Cats are commonly afflicted with chronic renal dysfunction and ureteral obstruction. Concurrent disease can be catastrophic. Sonography-guided pyelocentesis and pyelography provide a method of evaluating potential ureteral obstruction without relying on renal excretory function but are technically demanding. The methodology for these procedures is described in detail to aid the sonographer faced with assisting in this challenge.
McDougal WS, Wright FS: Defect in proximal and distal sodium transport in postobstructive diuresis . Kidney Int1972;2:304-317.
3.
Kerr WS Jr : Effects of complete ureteral obstruction in dogs on kidney function. Am J Physiol1956;184:521.
4.
Klahr S.: Pathophysiology of obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Ind1983;23:414-426.
5.
Heuter KJ: Excretory urography. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract2005;20:39-45.
6.
O’Brien T.: Radiographic Diagnosis of Abdominal Disorders in the Dog and Cat. Davis, CA, Covell Park Vet Company, 1981.
7.
Rivers B.: Ultrasonographic-guided, percutaneous ante-grade pyelography: technique and clinical application in the dog and cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc1997;33:61-68.
Pfister RC, Newhouse JH, Yoder IC, et al: Complications of pediatric percutaneous renal procedures: incidence and observations. Urol Clin North Am1983;10:563-571.
10.
Koff SA, Binkovitz L., Coley B., Jayanthi VR: Renal pelvis volume during diuresis in children with hydronephrosis: implications for diagnosing obstruction with diuretic renography. J Urol2005;174:303-307.
11.
Evans H., Christensen G.: Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 1993 .
12.
Kim KS, Lachman R.: In vitro effects of iodinated contrast media on the growth of staphylococci . Invest Radiol1982;17:305-309.
