The effect of MnO on the hydrogen solubility in the CaF2–CaO–SiO2 based welding flux system at 1823 K has been studied. At an acidic slag composition of CaO/SiO2 molar ratio or basicity of 0·8 and below, MnO addition decreased the hydrogen solubility. At an intermediate slag composition of CaO/SiO2 molar ratios of 1·1 and 1·3, the hydrogen solubility as a function of MnO additions resulted in a parabolic behaviour showing a minimum and then increasing with higher MnO content. MnO was found to behave as a basic oxide, which decreases the hydrogen solubility when the incorporation hydroxyl mechanism is dominant for an acidic slag and increases the hydrogen solubility when the free hydroxyl mechanism is dominant for a basic slag. This change in the dominant hydrogen dissolution mechanism was also apparent from the hydrogen solubility results at various CaO/SiO2 molar ratios and fixed MnO contents. A higher hydrogen solubility in the slag is likely to lower the diffusible hydrogen content in the weld metal, and optimum MnO additions were suggested depending upon the basicity of the slag. Fourier transformed infrared analysis of as quenched slags showed that MnO depolymerised the slag network structure and correlated well with the effect on the hydrogen solubility in slags.
SuiS.-H, CaiW.-W, LiuZ.-Q, SongT.-G, ZhangAN: ‘Effect of submerged arc welding flux component on softening temperature’, J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 2006, 13, 65–68.
2.
Paniagua-MercadoAM, Estrada-DiazP, Lopez-HirataVM: ‘Chemical structural characterization of the crystalline phases in agglomerated fluxes for submerged-arc welding’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2003, 141, 93–100.
3.
NatalieCA, OlsonDL, BlanderM: ‘Physical and chemical behavior of welding fluxes’, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 1986, 16, 389–413.
4.
KanjilalP, PalTK, MajumdarrSK: ‘Combined effect of flux and welding parameters on chemical composition and mechanical properties of submerged arc weld metal’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2006, 171, 223–231.
5.
KanjilalP, PalTK, MajumdarrSK: ‘Prediction of mechanical properties in submerged arc weld metal of C–Mn steel’, Mater. Manuf. Processes, 2007, 22, 114–127.
6.
Paniagua-MercadoAM, Lopez-HirataVM, SaucedoML: ‘Influence of the chemical composition of flux on the microstructure and tensile properties of submerged-arc welds’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2005, 169, 346–351.
7.
Paniagua-MercadoAM, Lopez-HirataVM, DorantesHJ, EstradaP, DiazE: ‘Effect of TiO2-containing fluxes on the mechanical properties and microstructure in submerged-arc weld steels’, Mater. Charact., 2009, 60, 36–39.
8.
HirthJP: ‘Effects of hydrogen on the properties of iron and steel’, Metall. Trans. A, 1980, 11A, 861–890.
9.
DavidsonJL: ‘Advances in hydrogen management: the science-based design of low hydrogen consumables for the future’, Aust. Weld. J., 1998, 43, 33–39.
LuthRW: ‘Raman spectroscopic study of the solubility mechanism of F in glasses in the system CaO–CaF2–SiO2’, Am. Mineral., 1988, 73, 297–305.
12.
JoS.-K, KimS.-H: ‘Solubility of water vapour in CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO slag system’, Steel Res., 2000, 71, 15–21.
13.
SosinskyDJ, MaedaM, McLeanA: ‘Determination and prediction of water vapour solubilities in CaO–MgO–SiO2 slags’, Metall. Trans. B, 1985, 16B, 61–66.
14.
SchwerdtfegerK, ShubertHG: ‘Solubility of water in CaO–Al2O3 melts at 1600°C’, Metall. Trans. B, 1978, 9B, 143–144.
15.
ZulianiDJ: ‘Thermodynamics and kinetic aspects of water vapour dissolution in molten slags’, PhD thesis, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Toronto, Ont., Canada, 1982.
16.
UysJM, KingTB: ‘The effect of oxygen pressure on the solubility of water in slags containing iron oxide’, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 1963, 227, 1457–1458.
17.
SachdevPL, MajdicA, SchenkH: ‘Solubility of water in lime alumina silica melts’, Metall. Trans., 1972, 3, 1537–1543.
18.
DaviesMW, SpassovA: ‘Solubility of water vapour in slags’, JISI London, 1967, 205, 1031–1033.
19.
WalshJH, ChipmanJ, KingTB, GrantNJ: ‘Hydrogen in steelmaking slags’, Trans. J. Met. (AIME Trans.), 1956, 206, 1568–1576.
20.
ZulianiDJ, IwaseM, McLeanA: ‘The thermodynamics of water vapour dissolution in CaO–MgO–SiO2 slags’, Trans. ISS, 1982, 1, 61–67.
21.
ZulianiDJ, HasegawaM, HeardRA, SosinskyDJ, McLeanA: ‘Hydrogen dissolution reactions and their influence on the production of low sulfur steel’, Proc. Int. Symp. on ‘Physical chemistry of iron and steelmaking’, Toronto, Ont., Canada, September 1982, CIM, 40–46.
22.
IguchiY, FuwaT: ‘The solubility of water in liquid CaO–SiO2–MgO with and without FeO at 1550°C’, Trans. ISIJ, 1970, 10, 29–35.
23.
ImaiM, OoiH, EmiT: ‘On dissolution of water vapour in molten slags’, Tetsu-to-Hagane, 1962, 48, 111–117.
24.
IguchiY, Ban-yaS, FuwaT: ‘The solubility of water in liquid CaO–SiO2 with Al2O3, TiO2 and FeO at 1550°C’, Trans. ISIJ, 1969, 9, 189–195.
25.
TomlinsonJW: ‘A note on solubility of water in molten sodium silicates’, J. Soc. Glass Technol., 1956, 40, 25–31.
26.
RussellLE: ‘Solubility of water in molten glass’, J. Soc. Glass Technol., 1957, 41, 304–317.
27.
FukushimaT, IguchiY, BanyaS, FuwaT: ‘The solubility of water in liquid silicate’, Trans. ISIJ, 1966, 6, 19–26.
28.
Ban-yaS, HinoM, NagasakaT: ‘Estimation of water vapor solubility in molten silicates by quadric formalism based on the regular solution model’, ISIJ Int., 1993, 33, 12–19.
29.
GuerreroAR: ‘Hydrogen in steelmaking with particular reference to hydrogen in metallurgical slags’, Master's dissertation, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada, 1978.
30.
SosinskyDJ, MaedaM, McLeanA: ‘Determination and prediction of water vapour solubilities in CaO–MgO–SiO2 slags’, Metall. Trans. B, 1985, 16B, 61–66.
31.
ParkJ.-Y, ParkJG, LeeC.-H, SohnI: ‘Hydrogen dissolution in the TiO2–SiO2–FeO and TiO2–SiO2–MnO based welding-type fluxes’, ISIJ Int., 2011, 51, 889–894.
32.
PlessisJ, ToitM, PistoriusPC: ‘Control of diffusible weld metal hydrogen through flux chemistry modification’, Weld. J., 2007, 86, 273–280.
33.
TerashimaH, TsuboiJ: ‘Hydrogen in submerged-arc weld metal produced with agglomerated flux’, Jpn Weld. Soc., 1976, 45, 28–33.
MysenBO, VirgoD, ScarfeCM: ‘Relations between the anionic structure and viscosity of silicate melts a Raman spectroscopic study’, Am. Mineral., 1980, 65, 690–710.
36.
McMillanP: ‘A Raman spectroscopic study of glasses in the system CaO–MgO–SiO2’, Am. Mineral., 1984, 69, 645–659.
37.
SocratesG: ‘Infrared and Raman characteristic group frequencies’, 3rd edn; 2004, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
38.
AgathopoulosS, TulyaganovDU, VentureJMG, KannanS, SarantiA, KarakassidesMA, FerreiraJMF: ‘Structural analysis and devitrification of glasses based on the CaO–MgO–SiO2 system with B2O3, Na2O, CaF2 and P2O5 additives’, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2006, 352, 322–328.
