The prevalence and aetiology of decalcification during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances is discussed and consideration given to the methods of reducing this problem.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdriaensM. L., DermautL. R. and VerbeeckR. M. H. (1990) The use of Fluor Protector, a fluoride varnish, as a caries prevention method under orthodontic molar bands, European Journal of Orthodontics, 12, 316–319.
2.
ArtunJ. and BrobakkenB. O. (1986) Prevalence of carious white spots after orthodontic treatment with multibonded appliances, European Journal of Orthodontics, 8, 229–234.
3.
AttarzadehF. (1986) Water irrigating devices for the orthodontic patient, International Journal of Orthodontics, 24, 15–20.
4.
BisharaS. E., ChanD. and AbadirE. A. (1989) The effect on the bonding strength of orthodontic brackets of fluoride application after etching, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 95, 259–260.
5.
BisharaS. E.SwiftE. J. and ChanD. C. N. (1991) Evaluation of fluoride release from an orthodontic bonding system, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 100, 106–109.
6.
BoydR. L., MurrayR. and RobertsonP. B. (1989) Effect of rotary electric toothbrush versus manual toothbrush on periodontal status during orthodontic treatment, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 96, 342–347.
7.
BrightmanL. J., TerexhalmyG. T., GreenwellH., JacobsM. and EnlowD. H. (1991) The effects of a 0·12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse on orthodontic patients aged 11 through to 17 with established gingivitis, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 100, 324–329.
8.
CarlosJ. P. [1985] In: WeiS. H. Y. (ed.) Clinical uses of fluorides, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 75–82.
9.
CaseyG. R. (1988) Maintenance of oral hygiene and dental health during orthodontic therapy, Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 10, 11–13.
10.
ChanD. C. N., SwiftE. J. and BisharaS. E. (1990) In vitro evaluation of a fluoride releasing orthodontic resin, Journal of Dental Research, 69, 1576–1579.
11.
CiancioS. G., CunatJ. J., MatherM. L. and HarveyD. H. (1985) A comparison of plaque accumulation in bonded versus banded teeth, Journal of Dental Research, 64, 359 (abstr. 1664).
12.
CookP. A. (1990) Direct bonding with glass ionomer cement, Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, 14, 509–511.
13.
CookP. A. and YoungsonC. C. (1988) An in vitro study of the bond strength of a glass ionomer in direct bonding of orthodontic brackets, British Journal of Orthodontics, 15, 247–253.
14.
CrollT. P. and CavanaughR. R. (1986) Hydrochloric acid-pumice enamel surface abrasion for colour modification: results after six months, Quintessence International, 17, 335–343.
15.
DurningP. D. (1989) A clinical and laboratory investigation into the cements used to retain orthodontic bands, M.D.S. thesis, Newcastle University.
16.
FoxN. A. (1990) Fluoride release from orthodontic bonding materials. An in vitro study, British Journal of Orthodontics, 17, 293–298.
17.
GeigerA. M., GorelickL., GwinnettA. J. and GriswoldP. G. (1988) The effect of a fluoride program on white spot formation during orthodontic treatment, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 93, 29–37.
18.
GorelickL., GeigerA. M. and GwinnettA. J. (1982) Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding, American Journal of Orthodontics, 81, 83–98.
19.
GwinnettA. J. and CeenR. F. (1979) Plaque distribution on bonded brackets: A scanning microscope study, American Journal of Orthodontics, 75, 667–677.
20.
HoggS. D. (1990) Chemical Control of Plaque, Dental Update, 17, 330–333.
21.
JacksonC. L. (1991) Comparison between electric toothbrushing and manual tooth-brushing, with and without oral irrigation, for oral hygiene of orthodontic patients, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 99, 15–20.
22.
KapilaS. (1988) Hydrochloric acid-pumice treatment for post-orthodontic localised decalcification, American Journal of Dentistry, 1, 15–19.
23.
LevineR. S. (1991) Fluoride and caries prevention: 1. Scientific rationale, Dental Update, 18, 105–110.
24.
LowT., von FraunhoferJ. A. and WinterG. B. (1975) The bonding of a polymeric fissure sealant to topical fluoride-treated teeth, Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 2, 303–307.
25.
LundströmF. and KrasseB. (1987) Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilil frequency in orthodontic patients; the effect of chlorhexidine treatments, European Journal of Orthodontics, 9, 109–116.
26.
LundstromF., HampS. E. and NymanS. (1980) Systematic plaque control in children undergoing long-term orthodontic treatment, European Journal of Orthodontics, 2, 27–39.
27.
MaijerR. and SmithD. C. (1988) A comparison between zinc phosphate and glass ionomer cement in orthodontics, American Journal of Orthodontics, 93, 273–279.
28.
MeyersM. J. (1952) Protection of enamel under orthodontic bands, American Journal of Orthodontics, 38, 866–874.
29.
MizrahiE. (1982) Enamel demineralisation following orthodontic treatment, American Journal of Orthodontics, 82, 63–67.
30.
MizrahiE. (1983) Surface distribution of enamel opacities following orthodontic treatment, American Journal of Orthodontics, 84, 323–331.
31.
MizrahiE. (1988) Glass ionomer cements in orthodontics—an update, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 93, 505–507.
32.
MurrayJ. J. (1989) The Prevention of Dental Disease, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
33.
ØgaardB. (1989) Prevalence of white spot lesions in 19-year-olds: A study on untreated and orthodontically treated persons 5 years after treatment, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 96, 423–427.
34.
ØgaardB., RollaG. and ArendsJ. (1988) Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralisation. Part 1. Lesion development. Part 2. Prevention and treatment of lesions, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 94, 68–73, 123–128.
35.
O'ReillyM. M. and FeatherstoneJ. D. B. (1985) De and remineralistion around orthodontic appliances: an in vivo study, A. A. D. R. Abstract No. 1140.
36.
SaloumS. S. and SondhiS. (1987) Preventing enamel decalcification after orthodontic treatment, Journal of the American Dental Association, 115, 257–261.
37.
SchaekenM. J. M. and van der HoevenJ. S. (1989) Effects of varnishes containing chlorhexidine on the human dental plaque flora, Journal of Dental Research, 68, 1786–1789.
38.
SchemehomB. R. and FarnhamR. (1988) An in vitro incipient lesion study of enamel remineralisation and fluoride bioavailability comparing two orthodontic ties, Indiana University School of Dentistry, OHE1 Number R/D 50 (unpublished data).
39.
SchwaningerB. and Vickers-SchwaningerN. (1979) Developing an effective oral hygiene program for the orthodontic patient: Review, rationale and recommendations, American Journal of Orthodontics, 75, 447–452.
40.
SonisA. L. and SnellW. (1989) An evaluation of a fluoride releasing visible light activated bonding system for orthodontic bracket placement, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 95, 306–311.
41.
StratemannM. W. and ShannonI. L. (1974) Control of decalcification in orthodontic patients by daily self-administered application of a water free 0·4 per cent stannous fluoride gel, American Journal of Orthodontics, 66, 273–279.
42.
ThorntonJ. B. (1986) The effect of fluoride in phosphoric acid on enamel fluoride uptake and the tensile bond strength of an orthodontic bonding resin, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 90, 91–101.
43.
TilleryT. J., TimbreeJ. H. and WebsterF. N. (1976) Preventing enamel decalcification during orthodontic treatment, American Journal of Orthodontics, 70, 435–439.
44.
UnderwoodM. L., RawlsH. R. and ZimmermanB. F. (1989) Clinical evaluation of a fluoride-exchanging resin as an orthodontic adhesive, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 96, 93–99.
45.
ValkJ. W. P. and DavidsonC. L. (1987) The relevance of controlled fluoride release with bonded orthodontic appliances, Journal of Dentistry, 15, 257–260.
46.
WangW. N. and SheenD. H. (1991) The effect of pretreatment with fluoride on the tensile strength of orthodontic bonding, Angle Orthodontist, 61, 31–34.
47.
WilliamsP., FenwickA., SchouL. and AdamsW. (1987) A clinical trial of an orthodontic toothbrush, European Journal of Orthodontics, 9, 295–304.
48.
WisthP. J. and NordA. (1977) Caries experience in orthodonically treated individuals, Angle Orthodontist, 47, 59–64.
49.
YounisD., HughesD. O. and WeberF. N. (1979) Enamel decalcification in orthodontic treatment, American Journal of Orthodontics, 75, 678–681.
50.
ZachrissonB. U. (1975a) Fluoride application procedures in orthodontic practice, current concepts, Angle Orthodontist, 45, 72–81.
51.
ZachrissonB. U. (1975b) Cause and prevention of injuries to teeth and supporting structures during orthodontic treatment, American Journal of Orthodontics, 69, 285–300.
52.
ZachrissonB. U. (1977) Direct bonding in orthodontics, American Journal of Orthodontics, 71, 173–189.
53.
ZachrissonB. U. and ZachrissonS. (1971) Caries incidence and oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment, Scandanavian Journal of Dental Research, 79, 394–401.
