A systematic study has been undertaken to correlate the changes in acoustic emissions during tensile deformation of sensitised AISI type 304 stainless steel. Samples of a typical 304 stainless steel were sensitised at 700°C for 4, 14 and 24 h after being austenised at 1050°C for 30 min. AE signals were recorded during tensile test by using two sensors with 125 kHz resonant frequency. The results showed significant change in generation of AE during tensile deformation of sensitised AISI 304 stainless steel in compare to solution annealed material. This type of behaviour could be attributed to the microstructural changes in the sensitised specimens especially formation of continuous Cr23C6 carbides on grain boundaries which lead to increase in shearing by dislocations.
BruemmerSM and WasGS: ‘Microstructural and microchemical mechanisms controlling intergranular stress corrosion cracking in light-water-reactor systems’, J. Nucl. Mater., 1994, 216, 348–363.
4.
ParvathavarthiniN and DayalRK: ‘Time–temperature-sensitization diagrams and critical cooling rates of different nitrogen containing austenitic stainless steels’, J. Nucl. Mater., 2010, 399, 62–67.
5.
Ranjbarnodeh1E., PouraliakbarH. and KokabiA.H.: ‘Finite element simulation of carbide precipitation in austenitic stainless steel 304’, Int. J. Mech. Appl., 2012, 6, 117–123.
6.
KammaCM: ‘Design of microstructure in mild steel by thermochemical treatment’, Proc. Niger. Metall. Soc., 1993, 11, 8–18.
7.
TaiwadeRV, PatilAP, GhugalRD, PatreSJ and DayalRK: ‘Effect of welding passes on heat affected zone and tensile properties of AISI 304 stainless steel and chrome-manganese austenitic stainless steel’, ISIJ Int., 2013, 53, 102–109.
8.
LeeJ.-H, FukudaT and KakeshitaT: ‘Isothermal martensitic transformation in sensitized SUS304 austenitic stainless steel at cryogenic temperature’, Mater. Trans., 2009, 50, 473 – 478.
9.
AfolabiA and PeleowoN: ‘Effect of heat treatment on corrosion behaviour of austenitic stainless steel in mild acid medium’, Proc. Int. Conf. on ‘Chemical, ecology and environmental sciences’, Pattaya, Thailand, December 2011, Planetary Scientific Research Centre, 380–383.
10.
HeinoS, Knutson-WedelEM and KarlssonB: ‘Precipitation behaviour in heat affected zone of welded superaustenitic stainless steel’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 1999, 15, 101–108.
11.
AdvaniAH, RomeroRJ, MurrLE, MatlockDJ, FisherWW and TarinPM: ‘Deformation effects on interfacial carbide precipitation and chromium depletion in type 304 stainless steel’, Scr. Metall. Mater., 1992, 27, 1759–1764.
12.
MukhopadhyayCK, RajkumarKV, JayakumarT and RajB: ‘Study of tensile deformation behaviour of M250 grade maraging steel using acoustic emission’, Mater. Sci., 2010, 45, 1371–1384.
13.
XuJ, WuXQ and HanE.-H: ‘Acoustic emission during the electrochemical corrosion of 304 stainless steel in H2SO4 solutions’, Corros. Sci., 2011, 53, 448–457.
14.
CarpenterSH, OnoK and ArmentroutD: ‘Acoustic emission of sensitized 304 stainless steel with simultaneous hydrogen charging’, J. Acoust. Emiss., 2006, 24, 119–126.
15.
KocichR, CagalaM, CrhaJ and KozelskyP: ‘Character of acoustic emission signal generated during plastic deformation’, Proc. 30th European Conf. on ‘Acoustic emission testing’ and 7th Int. Conf. on ‘Acoustic emission’, Granada, Spain, September 2012, University of Granada.
16.
PattnaikAB, JhaBB and SahooR: ‘Effect of strain rate on acoustic emission during tensile deformation of α-brass’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2012, 1–6.
17.
ShaikhH, AnitaT, SivaibharasiN and JayakumarT: ‘Studies on the mechanism of stress corrosion cracking in stainless steels by acoustic emission technique’, Proc. Natl Semin. & Exhib. on ‘Non-destructive evaluation’ (NDE 2011), Chennai, India, December 2011, Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing.
18.
MittraJ, DubeyJS and BanerjeeS: ‘Acoustic emission technique used for detecting early stages of precipitation during aging of Inconel 625’, Scr. Mater., 2003, 49, 1209–1214.
19.
VenkataramanB, MukhopadhyayCK and RajB: ‘Effect of variation of strain rate on thermal and acoustic emission during tensile deformation of nuclear grade AISI type 316 stainless steel’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2004, 20, 1310–1316.
20.
WangHJ and LinZ: ‘Detection of fractal characteristics based on acoustic emission’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2013, 29, 240–249.
21.
Skal's’kyiVR, AndreikivOE and SerhienkoOM: ‘Investigation of the plastic deformation of materials by the acoustic emission method (Review)’, Mater. Sci., 2003, 39, 86–107.
22.
EnnaceurC, LaksimiA, HerveC, MediouniM and CherfaouiM: ‘Acoustic emission techniques and potential difference method for detecting the different stages of crack propagation in carbon and stainless steel’, J. Acoust. Emiss., 2004, 22, 71–76.
23.
ChemelikiF, MollF, KiehnJ, MathisK, LukácP, KainerK.-U and LangdonTG: ‘Acoustic emission from magnesium based alloys and metal matrix composites’, J. Acoust. Emiss., 2002, 20, 108–128.
24.
ChmelíkF, TrojanováZ, PřevorovskýZ, LukáčP and PinkE: ‘Acoustic emission from Al–3Mg alloy deformed at room temperature’, Acta Univ. Carol. Math. Phys., 1991, 32, 61—67.
25.
FrieselM and CarpenterSH: ‘Acoustic emission investigation during the deformation of pure Mg and AZ31B alloy’, J. Acoust. Emiss., 1984, 3, 11–17.
26.
HeipleCR and CarpenterSH: ‘Acoustic emission produced by deformation of metals and alloys – a review: Part I’, J. Acoust. Emiss., 1987, 6, 177–204.
27.
ProsserWH: ‘Advanced AE techniques in composite materials research’, J. Acoust. Emiss., 1996, 14, 1–11.
28.
HeipleCR and CarpenterSH: ‘Changes in acoustic emission peaks in precipitaion strengthened alloys with heat treatment’, J. Acoust. Emiss., 1982, 1, 251–263.
29.
JayakumarT, RajB, BhattacharyaDK, RodriguezP and PrabhakarO: ‘Influence of presence of hard secondary phase on acoustic emission generated during tensile deformation and fracture in Nimonic Alloy PE 16’, J. Acoust. India, 1989, 17, 169–173.
30.
JayakumarT, RajB, BhattacharyaDK, RodriguezP and PrabhakarO: ‘Effect of the combined presence of γ′ and MC phase on acoustic emission generated during tensile deformation in a Ni-base superalloy’, Scr. Metall. Mater., 1991, 25, 2733–2738.
SrisuwanN: ‘Investigation of chromium carbide precipitation and corrosion behaviour of stainless steel AISI 304 for welding process development’, Proc. 2nd RMUTP Int. Conf. 2010, Bangkok, Thailand, June 2010, Rajamangala University of Technology, 102–107.
33.
ZhouY, AustKT, ErbU and PalumboG: ‘Effect of grain boundary structure on carbide precipitation in 304L stainless steel’, Scr. Mater., 2001, 45, 49–54.
34.
PadlihaAF, PlautRL and RiosPR: ‘Annealing of cold-worked austenitic stainless steels’, ISIJ Int., 2003, 43, 135–143.
35.
Gomez-DuranM and MacdonaldDD: ‘Stress corrosion cracking of sensitized Type 304 stainless steel in thiosulfate solution: I. Fate of the coupling current’, Corros. Sci., 2003, 45, 1455–1471.
36.
AfolabiAS, PotgieterJH, AbdulkareemAS and FunguraN: ‘Effect of tempering temperature and time on the corrosion behaviour of 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steels in oxalic acid’, World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol., 2011, 55, 54–58.
37.
JeongSW, KangUG, ChoiJY and NamWJ: ‘Comparative study of hardening mechanisms during aging of a 304 stainless steel containing α′ martensite’, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2012, 21, 1937–1942.
38.
SinghR, SwaminathanJ, DasSK, Ravi KumarB and ChattorajiI: ‘Effects of cold deformation prior to sensitization on intergranular stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel’, Corrosion, 2005, 61, 907–916.
39.
RashidMWA, GakimM, RosliZM and AzamMA: ‘Formation of Cr23C6 during the sensitization of AISI 304 stainless steel and its effect to pitting corrosion’, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2012, 7, 9465–9477.
40.
ProsserWH: ‘Waveform analysis of AE in composites’, Proc. 6th Int. Symp. on ‘Acoustic emission from composite materials’, San Antonio, TX, USA, June 1998, NASA, 61–70.
41.
RaoAK: ‘Acoustic emission and signal analysis’, J. Def. Sci., 1990, 40, 55–70.
42.
DukesR and CulpanEA: ‘Acoustic emission: its techniques and applications’, Proc. IEE, 1984, 131, 241–251.
43.
PalmaES and MansurTR: ‘Damage assessment in AISI/SAE 8620 steel and in a sintered Fe–P alloy by using acoustic emission’, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2003, 12, 254–260.
44.
RajB and JayakumarT: ‘Acoustic emission during tensile deformation and fracture in austenitic alloys’, J. Acoust. Emiss., 1989, 8, 5126–5130.
45.
YoshidaK, TokuyamaY, YasuharaY and NishinoH: ‘Evaluation of AE sources during tensile deformation of Al–Mg–Si alloys with different heat treatment’, Proc. 30th European Conf. on ‘Acoustic emission testing’ and 7th Int. Conf. on ‘Acoustic emission’, Granada, Spain, September 2012, University of Granada.
46.
VasudevanAK and DohertyRD: ‘Grain boundary ductile fracture in precipitation hardened aluminium alloys’, Acta Metall., 1987, 35, 1193–1219.
47.
HwangSS, LimYS, KimSW, KimDJ and KimHP: ‘Role of grain boundary carbides in cracking behaviour of Ni base alloys’, Nucl. Eng. Technol., 2013, 45, 73–80.
48.
BruemmerSM, AreyBW and CharlotLA: ‘Influence of chromium depletion on intergranular stress corrosion cracking of 304 stainless steel’, Corrosion, 1992, 48, 42–49.
