Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of development of Z phase in 12%Cr–Nb–V

Abstract

To study the evolution of nitrides (Nb,V)N, (V,Nb)N and Cr₂N, and in particular the formation of the Z phase Cr(V, Nb)N, a model alloy with composition similar to that of 12%Cr steels for high temperature applications, microalloyed with Nb and V but with a very low carbon content, has been designed. A quantitative determination of the volume fractions of the extracted nitrides that had formed after aging treatments at 650°C for up to 10 000 h was carried out by an X-ray diffraction procedure, based on the Rietveld approach. The investigation of the Z phase evolution by the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov kinetics at 650 and 700°C revealed that, as the kinetic exponent is very close to unity, the formation mechanism of this phase is not associated with a conventional process of nucleation but hints at a gradual diffusion controlled transformation of the pre-existing V and Nb nitrides.

Keywords

X-RAY DIFFRACTION RIETVELD METHOD AGING KINETICS Z PHASE

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Strang

and Vodarek

: Mater. Sci Technol, 1996, 12, 552–556.

Vodarek

and Strang

: J. Phys. IV France, 2003, 112, 445–448.

Danielsen

H. K.

, Hald

, Grumsen

F. B.

and Somers

M. A. J.

: Metall Mater. Trans. A, 2006, 37A, 2633–2640.

Danielsen

H. K.

and Hald

: Calphad, 2007, 31, 505–514.

Sawada

, Kushima

, Kimura

and Tabuchi

: ISIJ Int., 2007, 47, 733–739.

Golpayegani

, Andrén

H.-O.

, Danielsen

and Hald

: Mater. Sci Eng. A, 2008, A489, 310–318.

Sawada

, Suzuki

, Kushima

, Tabuchi

and Kimura

: Mater. Sci Eng. A, 2008, A480, 558–563.

Danielsen

H. K.

and Hald

: Mater. Sci Eng. A, 2009, A505, 169–177.

Vodarek

, Danielsen

H. K.

, Grumsen

F. B.

, Hald

and Strang

: Proc. 8th Liege Conf. on ‘Materials for advanced power engineering’, (ed. J. Lecomte-Beckers et al), 1251; 2006, Liege, Forschungszentrum Jiilich.

10.

Cipolla

, Danielsen

H. K.

, Venditti

, Di Nunzio

P. E.

, Hald

and Somers

M. A. J.

: Acta Mater., 2010, 58, 669–679.

11.

Rietveld

H. M.

: Acta Crystallogr., 1967, 22, 151–152.

12.

Rietveld

H. M.

: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1969, 2, 65–71.

13.

in ‘The Rietveld method, IUCr monographs on crystallography 5’, (ed. Young

R. A.

); 1993, Oxford, Oxford Science Publishing. Chapter 6.

14.

Zevin

L. S.

, Kimmel

and Mureinik

: ‘Quantitative X-ray diffractometry’; 1995, New York, Springer-Verlag.

15.

McCusker

L. B.

, Von Dreele

R. B.

, Cox

D. E.

, Louër

and Scardi

: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1999, 32, 36–50.

16.

Pecharsky

V. K.

and Zavalij

P. Y.

: ‘Fundamentals of powder diffraction and structural characterization of materials’; 2003, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic.

17.

Brown

I. D.

: J. Res. Natl Inst. Stand TechnoL, 1996, 101, 341–346.

18.

Klug

H. P.

and Alexander

L. E.

: ‘X-ray diffraction procedures for polycrystalline and amorphous materials'; 1954, New York, John Wiley & Sons.

19.

LeRoux

, Lennox

D. H.

and Kay

: Anal. Chem., 1953, 25,740–743.

20.

in ‘Metals reference book’, (ed. Smithells

C. J.

); 1976, London, Butterworths. 82-84

21.

Howard

S. A.

and Snyder

R. L.

: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1989, 22, 238–243.

22.

Rinaldi

, Fabbri

and Martelli

: Unpublished result.

23.

Lee

T.-H.

, Kim

S.-J.

and Takaki

: Acta Crystallogr. B, 2006, 62B, 190–196.

24.

Lazar

, Podloucky

, Kozeschnik

and Redinger

: Phys. Rev. B, 2008, 78B, 134202.

25.

Johnson

W. A.

and Mehl

R. F.

: Trans. AIME, 1939, 135, 416–442.

26.

Avrami

: J. Chem. Phys., 1939, 7, 1103–1122.

27.

Avrami

: J. Chem. Phys., 1940, 8, 212–224.

28.

Avrami

: J. Chem. Phys., 1941, 9, 177–184.

29.

Kolmogorov

A. N.

: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mater., 1937, 3, 355–359.

30.

Humphreys

F. J.

and Hatherly

: ‘Recrystallization and related annealing phenomena’, 1st edn; 1995, Oxford, Pergamon.

31.

Ilschner

: Arch. Eisenhutt., 1955, 26, 59–62.

32.

Christian

J. W.

: ‘The theory of transformations in metals and alloys’, 3rd edn; 2002, Oxford, Pergamon.

Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of development of Z phase in 12%Cr–Nb–V–N steel

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References