Wood preservative properties of a solution of ZnSO4 and MnSO4 (Zn/Mn molar ratio: 2∶1), obtained by a process for household battery recycling were studied. Its effect on the growth and enzymatic activity of wood rotting basidiomycetes (Coriolus versicolor, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma resinaceum, Punctularia atropurpurascens, Pycnoporus sanguineous, Inonotus sp, Gymnopilus spectabilis and Gloeophyllum trabeum) was analysed, based on measurements of initial growth rate, minimum inhibitory growth and decolourisation inhibiting concentration. The study solution inhibited mycelial growth and extracellular ligninolytic activity at concentrations between 0·5 and 2 mM Zn2+, depending on species. The above results were compared with the effect of solutions of pure sulphates. Study solution inhibited mycelial growth at a lower concentration than that of pure sulphates. Wood preservative effect of the study solution was demonstrated in tests using wood substrate (small blocks of Pinus taeda L. and Eucalyptus grandis), finding a minimum toxic value equivalent to 3% Zn2+.
AENOR. 1996. Norma: EN113:1996, Protectores de la madera. Métodos de ensayo para la determinación de la eficacia preventiva contra los basidiomicetes destructores de la madera. Determinación de los valores tóxicos. AENOR, Madrid, Spain. 31 p.
2.
BaldrianP, WiescheC, GabrielJ, NerudF, ZadrazilF. 2000. Influence of cadmium and mercury on activities of ligninolytic enzymes and degradation of polyciclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pleurotus ostreatus in soil.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 2471–2478.
3.
BaldrianP. 2003. Interactions of heavy metals with white-rot fungi.Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 32: 78–91.
4.
BaldrianP, ValaskováV, MerhautováV, GabrielJ. 2005. Degradation of lignocellulose by Pleurotus ostreatus in the presence of copper, manganese, lead and zinc.Res. Microbiol. 156: 670–676.
BraveryA. 1978. A miniaturized wood – block test for the rapid evaluation of wood preservative fungicides. Paper 8. II Screening fungicides. Screening techniques for potential wood preservative chemicals. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden. Document no. IRG/2113.
7.
BrownJ, CaswellS, WilliamsG. 1991. Development of a miniblock test method for the rapid evaluation of preservative performance against basidiomycete fungi. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden. Document no. IRG/WP/2379.
8.
de AzevedoF, da MattaA. 2003. Metais: gerenciamento da toxicicdade. Sao Paulo: Editora Atheneu.
9.
EichlerováI, HomolkaL, LisáL, NerudF. 2005. Orange G and Remazol Brilliant Blue R decolorization by white rot fungi Dichomitus squalens, Ischnoderma resinosum and Pleurotus calyptratus.Chemosphere.60: 398–404.
10.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1999. Background report on fertilizer use, contaminants and regulations. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA. EPA 747- R-98–003.
11.
FalihA. 1997. Influence of heavy metals toxicity on the growth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.Bioresour. Technol. 60: 87–90.
12.
FerellaF, de MichelisI, VeglióF. 2008. Process for the recycling of alkaline and zinc–carbon spent batteries.J. Power Sour. 183: 805–811
13.
GaddG. 1993. Tansley review no. 47.Interactions of fungi with toxic metals. New Phytol. 124: 25–60.
14.
GuillénY, MachucaA. 2008. The effect of copper on the growth of wood –rotting fungi and a blue stain fungus.World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24: 31–37.
15.
HadacekF, GregerH. 2000. Testing of antifungal natural products: methodologies, comparability of results and assay choice.Phytochem. Anal. 11: 137–147.
16.
HatvaniN, MécsI. 2003. Effects of certain metals on the growth, dye decolorization, and enzyme activity of Lentinula edodes.Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 55: 199–203.
17.
HumarM, PohlevenF. 2005. Influence of a nitrogen supplement on the growth of wood decay fungi and decay of wood.Int. Biodeter. Biodegr. 56: 34–39.
18.
JellisonJ, ConollyJ, GoodellB, DoyleB, IllmanB. 1997. The role of cations in the biodegradation of wood by brown rot fungi.Int. Biodeter. Biodegr. 39: 165–179.
19.
KartalSN, MunirE, KakitaniT, ImamuraY. 2004. Bioremediation of CCAtreated wood by brown-rot fungi Fomitopsis palustris, Coniophora puteana, and Laetiporus sulphureus.J. Wood Sci. 50: 182–188.
20.
KerstenP, CullenD. 2007. Extracellular oxidative system of the lignin – degrading Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium.Fungal Genet. Biol. 44: 77–87.
21.
KlaassenC. 1996. Casarett & Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons. 5th edn. New York: McGraw Hill.
22.
MunirE, HartoriT, ShimadaM. 2004. Profile of enzyme activity and growth of wood rotting fungi in metal ion containing media. Proc. 5th Int. Wood Science Symp. Kyoto, Japan, July2004. ISPS–LIPI Core University, 281–286.
23.
PalmieriG, CennamoG, SanniaG. 2005. Remazol Brilliant Blue R decolourization by the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus and its oxidative enzymatic system.Enzyme Microb. Technol. 36: 17–24.
24.
PointingS, BucherV, VrijmoedL. 2000. Dye decolorization by sub-tropical basidiomyceous fungi and the effect of metals on decolorizing ability.World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 16: 199–205.
25.
RabinovichM, IbáñezC. 2004. Informe final: Avances en el reciclado de pilas domésticas usadas. Etapa III: Diseño y construcción una planta piloto para tratar 25 kg de pilas de zinc-carbono cada 8 horas. Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
SayilganE, KukrerT, CivelekogluG, FerellaF, AkcilA, VeglioF, KitisM. 2009. A review of technologies for the recovery of metals from spent alkaline and zinc–carbon batteries.Hydrometallurgy.97: 158–166.
28.
SedzimirJ. 2000. Precipitation of metal by metal (cementation) from complex salt solution.Arch. Metall. 45(1): 71–78.
29.
Sierra-AlvarezR., 2009. Removal of copper, chromium and arsenic from preservative-treated wood by chemical extraction – fungal bioleaching.Waste Manag.29: 1885–1891.
30.
SinghD, ChenS. 2008. The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium: conditions for the production of lignin-degrading enzymes.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 81: 399–417.
31.
WangJ, ChenC. 2009. Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future.Biotechnol. Adv. 27: 195–226.
32.
WangP, HuX, CookS, BegoniaM, LeeK, HwangH. 2008. Effect of culture conditions on the production of ligninolytic enzymes by white rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium (ATCC 20696) and separation of its lignin peroxidase.World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24: 2205–2212.
33.
YonniF, FasoliH, RocaE, FeijooG. 2002. Effect of heavy metals on the degradative activity by wood-rotting fungi.Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 68: 752–759.
