Arab World Geographer4(2), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
192.
Melman, S.1970: Pentagon capitalism: the political economy of war. New York: McGraw-Hill .
193.
Melman, S.1988: The demilitarized society: disarmament and conversion. Montreal: Harvest House .
194.
Mitchell, D.2005: You who are the bureaucrats of empire, remember who we are . Antipode37, 203-207 .
195.
Morris, M.1997: Gardens `for ever England': landscape, identity and the first world war British cemeteries on the western front . Ecumene4, 410-433 .
196.
Murphy, A.B.2003: Geopolitical perspectives on the Iraq war: emerging insights and remaining challenges . Arab World Geographer6(1), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
197.
Mustafa, D.2005: The terrible geographicalness of terrorism: reflections of a hazards geographer . Antipode37, 72-92 .
198.
Mustafa, W.2000: Al-Aqsa Intifada: why ? Arab World Geographer3(3), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
199.
Newman, D.2000: The symbolism of space and place amongst Israelis and Palestinians . Arab World Geographer3(3), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
200.
Niedenthal, J.2001: For the good of mankind: a history of the people of Bikini and their islands. (second edition). Micronitor: Bravo Publishers .
201.
Nijman, J.2001: New York city and the geopolitical transition . Arab World Geographer4(2), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
202.
Nokkentved, N.S.2004: Desert wings: controversy in the Idaho desert. Washington, DC: Washington State University Press .
203.
Nolte, R.2000: Reflections of a long-time observer . Arab World Geographer3(3), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
204.
Okazawa-Rey, M.1997: Amerasian children of GI Town: a legacy of US militarism in South Korea . Asian Journal of Women's Studies3, 71-102 .
205.
O'Loughlin, J. and Anselin, L.1992: The geography of international conflicts; theory and methods. In Ward, M.D. , editor, The new geopolitics, Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach , 11-38.
206.
O'Loughlin, J. and van der Wusten, H.1993: The political geography of war and peace. In Taylor, P.J. , editor, Political geography of the twentieth century, London: Belhaven , 63-113.
207.
O'Sullivan, P.1991: Terrain and tactics. New York: Greenwood Press .
208.
O'Sullivan, P.2001: The geography of war in the post cold war world. Lampeter: Edward Mellen .
209.
O'Sullivan, P. and Miller, J.W.1983: The geography of warfare. London: Croom Helm .
210.
Ó Tuathail, G.1996: Critical geopolitics: The politics of writing global space. London: Routledge .
211.
Ó Tuathail, G.2003: `Just out looking for a fight': American affect and the invasion of Iraq . Antipode35, 856-870 .
212.
Ó Tuathail, G. and Dahlman, C.2004: The effort to reverse ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina: the limits of returns . Eurasian Geography and Economics45, 439-464 .
213.
Ó Tuathail, G. and Dalby, S.1998: Rethinking geopolitics. London: Routledge .
Palka, E.J. , editor 2004b: North Korea: geographic perspectives. New York: McGraw-Hill .
216.
Palka, E.J.2004c: Military geography. In Gaile G.L. and Willmott, C.J. , editors, Geography in America at the dawn of the twenty-first century, Oxford: Oxford University Press .
217.
Palka, E.J. and Galgano, F.A. , editors 2000: The scope of military geography: across the spectrum from peacetime to war. New York: McGraw-Hill .
218.
Parai, L. , Solomon, B. and Wait, T.1996: Assessing the socio-economic impacts of military installations on their host communities . Defence and Peace Economics7, 7-19 .
219.
Parkin, S.1997: Environmental security: issues and agenda for an incoming government . Royal United Services Institute JournalJune, 24-28 .
220.
Peet, R.2000: Commentary: celebrating 30 years of radical geography . Environment and Planning A32, 951-953 .
221.
Peltier, L.C. and Pearcy, G.E.1966: Military geography. New Jersey: Van Nostrand .
222.
Pepper, D. and Jenkins, A. , editors 1985: The geography of peace and war. Oxford: Blackwell .
223.
Radcliffe, S.1999: Popular and state discourses of power. In Massey, D. , Allen, J. and Sarre, P. , editors, Human geography today, Cambridge: Polity Press , 219-242.
224.
Radcliffe, S. and Westwood, S.1996: Remaking the nation: place, identity and politics in Latin America. London: Routledge .
225.
Reuber, P.2003: The tale of the Just War - a post-structuralist objection . Arab World Geographer6(1), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
226.
Roberts, S. , Secor, A. and Sparke, M.2003: Neoliberal geopolitics . Antipode35, 886-897 .
227.
Robin, R.2001: The making of the cold war enemy: culture and politics in the military-intellectual complex. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
228.
Rocamora, J.1998: The conversion of the US Subic Naval Base in the Phillipines: political and economic consequences. In Kaldor, M. , Albrecht, U. and Schméder, G. , editors, The end of military fordism: restructuring the global military sector, London: Pinter , 287-311.
229.
Roder, W.1973: Effects of guerrilla war in Angola and Mozambique . Antipode5, 14-21 .
230.
Rogers, A. and Viles, A. , editors 2003: The student's companion to geography (second edition). Oxford: Blackwell .
231.
Roseneil, S.1995: Disarming patriarchy: feminism and political action at Greenham. Buckingham: Open University Press .
232.
Roy, A.2003: War talk. Cambridge, MA: South End Press .
233.
Rubenson, D. , Weissler, R. , Wong, C. and Everson, R.1999: Does the Army have a national land strategy?Santa Monica: RAND Corporation .
234.
Salt, A.E.W.1925: Military geography of the British Commonwealth. Aldershot and London: Gale and Polden .
235.
Sandars, C.T.2000: America's overseas garrisons: the leasehold empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
236.
Schechla, J.2000: Putting human rights back on the map of Palestine . Arab World Geographer3(3), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
237.
Sharp, J.1990: Europe after an American withdrawal: Economic and military issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
238.
Shaw, M.1991: Post-military society: militarism, demilitarisation and war at the end of the twentieth century. Cambridge: Polity Press .
239.
Shepherd, E. and Barnes, T.2003: A companion to economic geography. Oxford: Blackwell .
240.
Shorrock, T.2000: Okinawa and the US military in Northeast Asia . Foreign Policy in Focus5(22), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://www.fpit.org/briefs/vol5/u7n22.okinawa.html
241.
Shuraydi, M.A.2003: Is devastation the price of democracy? Operation Iraqi freedom . Arab World Geographer6(1), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
242.
Sidaway, J.D.2003: Decentring political geographies . Arab World Geographer6(1), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
243.
Singer, P.W.2004: Corporate warriors: The rise of the privatized military industry. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press .
244.
Smallman-Raynor, M. and Cliff, A.2004: War epidemics: an historical geography of infectious diseases in military conflict and civil strife, 1850-2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
245.
Smith, D. and Smith, R.1983: The economics of militarism. London: Pluto .
246.
Smith, G.1993: Geopolitics. In Johnston, R.J. , editor, The challenge for geography: a changing world, a changing discipline, Oxford: Blackwell , 76-99.
247.
Smith, N.2001: Ashes and aftermath . Arab World Geographer4(2), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
248.
Smith, N.2002: American empire: Roosevelt's geographer and the prelude to globalization. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press .
249.
Solomon, B.1996: The socio-economic assessment of military installations using an integer programming model . Defence and Peace Economics7, 21-32 .
250.
Sontag, S.2003: Regarding the pain of others. London: Hamish Hamilton .
251.
Sorenson, D.1998: Shutting down the cold war: The politics of military base closure. New York: St Martin's Press .
252.
Stangl, P.2003: The Soviet war memorial in Treptow, Berlin . Geographical Review93, 213-236 .
253.
Steinberg, M.K. and Taylor, M.J.2003: Public memory and political power in Guatemala's postconflict landscape . Geographical Review93, 449-468 .
254.
Stephenson, M. , editor 2003: Battlegrounds: geography and the history of warfare. Washington, DC: National Geographic .
255.
Stewart, F. and Fitzgerald, V. and associates2001: War and underdevelopment. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
256.
Stoddart, D.R.1992: The `new geography' and the `new Army' in England, 1899-1914 . Political Geography11, 87-99 .
257.
Sturdevant, S.P. and Stoltzfus, B.1993: Let the good times roll: prostitution and the US military in Asia. New York: New Press .
258.
Sullivan, D.1998: Professionalism and Australia's security intellectuals: knowledge, power, responsibility . Australian Journal of Political Science33, 421-440 .
259.
Taylor, P.J.2000: Commentary: subtleties of power . Arab World Geographer3(3), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
260.
Thee, M.1980: Militarism and militarisation in contemporary international relations. In Adbjorn, E. and Thee, M. , editors, Problems of contemporary militarism, London: Croom Helm , 15-35.
261.
Thompson, D.M. and Grubbs, J.H.1998: Embracing cultural geography: an Army imperative . GeoJournal44, 35-41 .
262.
Thornton, W.2003: Cold war II: Islamic terrorism as power politics . Antipode35, 205-211 .
263.
Tivers, J.1999: `The home of the British Army': the iconic construction of military defence landscapes . Landscape Research24, 303-319 .
264.
Unwin, P.T.1992: The place of geography. Harlow: Longman .
265.
Vagts, A.1959: A history of militarism: civilian and military. London: Hollis and Carter .
266.
Warf, B.1997: The geopolitics/geoeconomics of military base closures in the USA . Political Geography16, 541-563 .
267.
Webster, G.2003: Comments on war in Iraq essays . Arab World Geographer6(1), online edition. Retrieved 19 August 2005 from http://users.fmg.uva.nl/vmamadouh/awg/indexno.html%23top
268.
Westing, A.1988: The military sector vis-a-vis the environment . Journal of Peace Research25, 257-264 .
269.
Winters, H.A. , with Galloway, G. , Reynolds, W. and Rhyne, D.1998: Battling the elements: weather and terrain in the conduct of war. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press .
270.
Wood, D. 2001: The hidden geography of transnational surveillance: Social and technological networks around signals intelligence sites. PhD thesis, University of Newcastle, UK.
271.
Woodward, R.1999: Gunning for rural England: the politics of the promotion of military land use in the Northumberland National Park . Journal of Rural Studies15, 17-33 .
272.
Woodward, R.2001: Khaki conservation: an examination of military environmentalist discourses in the British Army . Journal of Rural Studies17, 201-217 .
273.
Woodward, R.2004: Military geographies. Oxford: Blackwell .
274.
Yiftachel, Y.2004: Contradictions and dialectics: reshaping political space in Israel/Palestine: An indirect response to Lina Jamoul . Antipode36, 607-613 .
