Steel welding using induction heating to produce pipelines is found to have lower toughness at the weld junction than the base material, even after a heat treatment which reaustenitises the weld zone. Detailed crystallographic characterisation indicates that the poor toughness is due to the crystallographically coarse grains present after welding; the coarse scale is not visible using just optical microscopy. The post-weld heat treatment does not improve the situation at the weld junction, because the detrimental crystallographic characteristics are reproduced on cooling.
DurandD., CoupardD., GoetzC. and GirotF.: ‘Determination of optimal brazing frequency by solution of thermal and electromagnetic models’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2001, 6, 177–181.
2.
SaidaK., JeongB. and NishimotoK.: ‘Development of hyperinterfacial bonding technique for ultra-fine grained steels and microstructural analysis of bonded joints’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2004, 9, 548–554.
3.
MikamiE., ShirakawaY., FujimotoK., HamaguchiJ. and YasamuraI.: ‘Development of new hot-welded steel pipe-making process’, ISIJ Int., 1991, 31, 635–639.
4.
HoughtonK. D.: ‘Welded linepipe for offshore sour service applications’, J. Offshore Technol., 1995, 3, 46–48.
5.
KimH.-J. and YounS.-K.: ‘Three dimensional analysis of high frequency induction welding of steel pipes with impeder’, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 2008, 130, 0310051–0310057.
6.
AWS: ‘High frequency welding’, in ‘Welding handbook’, 156; 1982, Miami, FL, AWS.
7.
ShigaC., KamadaA., HatomuraT., HiroseK., JunichiJ. and SekineT.: ‘Development of large diagmeter high strength line pipes for low temperature services’, Technical report 4, Kawasaki Steel Technical Report, 97–109, Kawasaki Steel, Tokyo, Japan, 1981.
8.
WangJ. Q., AtrensA., CousensD. R. and KinaevN.: ‘Microstructure of X52 and X65 pipeline steels’, J. Mater. Sci., 1999, 34, 1721–1728.
9.
ZhaoM. C., YangK., XiaoF. R. and ShanY. Y.: ‘Continuous cooling transformation of undeformed and deformed low carbon pipeline steels’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2003, A355, 126–136.
10.
TreissE.: ‘Induction annealing of welds in the fabrication of high-frequency induction welded steel line pipes’, 3R Int., 1981, 20, (11), 627–630.
11.
WilliamsJ. G., KillmoreC. R., BarbaroF. J., PiperJ. andFletcher: ‘High strength erw linepipe manufacture in australia’, Mater. Forum, 1996, 20, 13–28.
12.
PradhanN., BanerjeeN., ReddyB. B., SahayS. K., BasuD. S., BhorP. K., DasS. and BhattyacharyaS.: ‘Control of defects during continuous casting of line pipe (API) quality steels’, Scand. J. Metall., 2005, 34, 232–240.
13.
YuC.: ‘Metallographic examination evaluation criteria and control for ERW pipe production’, Tube Int., Mar. 1996, 153–155.
FaesK., DhoogeA., de BaetP. and AfschriftP.: ‘Influence of deceleration phase on properties of friction welded pipelines using intermediate ring’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2008, 13, 136–145.
16.
MagudeeswaranG., BalasubramanianV., BalasubramanianT. S. and ReddyG. M.: ‘Effect of welding consumables on tensile and impact properties of shielded metal arc welded high strength, quenched and tempered steel joints’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2008, 13, 97–105.
17.
MilitzerM., PandiR. and HawboltE. B.: ‘Ferrite nucleation and grouth during continuous cooling’, Metall. Trans. A, 1996, 27A, 1547–1556.
18.
YanP., GüngörÖ. E., ThibauxP. and BhadeshiaH. K. D. H.: ‘Induction-welded and heat-treated pipeline steel’, Adv. Mater. Res., 2010, 651–656.
19.
Lambert-PerladeA., GourguesA. F. and PineauA.: ‘Austenite to bainite phase transformation in the heat-affected zone of a high strength low alloy steel’, Acta Mater., 2004, 52, 2337–2348.
20.
BhattacharjeeD., KnottJ. F. and DavisC. L.: ‘Charpy-impact-toughness prediction using an ‘effective’ grain size for thermo- mechanically controlled rolled microalloyed steels’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2004, 35A, 121–130.
21.
KimY. M., ShinS. Y., LeeH., WangB., LeeS. and KimN. J.: ‘Effects of molybdenum and vanadium addition on tensile and charpy impact properties of API X70 linepipe steels’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2007, 38A, 1731–1742.
22.
DingleyD. J. and NowellM. M.: ‘The use of electron backscatter diffraction for the investigation of nano crystalline materials and the move towards orientation imaging in the TEM’, Microchim. Acta, 2004, 147, 157–165.
23.
HumphreysF. J.: ‘Characterisation of fine-scale microstructures by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)’, Scr. Mater., 2004, 51, 771–776.
24.
Gourgues-LorenzonA. F.: ‘Application of electron backscatter diffraction to the study of phase transformations’, Int. Mater. Rev., 2007, 52, 65–128.
25.
MujicaL., WeberS., ThomyC. and VollertsenF.: ‘Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded austenitic high manganese steels’, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2009, 14, 517–522.
26.
TysonW. R., AyresR. A. and SteinD. F.: ‘Anisotropy of cleavage in BCC transition metals’, Acta Metall., 1973, 21, 621–627.
27.
GoritskiiV. M. and KhromovD. P.: ‘Crystallographic direction of brittle transcrystalline cleavage in the ferrite of low-carbon low-alloy steels’, Probl. Proch., 1984, 6, 81–82.
28.
ShinS. Y., HanS. Y., HwangB., LeeC. G. and LeeS.: ‘Effects of Cu and B addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength bainitic steels’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, A517, 212–218.