Defect free friction stir welds were produced in commercial purity titanium at rotational speeds between 200 and 400 rev min–1. Friction stir welding produced a finer grain structure in the stir zone than in the base material. Electron backscattered diffraction examination suggested that the fine grains in the stir zone were formed through both continuous and discontinuous recrystallisation during friction stir welding. A torsion texture was observed in all welds and occupied most parts of the stir zone. Formation of this texture was attributed to the shear deformation along the tool shoulder during the stirring process.
ThomasW. M., NicholasE. D., NeedhamJ. C., MurchM. G., TemplesmithP. and DawesC. J.: International Patent Application no. PCT/GB92/02203 and GB Patent Application no. 9125978·8, 1991; US Patent no. 5, 460, 317, 1995.
2.
SatoY. S., KokawaH., EnomotoM. and JoganM. S.: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1999, A30, 2429–2437.
3.
SatoY. S., TakauchiH., ParkS. H. C. and KokawaH.: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1999, A405, 333–338.
4.
SuttonM. A., YangB., ReynoldsA. P. and TaylorR.: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2002, A323, 160–166.
5.
SalemH. G.: Scr. Mater., 2003, 49, 1103–1110.
6.
RenS. R., MaZ. Y. and ChenL. Q.: Scr. Mater., 2007, 56, 69–72.
7.
ParkS. H. C., SatoY. S. and KokawaH.: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2003, 34A, 987–994.
8.
SatoY. S., NelsonT. W. and SterlingC. J.: Acta Mater., 2005, 53, 637–645.
9.
CuiL., FujiiH., TsujiN. and NogiK.: Scr. Mater., 2007, 56, 637–640.
10.
MironovS., SatoY. S. and KokawaH.: Acta Mater., 2008, 56, 2602–2614.
11.
SatoY. S., ArkomP., KokawaH., NelsonT. W. and SteelR. J.: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, A477, 250–258.
12.
LutjeringG. and WilliamsJ. C.: ‘Titanium’, 15; 2003, Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
13.
KeransW. H.: in ‘Welding handbook’, 7th edn, Vol. 4, ‘Metals and their weldability’, 43; 1982, Miami, FL, AWS.
14.
BoyerR., WelschandG. E. W. Collings(eds.): ‘Technical note 10: welding and Brazing’, in ‘Materials properties handbook: titanium alloys’, 1159; 1994, Materials Park, OH, ASM International.
15.
BabuN. K., RamanS. G. S., MurthyC. V. S. and ReddyG. M.: Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2005, 10, 583–590.
16.
QiY. L., DengL., HongQ. and ZengL. Y.: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2000, A280, 177–181.
17.
FondaR. W., KniplingK. E., FengC. R. and MoonD. W.: in ‘Friction stir welding and processing IV’, (ed. R. S. Mishra et al.), 295; 2007, Orlando, FL, TMS.
18.
RamirezA. J. and JuhasM. C.: Mater. Sci. Forum, 2003, 426–432, 2999–3004.
19.
JohnR., JataK. V. and SadanandaK.: Int. J. Fatigue, 2003, 25, 939–948.
20.
PilchakA. L., LiZ. T., FisherJ. J., ReynoldsA. P., JuhasM. C. and WilliamsJ. C.: in ‘Friction stir welding and processing IV’, (ed. R. S. Mishra et al.), 419; 2007, Orlando, FL, TMS.
21.
ZhangY., SatoY. S., KokawaH., ParkS. H. C. and HiranoS.: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, A485, 448–455.
22.
LeeW. B., LeeC. Y., ChangW. S., YeonY. N. and JungS. B.: Mater. Lett., 2005, 59, 3315–3318.
23.
ZhangY., SatoY. S., KokawaH., ParkS. H. C. and HiranoS.: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, A488, 25–30.
24.
HumphreysF. J. and HatherlyM.: ‘Recrystallizaiton and related annealing phenomena’, 2nd edn, 250; 2004, Oxford, Elsevier.
25.
SatoY. S., UrataM. and KokawaH.: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2002, 33A, 625–635.
SinghA. K. and SchwarzerR. A.: Z. Metallkd, 2000, 91, 702–716.
28.
SanchezP., PochettinoA., ChauveauA. T. and BacroixB.: J. Nucl. Mater., 2001, 298, 329–339.
29.
BeausirB., TothL. S. and NealeK. W.: Acta Mater., 2007, 55, 2695–2705.
30.
HeurtierP., DesrayaudC. and MontheilletF.: Mater. Sci. Forum, 2001, 396–402, 1537–1542.
31.
XuX. and DengS.: Proc. 4th Int. Symp. on ‘Friction stir welding’, Park City, UT, USA, May 2003, TWI, CD ROM.
32.
MishraR. S., MahonyM. W., LienertT. J. and JataK. V. (eds.): ‘Friction stir welding and processing IV’, 129; 2007, Materials Park, OH, ASM International.
