The influence of Mn content on flow behaviour and constitutive equations of Fe–(20/27)Mn–4Al–0.3C austenitic steels was investigated by uniaxial hot compression tests. The recrystallisation fraction was also measured using electron backscattered diffraction. Although dynamic recrystallisation is slightly delayed by the increased Mn content, the peak stress still has a pronounced decline especially during the deformation at relatively low temperature. The reason should be ascribed to the enhanced stacking fault energy, by which workhardening rate before the onset of dynamic recrystallisation is diminished significantly with the reinforced cross-slip process. The hot deformation activation energy is decreased under the condition of higher Mn addition, while the strain rate sensitivity of flow stress almost remains unchanged.
SasakiT., WatanabeK., NoharaK., OnoY., KondoN. and SatoS.: ‘Physical and mechanical properties of high manganese non-magnetic steel and its application to various products for commercial use’, Trans. ISIJ, 1982, 22, 1010–1020. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational1966.22.1010
2.
ChenL. Q., ZhaoY. and QinX. M.: ‘Some aspects of high manganese twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel, a review’, Acta Metall. Sinica, 2013, 26, 1–15. doi: 10.1007/s40195-012-0501-x
3.
BouazizO., AllainS., ScottC. P., CugyP. and BarbierD.: ‘High manganese austenitic twinning induced plasticity steels: A review of the microstructure properties relationships’, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 2011, 15, 141–168. doi: 10.1016/j.cossms.2011.04.002
4.
KoyamaM., LeeT., LeeC. S. and TsuzakiK.: ‘Grain refinement effect on cryogenic tensile ductility in a Fe–Mn–C twinning–induced plasticity steel’, Mater. Des., 2013, 49, 234–241. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.01.061
5.
GorkunovE. S., GladkovskiiS. V., ZadvorkinS. M., Mitropol'skayaS. Y. and VichuzhaninD. I.: ‘Evolution of magnetic properties of Fe–Mn and Fe–Mn–Cr steels with different stability of austenite during plastic deformation’, Phys. Met. Metall., 2008, 105, 343–350. doi: 10.1134/S0031918X08040054
6.
JinJ. E. and LeeY. K.: ‘Effects of Al on microstructure and tensile properties of C–bearing high Mn TWIP steel’, Acta Mater., 2012, 60, 1680–1688. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.12.004
7.
ParkK. T.: ‘Tensile deformation of low-density Fe–Mn–Al–C austenitic steels at ambient temperature’, Scr. Mater., 2013, 68, 375–379. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.09.031
8.
MedinaS. F. and HernandezC. A.: ‘General expression of the Zener-Hollomon parameter as a function of the chemical composition of low alloy and microalloyed steels’, Acta Mater., 1996, 44, 137–148. doi: 10.1016/1359-6454(95)00151-0
9.
HamadaA. S., KarjalainenL. P. and SomaniM. C.: ‘The influence of aluminum on hot deformation behavior and tensile properties of high-Mn TWIP steels’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2007, A467, 114–124. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.02.074
10.
CabañasN., AkdutN., PenningJ. and De CoomanB. C.: ‘High-temperature deformation properties of austenitic Fe-Mn alloys’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2006, 37A, 3305–3315. doi: 10.1007/BF02586165
11.
WietbrockB., XiongW., BambachM. and HirtG.: ‘Effect of temperature, strain rate, manganese and carbon content on flow behavior of three ternary Fe-Mn-C (Fe-Mn23-C0.3, Fe-Mn23-C0.6, Fe-Mn28-C0.3) high-manganese steels’, Steel Res. Int., 2011, 82, 63–69. doi: 10.1002/srin.201000248
12.
LiD., FengY., YinZ., ShangguanF., WangK., LiuQ. and HuF.: ‘Hot deformation behavior of an austenitic Fe–20Mn–3Si–3Al transformation induced plasticity steel’, Mater. Des., 2012, 34, 713–718. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.05.031
13.
LiD., FengY., YinZ., ShangguanF., WangK., LiuQ. and HuF.: ‘Prediction of hot deformation behaviour of Fe–25Mn–3Si–3Al TWIP steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, A528, 8084–8089. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2011.07.073
14.
LiD., WeiY., LiuC. and HouL.: ‘Hot deformation behaviors of Fe–30Mn–3Si–3Al TWIP steel during compression at elevated temperature and strain rate’, Steel Res. Int., 2013, 84, 740–750. doi: 10.1002/srin.201200254
15.
AllainS., ChateauJ. P., BouazizO., MigotS. and GueltonN.: ‘Correlations between the calculated stacking fault energy and the plasticity mechanisms in Fe–Mn–C alloys’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, A387–A389, 158–162. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2004.01.059
16.
DumayA., ChateauJ. P., AllainS., MigotS. and BouazizO.: ‘Influence of addition elements on the stacking-fault energy and mechanical properties of an austenitic Fe–Mn–C steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, A483–A484, 184–187. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2006.12.170
17.
HuangY. and HumphreysF. J.: ‘The effect of solutes on grain boundary mobility during recrystallization and grain growth in some single-phase aluminium alloys’, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2012, 132, 166–174. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.11.018
18.
LensA., MauriceC. and DriverJ. H.: ‘Grain boundary mobilities during recrystallization of Al–Mn alloys as measured by in situ annealing experiments’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, A403, 144–153. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2005.05.010
19.
El WahabiM., GavardL., MontheilletF., CabreraJ. M. and PradoJ. M.: ‘Effect of initial grain size on dynamic recrystallization in high purity austenitic stainless steels’, Acta Mater, 2005, 53, 4605–4612. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.06.020
20.
MirzadehH., ParsaM. H. and OhadiD.: ‘Hot deformation behavior of austenitic stainless steel for a wide range of initial grain size’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, A569, 54–60. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.01.050
21.
Dehghan-ManshadiA., BarnettM. R. and HodgsonP. D.: ‘Recrystallization in AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel during and after hot deformation’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, A485, 664–672. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.08.026
22.
McQueenH. J., YueS., RyanN. D. and FryE.: ‘Hot working characteristics of steels in austenitic state’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 1995, 53, 293–310. doi: 10.1016/0924-0136(95)01987-P
23.
CabreraJ. M., Al OmarA., JonasJ. J. and PradoJ. M.: ‘Modeling the flow behavior of a medium carbon microalloyed steel under hot working conditions’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1997, 28A, 2233–2244. doi: 10.1007/s11661-997-0181-8
24.
El WahabiM., CabreraJ. M. and PradoJ. M.: ‘Hot working of two AISI 304 steels: a comparative study’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A,, 2003, A343, 116–125. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00357-X
25.
Gutierrez-UrrutiaI. and RaabeD.: ‘Multistage strain hardening through dislocation substructure and twinning in a high strength and ductile weight–reduced Fe–Mn–Al–C steel’, Acta Mater., 2012, 60, 5791–5802. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.07.018
26.
CramD. G., FangX. Y., ZurobH. S., BréchetY. J. M. and HutchinsonC. R.: ‘The effect of solute on discontinuous dynamic recrystallization’, Acta Mater., 2012, 60, 6390–6404. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.08.021
De CoomanB. C., KwonO. and ChinK.-G.: ‘State-of-the-knowledge on TWIP steel’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2012, 28, 513–527. doi: 10.1179/1743284711Y.0000000095
29.
McQueenH. J. and RyanN. D.: ‘Constitutive analysis in hot working’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2002, A322, 43–63. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01117-0
30.
Reyes-CalderónS., MejíaI., BoulaajajA. and CabreraJ. M.: ‘Effect of microalloying elements (Nb, V and Ti) on the hot flow behavior of high-Mn austenitic twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, A560, 552–560. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.09.101
31.
Reyes-CalderónS., MejíaI. and CabreraJ. M.: ‘Hot deformation activation energy (QHW) of austenitic Fe–22Mn–1.5Al–1.5Si–0.4C TWIP steels microalloyed with Nb, V, and Ti’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, A562, 46–52. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.10.091
