In this study, composite films based on polylactic acid and talc were prepared by extrusion film blowing to determine the effect of annealing temperature, annealing time, and talc content on the morphology and gas permeability, as well as thermal and mechanical properties. The results showed that annealing temperature, annealing time, and talc content have a direct effect on polylactic acid crystallinity leading to changes in gas permeability and gas diffusion coefficient, while gas solubility was constant. This effect is related to the talc particles and polylactic acid crystals producing higher tortuosity in the films. Finally, a direct relation between crystallinity level, mechanical properties and gas permeability was observed for all the conditions tested.
VinkETRábagoKGlassnerDAet al.The sustainability of NatureWorks™ polylactide polymers and Ingeo™ polylactide fibers: An update of the future. Macromol Biosci2004; 4: 551–564.
4.
DorganJRLehermeierHMangM. Thermal and rheological properties of commercial-grade poly (lactic acid) s. J Polym Environ2000; 8: 1–9.
5.
Moreno-Vásquez MJ, Plascencia-Jatomea M, Sánchez-Valdes S, et al. Preparation and characterization of films made of poly (l-lactic acid)/poly (l-lactic acid) grafted maleic anhydride/epigallocatechin gallate blends for antibacterial food packaging. J Plastic Film Sheet 2016; 33: 10–34.
6.
Bohlmann GM. General characteristics, processability, industrial applications and market evolution of biodegradable polymers. In: Bastioli C (ed.) Handbook of biodegradable polymers. Shawbury, UK: Rapra Technology Ltd, 2005, pp.183–212.
7.
AurasRAHarteBSelkeSet al.Mechanical, physical, and barrier properties of poly (lactide) films. J Plastic Film Sheet2003; 19: 123–135.
8.
HudaMDrzalLMisraMet al.Wood-fiber-reinforced poly (lactic acid) composites: Evaluation of the physicomechanical and morphological properties. J Appl Polym Sci2006; 102: 4856–4869.
9.
AkilHOmarMMazukiAet al.Kenaf fiber reinforced composites: A review. Mater Des2011; 32: 4107–4121.
10.
MihaiMHuneaultMAFavisBD. Crystallinity development in cellular poly (lactic acid) in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide. J Appl Polym Sci2009; 113: 2920–2932.
11.
HutchinsonMHDorganJRKnaussDMet al.Optical properties of polylactides. J Polym Environ2006; 14: 119–124.
OksmanKSkrifvarsMSelinJ-F. Natural fibres as reinforcement in polylactic acid (PLA) composites. Compos Sci Technol2003; 63: 1317–1324.
17.
TeymoorzadehHRodrigueD. Biocomposites of wood flour and polylactic acid: Processing and properties. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy2015; 9: 252–257.
18.
TeymoorzadehHRodrigueD. Biocomposites of flax fiber and polylactic acid: Processing and properties. J Renew Mater2014; 2: 270–277.
19.
ReddyNNamaDYangY. Polylactic acid/polypropylene polyblend fibers for better resistance to degradation. Polym Degrad Stabil2008; 93: 233–241.
20.
SiparskyGLVoorheesKJDorganJRet al.Water transport in polylactic acid (PLA), PLA/polycaprolactone copolymers, and PLA/polyethylene glycol blends. J Environ Polym Degrad1997; 5: 125–136.
21.
YuLDeanKLiL. Polymer blends and composites from renewable resources. Progr Polym Sci2006; 31: 576–602.
MaedaHKasugaTHenchLL. Preparation of poly(L-lactic acid)-polysiloxane-calcium carbonate hybrid membranes for guided bone regeneration. Biomaterials2006; 27: 1216–1222.
25.
KimMWSongYSYounJR. Effects of interfacial adhesion and crystallization on the thermoresistance of poly(lactic acid)/mica composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2010; 41: 1817–1822.
26.
ChangJ-HAnYUChoDet al.Poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites: Comparison of their properties with montmorillonite and synthetic mica (II). Polymer2003; 44: 3715–3720.
MatusikJStodolakEBahranowskiK. Synthesis of polylactide/clay composites using structurally different kaolinites and kaolinite nanotubes. Appl Clay Sci2011; 51: 102–109.
29.
WypychG. Handbook of fillers, 2nd ed. Toronto, ON: ChemTec, 1999, pp. 890–890.
HudaMSDrzalLTMisraMet al.A study on biocomposites from recycled newspaper fiber and poly (lactic acid). Ind Eng Chem Res2005; 44: 5593–5601.
32.
HaubrugeHGDaussinRJonasAMet al.Epitaxial nucleation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by talc: structure at the lattice and lamellar scales. Macromolecules2003; 36: 4452–4456.
33.
KeTSunX. Melting behavior and crystallization kinetics of starch and poly (lactic acid) composites. J Appl Polym Sci2003; 89: 1203–1210.
34.
XiaoHLiPRenXet al.Isothermal crystallization kinetics and crystal structure of poly (lactic acid): Effect of triphenyl phosphate and talc. J Appl Polym Sci2010; 118: 3558–3569.
McKeen LW. Chapter 3 – production of films. In: McKeen LW (ed.) Film properties of plastics and elastomers. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: William Andrew Publishing, 2012, pp.57–71.
37.
LeGrand DG. Annealing. Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology. Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.
38.
NakagawaKIshidaY. Annealing effects in poly (vinylidene fluoride) as revealed by specific volume measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and electron microscopy. J Polym Sci: Polym PhysEd1973; 11: 2153–2171.
39.
StattonWOGeilPH. Recrystallization of polyethylene during annealing. J Appl Polym Sci1960; 3: 357–361.
40.
ZiaQIngoličEAndroschR. Surface and bulk morphology of cold-crystallized poly (ethylene terephthalate). Colloid Polym Sci2010; 288: 819–825.
41.
KawaiT. On the thickening mechanism of polymer single crystals on annealing. Kolloid-Zeitschrift und Zeitschrift für Polymere1965; 201: 104–111.
42.
FischerESterzelHJWegnerG. Investigation of the structure of solution grown crystals of lactide copolymers by means of chemical reactions. Kolloid-Zeitschrift und Zeitschrift für Polymere1973; 251: 980–990.
43.
DayMNawabyALiaoX. A DSC study of the crystallization behaviour of polylactic acid and its nanocomposites. J Therm Anal Calorimetry2006; 86: 623–629.
44.
ChenXRodrigueDKaliaguineS. Diamino-organosilicone APTMDS: A new cross-linking agent for polyimides membranes. Separat Purificat Technol2012; 86: 221–233.
45.
ChoudalakisGGotsisAD. Permeability of polymer/clay nanocomposites: A review. Eur Polym J2009; 45: 967–984.
46.
HuangH-DRenP-GXuJ-Zet al.Improved barrier properties of poly (lactic acid) with randomly dispersed graphene oxide nanosheets. J Membr Sci2014; 464: 110–118.
47.
PicardEEspucheEFulchironR. Effect of an organo-modified montmorillonite on PLA crystallization and gas barrier properties. Appl Clay Sci2011; 53: 58–65.
48.
Paul DR and Yampol'skii YP. Polymeric gas separation membranes. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 1993.
49.
Hartmann M. Biopolymers from renewable resources. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998, p.411.
50.
LöfgrenAAlbertssonA-CDuboisPet al.Recent advances in ring-opening polymerization of lactones and related compounds. J Macromol Sci Part C: Polym Rev1995; 35: 379–418.
51.
MurthyNKotliarASibiliaJet al.Structure and properties of talc-filled polyethylene and nylon 6 films. J Appl Polym Sci1986; 31: 2569–2582.
52.
Alexander SternS. Polymers for gas separations: The next decade. J Membrane Sci1994; 94: 1–65.
53.
JainSReddyMMMohantyAKet al.A new biodegradable flexible composite sheet from poly (lactic acid)/poly (ɛ-caprolactone) blends and micro-talc. Macromol MaterEng2010; 295: 750–762.
54.
PeregoGCellaGDBastioliC. Effect of molecular weight and crystallinity on poly(lactic acid) mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci1996; 59: 37–43.
55.
CarrascoFPagèsPGámez-PérezJet al.Processing of poly(lactic acid): Characterization of chemical structure, thermal stability and mechanical properties. Polym Degrad Stabil2010; 95: 116–125.
56.
KomatsukaTKusakabeANagaiK. Characterization and gas transport properties of poly (lactic acid) blend membranes. Desalination2008; 234: 212–220.
57.
SawadaHTakahashiYMiyataSet al.Gas transport properties and crystalline structures of poly (lactic acid) membranes. Transact Mater Res Soc Japan2010; 35: 241–246.
58.
DrieskensMPeetersRMullensJet al.Structure versus properties relationship of poly (lactic acid). I. Effect of crystallinity on barrier properties. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys2009; 47: 2247–2258.
