Design solutions for medical technology: Charles Drew’s profound hypothermia apparatus for cardiac surgery

For an account of Gibbon and his work, see Romaine-Davis A. John Gibbon and His Heart-Lung Machine. Philadelphia , 1991.

Lillehei CW , Varco RL , Cohen M et al. The first open heart repairs of ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular communis, and tetralogy of Fallot using extra-corporeal circulation by cross-circulation: a thirty year follow-up . Ann Thorac Surg 1986; 41: 4-21 .

See, for example, Clowes G Jr. The historical development of the surgical treatment of heart disease . Bull Hist Med 1960; 34: 29-51 .

Obituary, Mr Charles Drew . The Times, 6 June 1987.

Drew papers, undated typescript, Holme Lecture, given by Drew at University College Hospital Medical School, p. 2.

See Romaine-Davis (as cited in Reference 1): 139.

Cooley DC. Perspectives in cardiac surgery with personal reflections . Surg Clin N Am 1978; 58: 895-906 .

and Reference 5, p. 2.

Drew CE , Anderson IM. Profound hypothermia in cardiac surgery: report of three cases . Lancet 1959; 1: 748-750 .

Edholm OG. Hypothermia and the effects of cold: introduction . Br Med Bull 1961; 17: 1-4 . The whole issue was devoted to this subject.

Drew CE. Cardiac surgery at the westminster hospital . Broadway, Westminster Med School J 1966: 25-27 .

For an analysis of Drew’s results see Boulton TB , Hurt RL. The Drew technique of profound hypothermia for cardiac surgery in the 1960s. In Lawrence GM ed. Technologies of Modern Medicine. London , 1994: 25-39, 34-34.

A machine of this design was also in use at the Brook Hospital, London. It is possible that another was exported to France.

Belsey RH et al. Profound hypothermia in cardiac surgery . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1968; 56: 497-509 .

and see Reference 12, p. 36.

See, for example, Lubar S. Culture and technological design in the 19th century pin industry: John Howe and the Howe Manufacturing Company . Technol Cult 1987; 28: 253-282 .

Obituary, P Cliffe . BMJ 1992; 305: 1154-1154 .

Interview of W Williamson (Reference 15).

Fishenden M , Saunders OA. An introduction to heat transfer. Oxford , 1950.

Interview of D Shore by G Lawrence and T Boon, 13 July 1993.

Dummett GA. From little acorns: a history of the APV Company Ltd. London , 1981.

Shore DT. Profound hypothermia . J Refrig 1961; May/June: 50-52 .

Ibid, p. 51.

Ibid, p. 10.

a review of Cattermole MJG , Wolfe AF. Horace Darwin’s shop: a history of the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company, 1878-1968. Bristol , 1987.

Stock JT. Pneumatic process controllers: the early history of some basic components . Trans Newcomen Soc 1984-85; 56: 169-178 .

Same as Reference 22, p. 11.

Ibid, p. 5.

DG Melrose wrote in 1961 that profound hypothetmia was ‘inherently simple in equipment and sparing of blood... a most interesting field and one which may alter our present concepts.’ Melrose DG. Types of heart-lung machines used in extracorporeal circulation . Postgrad Med J 1961; 37: 639-645 .

Boulton and Hurt from Reference 12, p. 30. King’s College and The Brook Hospitals also used the technique in the early 1960s.

Hurt RL. Apparatus for profound hypothermia by the Drew technique . Lancet 1962; 1: 783-783 .

Personal communication, R Hurt, 29 December 1995.

Interview of Shore from Reference 20. The problem was to keep the yellow ‘yolk’ separate from the ‘white’ in the fondant filling of the chocolate egg.

Interview of R Schild by G Lawrence, 10 February 1997.

NEP Ltd. Industrial catalogue 1961-62, Science Museum Library Trade Literature Collection.

Hart G. Design management: an I. D. service for capital goods . Design 1964; 187: 46-53 .

Baker SR. The diffusion of high technology medical innovation: the computed tomography scanner example . Soc Sci Med 1979; 13: 155-162 .

Same as Reference 20.

Tweedale G. At the Sign of the Plough: 275 Years of Allen & Hanburys and the British Pharmaceutical Industry, 1715-1990. London , 1990. A merger with Glaxo took place in 1958, but ‘during the 1960s, Allen & Hanburys continued very much as an independent company’, p. 195-195.

Trade Literature Collection, Science Museum Library.

Reference 15, interview of M Braimbridge.

Interview of T Gould by G Lawrence, 29 June 1995.

See Reference 22, p. 7.

Interview of J Gil-Rodriguez by G Lawrence, 18 January 1996.

Pinch T , Bijker W. The social construction of facts and artefacts: or how the sociology of science and the sociology of technology might benefit each other . Soc Stud Sci 1984; 14: 399-441 .

Hurt RL. Lancet 1964; 1: 1198-1198 .

Interview of R Myer by G Lawrence, 24 May 1996.

Reference 15, interview of J Bailey.

Drew papers, typescript, ‘P. H. Tokyo June ’68’, p. 17.

Same as Reference 48.

Interview of B Slesser by G Lawrence, 5 May 1996.