This paper describes the microstructural evolution of friction taper plug welded joints of C–Mn steels. Experimental and numerical analyses included calculations based on Calphad and continuous cooling transformation curves, and characterisation techniques. The studied friction taper plug welded joint contains three macroregions: plug material, thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) and base material. The thermomechanical conditions imposed in the studied friction taper plug welded joint precluded the formation of a heat affected zone. However, seven subregions were identified within the TMAZ region and details are discussed. The interface zone is found in the TMAZ region, where the most relevant phase transformations take place. It is suggested that the phase transformations in TMAZ region depend on local conditions, such as chemical composition, deformation rate, thermal history and the previous thermomechanical history of the parent materials.
BlakemoreG.: ‘Friction welding – technology for the new millennium’, Proc. Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, USA, May 1999, Offshore Technology Conference, Paper OTC–11063.
3.
AndrewsR. E. and MitchellJ. S.: ‘Underwater repair by friction stitch welding’, Met. Mater., 1990, 6, 796–797.
4.
HsuT. M., HermanA., BuitragoJ. and McKeighanP.C.: ‘Fatigue performance of friction welded studs’, Proc. 24th Int. Conf. on ‘Offshore mechanics and arctic engineering’, Halkidiki, Greece, June 2005, Ocean, Offshore andArctic Engineering Division, Paper OMAE2005–67209.
5.
TeixeiraJ. C. G., BeyerM., SantosJ. F., PopeA. M. and Piza PaesM. T.: ‘Soldagem por fricção como método alternativo de reparo’, Proc. 1st Natl Symp. on ‘Welding technology’, ENSOLD, Petrobras. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 2004, Paper 13.
6.
MoldskredS. and J. F. dos Santos: ‘Friction stitch welding repair of fatigue cracks in steel structures’, Proc. 7th Eur. Conf. on ‘Nondestructive testing’, Copenhagen, Denmark, May 1998, European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing, Paper 270.
7.
Piza PaesM. T., PopeA. M. and TeixeiraJ. C. G.: ‘Development of a friction welding machine to repair steel structures’, Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on ‘Multibody systems and mechatronics’, Uberlândia, Brazil, March 2005, Federal University of Uberlândia School of Mechanical Engineering, Paper simulation-II.
8.
AnderssonJ. O., HelanderT., HoglundL. H., ShiP. F. and SundmanB.: ‘Thermo-Calc & DICTRA, computational tools for materials science’, Calphad, 2002, 26, 273–312.
9.
UnfriedJ. S., C. M. Garzón and J. E. Giraldo: ‘Numerical and experimental analysis of microstructure evolution during arc welding in armor plate steels’, J. Mater. Process. Technol2009, 209, 1688–1700.
10.
UnfriedJ. S., T. F. C. Hermenegildo, M. T. Piza Paes, A. Pope and A. J. Ramirez: ‘Influence of process parameters in the TMAZ microstructural evolution of C–Mn steels friction hydro-pillar welded joints’, Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on ‘Trends in welding research’, Pine Mountain, GA, USA, June 2008, ASM International, 381–384.
11.
KorznikovA. V., IvanisenkoYu. V., LaptionokD. V., SafarovI. M., PilyuginV. P. and ValievR. Z.: ‘Influence of severe plastic deformation on structure and phase composition of carbon steel’. Nanostr. Mater., 1994, 4, (2), 159–167.
12.
SongR., PongeD., RaabeD. and KasparR.: ‘Microstructure and crystallographic texture of an ultrafine grained C-Mn steel and their evolution during warm deformation and annealing’, Acta Mater., 2005, 53, (3), 845–858.
13.
FujiiH., CuiL., TsujiN., MaedaM., NakataK. and NogiK.: ‘Friction stir welding of carbon steels’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, A429, (1–2), 50–57.
14.
NandanR., DebRoyT. and BhadeshiaH. K. D. H.: ‘Recent advances in friction-stir welding – Process, weldment structure and properties’, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2008, 53, 980–1023.
15.
BhadeshiaH. K. D. H. and DebRoyT.: ‘Critical assessment: friction stirwelding of steels’, Sci. Techol. Weld. Join., 2009, 14, (3), 193–196.
16.
MilesM. P., NelsonT. W., SteelR., OlsenE. and GallagherM.: ‘Effect of friction stir welding conditions on properties and microstructures of high strength automotive steel’, Sci. Techol. Weld. Join., 2009, 14, (3), 228–232.
17.
CuiL., FujiiH., TsujiN. and NogiK.: ‘Friction stir welding of a high carbon steel’, Scr. Mater., 2006, 56, (7), 637–640.
18.
LienertT. J., StellwagW. L.Jr, GrimmettB. B. and WarkeR. W.: ‘Friction stirwelding studies on mild steel’, Weld. J., 2003, 82, (1), 1s–9s.
19.
HangT., SatoY. S., KokawaH., MilesM. P., KohkonenK., SiemssenB., SteelR. J. and PackerS.: ‘Microstructural evolution of DP980 steel during friction bit joining’, Met. Mater. Trans. A, 2009, 40A, 2994–3000.
20.
SchneiderJ. A.: in ‘Friction stir welding and processing’, (ed. R. S. Mishra and M. W. Mahoney), 1st edn, 37–49; 2007, Materials Park, OH, ASM International.
21.
LambertA., DrilletJ., GourguesA. F., SturelT. and PineauA.: ‘Microstructure of martensite – austenite constituents in heat affected zones of strength low alloy steel welds in relation to toughness propertie’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2000, 5, (3), 168–173.
22.
XiaoF., LiaoB., RenD., ShanY. and YangK.: ‘Acicular ferritic microstructure of a low-carbon Mn–Mo–Nb microalloyed pipeline steel’, Mater. Charact., 2005, 54, (4–5), 305–314.
