Bacteriophage therapy, which employs bacteriophages to eliminate bacteria, is gaining attention as a promising alternative to antibiotics amid mounting antimicrobial resistance. It has shown potential in treating chronic, multidrug-resistant infections, especially in vulnerable populations such as transplant patients. Moreover, advances in genomics, synthetic biology, and CRISPR-associated protein 9 have enabled the engineering of phages with broader host ranges and improved safety, while tools such as phage libraries and innovative delivery systems have enhanced its therapeutic effectiveness. Personalized phage therapy, guided by individual microbiota profiles, has demonstrated encouraging clinical outcomes as well. However, challenges remain, including regulatory barriers, safety concerns, and the emergence of phage-resistant bacteria. In response, continued research is essential to optimize treatment protocols and validate their clinical efficacy in standardized trials. Future priorities should include refining phage engineering, building robust regulatory frameworks, and establishing clear clinical guidelines. With coordinated global efforts, phage therapy could become a powerful, widely accessible tool in the ongoing battle against antibiotic-resistant infections.
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