ChatGPT and Gemini are innovative language models that use artificial intelligence (AI) to produce well-structured and coherent texts by analyzing vast amounts of data. Given their functions of systematically analyzing text data and generating ideas, this research aimed to assess the progress, current state, and future trends of hospitality research by utilizing ChatGPT and Gemini. Based on a review of hospitality bibliometric studies and discussions with hospitality researchers, 15 questions were created to conduct prompt-based elicitation with ChatGPT and Gemini. The responses were qualitatively analyzed to identify key themes and insights into the advancement of hospitality research. While some results align with previous bibliometric studies on hospitality, ChatGPT and Gemini provide unique perspectives on the progress and direction of hospitality research.
Aragon-CorreaJ. A.Martin-TapiaI.de la Torre-RuizJ. (2015). Sustainability issues and hospitality and tourism firms’ strategies: Analytical review and future directions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(3), 498–522. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-11-2014-0564
3.
BerezinaK.BilgihanA.CobanogluC.OkumusF. (2016). Understanding satisfied and dissatisfied hotel customers: Text mining of online hotel reviews. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 25(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2015.983631
4.
BoğanE.DedeoğluB. B. (2022). How and when perceived CSR effects interpersonal helping and loyal boosterism: A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 102, 103154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103154
5.
BoyackK. W.KlavansR. (2010). Co‐citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, and direct citation: Which citation approach represents the research front most accurately?Journal of the American Society for information Science and Technology, 61(12), 2389–2404. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21419
BrownT. B.MannB.RyderN.SubbiahM.KaplanJ.DhariwalP.AmodeiD. (2020). Language models are few-shot learners. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.14165.
8.
ChathothP. K.OlsenM. D. (2003). Strategic alliances: A hospitality industry perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22(4), 419–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2003.07.001
9.
CherenkovE.BengaV.LeeM.NandwaniN.RaguinK.SueurM. C.SunG. (2024). From machine learning algorithms to superior customer experience: Business implications of machine learning-driven data analytics in the hospitality industry. Journal of Smart Tourism, 4(2), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.52255/smarttourism.2024.4.2.2
Coll-RamisM. À.Horrach-RossellóP.Genovart-BalaguerJ.Martinez-GarciaA. (2024). Research progress on the role of education in tourism and hospitality. A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 36(4), 320–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2023.2180377
12.
CunillO. M.SalvaA. S.GonzalezL. O.Mulet-FortezaC. (2019). Thirty-fifth anniversary of the international journal of hospitality management: A bibliometric overview. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 78, 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.10.013
13.
DickingerA.LalicicL.MazanecJ. (2017). Exploring the generalizability of discriminant word items and latent topics in online tourist reviews. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(2), 803–816. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-10-2015-0597
14.
DogruT.LineN.HanksL.AcikgozF.AbbottJ. A.BakirS.BerbekovaA.BilgihanA.IskenderA.KizildagM.LeeM.LeeW.McGinleyS.ModyM.OnderI.OzdemirO.SuessC. (2024). The implications of generative artificial intelligence in academic research and higher education in tourism and hospitality. Tourism Economics, 30(5), 1083–1094. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166231204065
15.
DogruT.LineN.ModyM.HanksL.AbbottJ. A.AcikgozF.AssafA.BakirS.BerbekovaA.BilgihanA.DaltonA.ErkmenE.GeronassoM.GomezD.GravesS.IskenderA.IvanovS.KizildagM.LeeM.ZhangT. (2025). Generative artificial intelligence in the hospitality and tourism industry: Developing a framework for future research. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 49(2), 235–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480231188663
16.
ElkhweskyZ.SalemI. E.RamkissoonH.Castañeda-GarcíaJ. A. (2022). A systematic and critical review of leadership styles in contemporary hospitality: A roadmap and a call for future research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(5), 1925–1958. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-09-2021-1128
17.
FongL. H. N.LawR.TangC. M. F.YapM. H. T. (2016). Experimental research in hospitality and tourism: A critical review. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(2), 246–266. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-10-2014-0506
18.
GannonM. J.TaheriB.AzerJ. (2022). Contemporary research paradigms and philosophies (pp. 5–19). Emerald Publishing Limited.
19.
García-LilloF.Úbeda-GarcíaM.Marco-LajaraB. (2016). The intellectual structure of research in hospitality management: A literature review using bibliometric methods of the journal international journal of hospitality management. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 52, 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.10.007
20.
GuestG.MacQueenK. M.NameyE. E. (2012). Applied thematic analysis. Sage Publications.
21.
HanH.RyuK. (2012). The theory of Repurchase Decision-Making (TRD): Identifying the critical factors in the post-purchase decision-making process. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), 786–797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.09.015
22.
KandampullyJ.ZhangT. C.BilgihanA. (2015). Customer loyalty: A review and future directions with a special focus on the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(3), 379–414. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-03-2014-0151
23.
KangJ.ShinH.KangC. (2024). Hospitality labor leakage and dynamic turnover behaviors in the age of artificial intelligence and robotics. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 15(5), 916–933. https://doi.org/10.1108/jhtt-12-2023-0411
KimH.SoK. K. F. (2022). Two decades of customer experience research in hospitality and tourism: A bibliometric analysis and thematic content analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 100, 103082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103082
LiJ.MaF.DiPietroR. B. (2022). Journey to a fond memory: How memorability mediates a dynamic customer experience and its consequent outcomes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 103, 103205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103205
28.
LiM.YinD.QiuH.BaiB. (2022). Examining the effects of AI contactless services on customer psychological safety, perceived value, and hospitality service quality during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 31(1), 24–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2021.1934932
29.
LiuX.ZengY.HeJ.LiZ. (2022). Value cocreation research in tourism and hospitality: A comparative bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(2), 663–686. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-05-2021-0666
30.
LugosiP.LynchP.MorrisonA. (2009). Critical hospitality management research. The Service Industries Journal, 29(10), 1465–1478. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060903038879
31.
LundB. D.WangT. (2023). Chatting about ChatGPT: How may AI and GPT impact academia and libraries?Library Hi Tech News.
32.
LundB. D.WangT.MannuruN. R.NieB.ShimrayS.WangZ. (2023). ChatGPT and a new academic reality: Artificial Intelligence‐written research papers and the ethics of the large language models in scholarly publishing. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 74(5), 570–581. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24750
33.
MarianiM.BaggioR. (2020). The relevance of mixed methods for network analysis in tourism and hospitality research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(4), 1643–1673. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-04-2019-0378
MillimanJ.GatlingA.KimJ. S. (2018). The effect of workplace spirituality on hospitality employee engagement, intention to stay, and service delivery. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 35, 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.03.002
36.
MinH.ParkJ.KimH. J. (2016). Common method bias in hospitality research: A critical review of literature and an empirical study. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 56, 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.04.010
NusairK.ButtI.NikhashemiS. R. (2019). A bibliometric analysis of social media in hospitality and tourism research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(7), 2691–2719. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-06-2018-0489
39.
OkumusB.KoseogluM. A.MaF. (2018). Food and gastronomy research in tourism and hospitality: A bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 73, 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.01.020
ParkK.JangS. S. (2014). Hospitality finance and managerial accounting research: Suggesting an interdisciplinary research agenda. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(5), 751–777. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-12-2013-0554
42.
PattonC. V.SawickiD. S.ClarkJ. J. (2015). Basic methods of policy analysis and planning. Routledge.
43.
RahimiR.KöseogluM. A.ErsoyA. B.OkumusF. (2017). Customer relationship management research in tourism and hospitality: A state-of-the-art. Tourism Review, 72(2), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-01-2017-0011
44.
RasoolimaneshS. M.WangM.MikulićJ.KunasekaranP. (2021). A critical review of moderation analysis in tourism and hospitality research toward robust guidelines. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(12), 4311–4333. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-02-2021-0272
45.
RitchieB. W.JiangY. (2019). A review of research on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 102812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102812
46.
SantichB. (2004). The study of gastronomy and its relevance to hospitality education and training. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4319(03)00069-0
47.
SharmaA.ShinH.Santa-MaríaM. J.NicolauJ. L. (2021). Hotels’ COVID-19 innovation and performance. Annals of Tourism Research, 88, 103180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103180
48.
ShiJ.LeeM.GirishV. G.XiaoG.LeeC.-K. (2024). Embracing the ChatGPT revolution: Unlocking new horizons for tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 15(3), 433–448. https://doi.org/10.1108/jhtt-07-2023-0203
49.
ShinH. (2022). A critical review of robot research and future research opportunities: Adopting a service ecosystem perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(6), 2337–2358. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-09-2021-1171
50.
ShinH.KangJ. (2023). Bridging the gap of bibliometric analysis: The evolution, current state, and future directions of tourism research using ChatGPT. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 57, 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.09.001
51.
ShinH.NicolauJ. L.KangJ.SharmaA.LeeH. (2022). Travel decision determinants during and after COVID-19: The role of tourist trust, travel constraints, and attitudinal factors. Tourism Management, 88, 104428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104428
52.
ShinH.PerdueR. R. (2022). Hospitality and tourism service innovation: A bibliometric review and future research agenda. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 102, 103176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103176
53.
ShinH.RyuJ.JoY. (2025). Navigating artificial intelligence adoption in hospitality and tourism: Managerial insights, workforce transformation, and a future research agenda. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 128, 104187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104187
UmT.KooC.DolnicarS.PetrickJ.AltR.XiangZ.JansenB. (2024). TechTalk interview: The era of AI for hospitality and tourism in academia: Ulrike Gretzel. Chulmo Koo. Journal of Smart Tourism, 4(3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.52255/smarttourism.2024.4.3.1
56.
XiangZ.DuQ.MaY.FanW. (2017). A comparative analysis of major online review platforms: Implications for social media analytics in hospitality and tourism. Tourism Management, 58, 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.001
57.
XiaoH.SmithS. L. (2006). The making of tourism research: Insights from a social sciences journal. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), 490–507.
58.
XuZ.GeZ.WangX.SkareM. (2021). Bibliometric analysis of technology adoption literature published from 1997 to 2020. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 170, 120896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120896
59.
YanE.DingY. (2012). Scholarly network similarities: How bibliographic coupling networks, citation networks, cocitation networks, topical networks, coauthorship networks, and coword networks relate to each other. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(7), 1313–1326. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22680
60.
ZhaoR.LiX.ChiaY. K.DingB.BingL. (2023). Can chatgpt-like generative models guarantee factual accuracy? On the mistakes of new generation search engines. arXiv Preprint arXiv:2304.11076.
