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Abstract

In the modern era, manufacturers aim for their parts to possess a sleek finish and increased durability to ensure continued functionality. Both the automotive and aerospace industries are actively seeking new materials and methodologies to enhance the surface quality of components during the preparation process and make the most of available resources. Employing casting, advanced techniques, and new materials is crucial for achieving this goal. Industries commonly utilize alloys and composite materials in the production of their components. This study focuses on magnesium composite Mg-4Zn-1RE-0.7Zr alloy to find the influence of varying three different reinforcement particles on mechanical properties and wear rate. An attempt was made to choose a constant 5% Si₃N₄ as the primary reinforcement and 2.5% to 7.5% of TiC/MoS₂ as the secondary reinforcement, respectively. The samples of magnesium hybrid composites are prepared using a centrifugal casting process. The ZE 41 alloy/5% (TiC-MoS₂)/5%Si₃N₄ has a high tensile strength of 942 MPa. In addition, 5% TiC/5% MoS₂ with 5% Si₃N₄ composite has enhanced hardness, which is beneficial for transmission in aircraft like Boeing 727 and die-casting fittings in automobile applications.

Keywords

Mg-4Zn-1RE-0.7Zr mechanical characterization surface morphology casting technique

Introduction

Composite materials play a vital role in new product development and advanced manufacturing fields, replacing several traditional engineering materials due to their superior properties. In the aerospace industry, metal matrix composites have been applied in frames, reinforcements, aerials, joining elements, etc. In this study, Mg-4Zn-1RE-0.7Zr (ZE 41 alloy) is chosen as a matrix and has found a wide application in the automotive industry, such as braking systems, piston rods, disc brake calipers, brake pads, shafts, etc.¹ They have also gained military and civil aviation applications in axle tubes, reinforcements, blade and gearbox casing, turbine, fan, and compressor blades. The ZE 41 alloy is a low-cost material compared to titanium or copper-based composites. It offers better properties and is suitable for applications needed for better strength, good dimensional stability, better structural rigidity, and less weight. Delavar et al.² performed magnesium metal matrix composites using casting processing. The TiC and silicon nitride were used as reinforcement to improve the properties of the Mg matrix. The mechanical and electrical properties were investigated. Increasing the reinforcement particles enhances the mechanical properties of hardness and compressive strength as much as possible compared to the base alloy exhibiting the homogeneous distribution of TiC in the Mg matrix.³ Silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) is the synthetic compound of nitride and silicon. A high-temperature electro-compound response initially delivered it of sand and carbon. Silicon carbide is a brilliant grating and has been delivered and made into granulating haggles of rough items for more than one hundred years.⁴ Today, the material is produced into great specialized review earthenware with great mechanical properties. Due to its inherent solid properties, pure titanium carbide reinforced the less sturdy magnesium matrix material by incorporating secondary phase particles. It offers superior electrical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics to alternative alloys.⁵ The inclusion of MOS₂ in this research aims to harness its exceptional attributes, including high density, strength, thermal conductivity, formability, and ease of machining, making it suitable for diverse industries such as marine, aerospace, automotive, and electronic packaging.⁶ In the last two decades, researchers have developed many MoS₂ composites that have been used to replace engineering materials for high frictional, high temperature, and load-carrying applications such as brake pads, radiators, gears, electrical sliding contacts, etc. Wu et al.⁷ examined the mechanical characteristics of magnesium alloy reinforced with SiC composites produced using centrifugal casting and powder metallurgy processes. In these procedures, casting composites have higher compressive strength and hardness than powder metallurgy. Centrifugal casting is a simple, low-cost, and effective technology for fabricating aluminum matrix composites. Kaushik et al.⁸ developed magnesium hybrid composites for high-speed train brake pad applications. Different weight proportions of reinforcements, such as Al₂O₃, Gr, MoS₂, and silica, strengthened the magnesium composites and improved their tribological and frictional properties. Kharb et al.⁹ studied the mechanical properties of MoS₂ and SiC reinforced with AZ 91 D alloy. Magnesium consisting of different percentages of MoS₂ (0, 3, 6, and 9 wt%) with a constant 10% TiC was produced by casting method. The TiC was added to the line at 5% to improve moisture balance. The drag provides a more compact and balanced distribution of the strength-enhancing components. Maximum strength and stiffness were obtained with the addition of 6% reinforcement using the Mg matrix. Kiran Babu et al.¹⁰ concluded that the wear samples possess improved wear rates of magnesium hybrid composites and increased maximum mechanical properties and ultimate compressive strength at 147 HV and 435 MPa at 15% TiC and 10% SiC composition containing hybrid composite. The formed mechanically mixed layer on the worn surface acts as a self-lubricant for the composite during frictional applications, and wear resistance also improved with increasing TiC/SiC weight percentage. The mechanical behavior and wear of AZ 31 alloyed with molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), and zirconium oxide, particles were generated using the stir-casting technique investigated by Tajdeen et al.¹¹ The overall weight of reinforced components varies depending on the amount of 10, 20, or 30 wt% applied during composite production. The dry sliding test owing to MoS₂ in the hybrid was performed at varied loads of 10, 20, and 30 N over a fixed distance of 1000 m at speeds of 1, 2, and 3 m/s. Reinforcing components in Mg alloys offer increased strength and wear resistance. The input parameters, that is, percentage (3%, 5%, and 7%), applied load (9.81, 29.44, and 49.1 N), and sliding speed (1.5, 3, and 4.5 m/s), are used to generate the research and output results of worn materials studied by Contatori et al.¹² The wear test shows that increasing the sliding speed and applied force increases the wear rate. This problem is caused by high sliding speed and load, which elevates the temperature of the pin and increases wear rates. Weight gain increases when magnesium loss decreases. This effect is caused by hard particles used as reinforcement. Worn surface analysis reveals patterns, similar faults, and big gaps in the pieces. Higher sliding speeds cause adhesive wear in composites. The literature survey concluded that magnesium and its alloys are extensively used for several applications, and hybrid composites have paid more attention to manufacturing advanced materials due to their higher yield strength, compressive strength, and hardness properties, making them extraordinary performance materials. It is well suited for making aerospace, automobile, and structural components. The objectives and novelty of this research study are listed as follows:

• Limited research on the strengthening mechanism and tribological behavior was done on Mg-4Zn-1RE-0.7Zr using three different reinforcement particles at various weight fractions.

• Thus, a novel method was needed to synthesize and consolidate the magnesium composites to produce high strength and improved wear rate. The homogeneous distribution of secondary phase particles into the metal matrix is crucial in this research.

• The advanced centrifugal casting processing method of the mechanical alloying process could be involved in producing magnesium hybrid composites.

• To investigate the density, microhardness, tensile strength, and impact strength of Mg-4Zn-1RE-0.7Zr alloy.

• To identify the effect of the addition of reinforcement particles on wear rate with varying wt% of TiC/MoS₂ and constant wt% of Si₃N₄ particles.

Materials and methods

Magnesium alloy

There is a desire to produce proficient materials, because of flaws in the existing materials which leads to a reduction in longevity nowadays. Hence, to overcome the shortcomings in conventional materials, Mg composite materials have been recommended in several industrial applications. Magnesium ZE 41 alloy is an attractive and lead-free alloy containing Mg and other alloying elements of zinc, rhenium, and zirconium; magnesium is a major constituent element in the matrix. These alloys have various applications in various fields, such as manufacturing automobile components, submarine parts (small boat propellers), and structural components. A variety of zinc and rhenium are available in which Mg-4Zn-1RE-0.7Zr has high ductility, and it can be used in the making of many components like bearings, gears, valve stems, brush holders, bearing races, impellers, and rocker arms are well-suited for use in high-temperature conditions.¹³ The raw material of ZE 41 alloy is obtained from Nextgen Steel and Alloys, Chennai, India, as shown in Figure 1(a). The chemical composition of the ZE 41 alloy, as provided by the company, is represented in Table 1.

Figure 1.

Raw Material and SEM images of (a) ZE 41 alloy, (b) Si₃N₄, (c) TiC, and (d) MoS₂ particles.

Table 1.

Chemical composition of ZE 41 alloy.

Element (%)	Zn	Zr	Si	Mn	Nd	Pr	C	p	Mg
Wt	6	0.7	0.05	0.04	0.18	0.002	0.13	0.011	Bal

Reinforcement particles

The Silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) has a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure, and its softness, high malleability, and ductility are well-known characteristics. Especially high electrical and thermal conductivity, easy formability, and high ductility. The silicon nitride is obtained from Sunayana Chemicals, Bangalore, India, and is shown in Figure 1(b). The symbol TiC for titanium carbide is a bluish-white metal, naturally brittle, superplastic, and fair conductor. In this study, TiC is chosen as secondary reinforcement. The titanium carbide is attained from Saveer Biotech Limited, Chennai, India, as is shown in Figure 1(c). Molybdenum disulfide is a nonmetallic chemical element in the molybdenum family and a suitable semiconductor denoted with MoS₂.¹⁴ The MoS₂ material is procured from Forbes Pharmaceutical, Mumbai, India, as shown in Figure 1(d).

Fabrication of magnesium hybrid composites

The hybrid metal matrix composites are prepared using ZE 41 alloy as matrix material and Si₃N₄ and TiC with MoS₂ particles as reinforcements. In this study, centrifugal casting is used for fabrication. It is a liquid metallurgy and economical technique for manufacturing hybrid magnesium-based composites. This technique ensures a consistent dispersion of reinforcement and matrix components throughout the hybrid composite. To achieve this, a series of Mg-4Zn-1RE-0.7Zr specimens were fabricated, each containing varying concentrations of TiC/MoS₂ (ranging from 0 to 7.5% by weight) and a fixed 5% by weight of Si3N4 particles. Initially, the Si₃N₄ and TiC/MoS₂ particles were blended in a high-energy using a ball mill maintaining a 20:1 wt ratio between the 400 g of balls and 20 g of powder. After an entire cycle, the milled powder was removed from the oven, dried for 2 hours at 150°C, and filtered. The mold is preheated at 800°C for 90 min. Initially, the reinforcement particles are pre-heated at 300°C for 30 min. The base matrix is melted using argon gas at a liquidus temperature of 720°C for 30 min.¹⁵ After purifying and removing impurities from the molten metal, it was agitated using a hand stirrer for 20 min at 550 r/min. The resulting mixture was swiftly poured into a rotating mold until it was uniform. The process involved centrifugal casting with specific parameters to produce a hybrid composite comprising Mg alloy and reinforced particles. The potassium titanium fluoride is added into molten metal to enhance the wettability and interfacial bonding between the Mg alloy matrix and reinforcements. The rectangular die of 100 × 100 ×10 mm made up of H11 die steel is used and preheated at 120°C. Once the unwanted slag was removed, the molten composite was poured into a heated die to form the castings. Subsequently, the castings were cooled in the surroundings and removed from the mold. The mixture designation is listed in Table 2 and a schematic representation of magnesium hybrid composites is shown in Figure 2.

Table 2.

Mix designation of magnesium hybrid composite materials.

Sample designation	Matrix	Replacement, wt. %
Sample designation	ZE 41 alloy	Si₃N₄	TiC	MoS₂
S₁	100	0	0	0
S₂	90	5	2.5	2.5
S₃	85	5	5	5
S₄	80	5	7.5	7.5

Figure 2.

Schematic representation of fabrication composite materials.

Mechanical properties

Hardness test

The Vickers method is a significant technique for evaluating the hardness of large-scale components and parts and is widely utilized. This testing procedure is performed according to ASTM E348 standards.¹⁶ To determine the microhardness of the components, a specialized Vickers testing apparatus was employed, featuring a 10 mm ball-shaped indenter, a 100 g load, and a dwell time of 15 s. The test samples, measuring 10 mm in length, width, and height, were used to assess their strength. Each sample was evaluated at four distinct points, with the average hardness value ultimately being reported.

Tensile test

A material’s intrinsic mechanical property is its tensile strength, unaffected by its size or amount and solely dependent on its chemical composition. This experiment aims to understand better what constitutes a material’s strength and significance. Typically, the tensile properties of a specimen are evaluated by applying opposing forces to its ends. Extension and gradual breakage happen due to external forces being applied. In compliance with the standards outlined in ASTM E8M-04,¹⁷ a tensile test was performed on all materials. The test specimens, measuring 10 mm in diameter and 30 mm in length, were subjected to a 100 kN load using a universal testing machine for tensile testing. Tensile samples were prepared to evaluate % elongation, yield stress, and tensile strength.

Impact test

A sample is fabricated per the ASTM-E23 standards¹⁸ to assess the energy absorbed upon impact. The Charpy V notch impact test is then conducted to measure the specimen’s capacity for energy absorption. The impact testing apparatus records the energy absorbed and validates each specimen’s dimensions, which are 55 mm in length, 10 mm in width, and 10 mm in thickness. The Charpy impact test was conducted under room temperature conditions, using a testing device measuring impacts within 0 to 300 J.

Physical properties

Density

This experiment aims to understand better the importance and implications of a substance’s density. As an inherent and unchanging property of a uniform material, density is solely dependent on its composition and remains unaffected by changes in size or amount. This study employed the Archimedes principle method to examine bulk density, adhering to the standardized guidelines outlined in ASTM B962-13¹⁹ for magnesium alloy and hybrid composites. The device used for testing density is the DBK 2 Point Calibration ATC Digital pH Meter provided by VR Ceramics laboratory, Chennai, India. The bulk density is calculated by the following eq’n (1)

B u l k d e n s i t y = \frac{D r y w e i g h t}{S a t u r a t e d w e i g h t - S u s p e n d e d w e i g h t} X d e n s i t y o f w a t e r

(1)

Porosity test

Porosity refers to pores and voids in a fabrication process, whether visible on the surface or internally located. Designers often focus on this aspect as die castings assert excellent surface finish and precise dimensions, but porosity within the component is an important consideration. The presence of porosity can affect the strength of a structure and the performance of a part, leading to potential weaknesses. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the porosity. The porosity levels were calculated for each composition using equation (2) as per ASTM B962-13 standards²⁰

P = \frac{w_{sat} - w_{d}}{w_{sat} - w_{sus}} \times 100 %

(2)

where w_sat - Saturated weight, w_d - Dry weight, and w_sus - Suspended immersed

Results and discussion

Initial microstructure

The optical microstructure analysis examines the composition of magnesium-based hybrid composites that incorporate three unique types of hard reinforcing particles and glycol etch is used as an etchant. The magnesium alloy has been developed for material selection across various industries, including aerospace, commercial and military aviation, automotive, and marine applications, owing to its proven mechanical properties, design flexibility, ease of production, and well-established quality control methods.²¹ There is a growing demand for magnesium ZE 41 alloy across various industries for an applied solution with high mechanical, chemical, and metallurgical characteristics. This study focuses on ZE 41 alloy as the matrix material, with its initial microstructure shown in Figure 3(a). Silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) has been widely used as a reinforcement in magnesium-based matrices due to its less cost-effectiveness and availability in multiple forms. Silica, a predominant type of silicon nitride, has various kinds of calcium, boron, sodium, aluminum, and iron oxides. It possesses a significant thermal expansion coefficient and finds extensive applications in aircraft, transportation, maritime, the chemical industry, pressure vessels, and compressor blades. The primary microstructure of silicon nitride is shown in Figure 3(b) and is used as primary reinforcement in this study. Titanium carbide (TiC) reinforced material is commonly used in high-strength structural applications due to its superior strength-to-weight ratio. It is also known for its low density and high rigidity. Today, TiC composites are extensively used in the aerospace and automotive sectors, where increased stiffness and weight reduction are necessary. In the early 1990s, molybdenum sulfate (MoS₂) was discovered as a high-strength, high-modulus material. These materials offer improved strength-to-weight ratios compared to other metals, making them valuable in various applications.²² As a result, TiC and MoS₂ were selected as the secondary and tertiary reinforcing particles in this research. The initial microstructures of TiC and MoS₂ are illustrated in Figure 3(c)-(d), revealing that the reinforcing particles are evenly dispersed and nearly uniformly distributed throughout the magnesium matrix. Adding these particles to the matrix enhances the material’s tensile strength and hardness.

Figure 3.

OM initial images of (a) ZE 41 alloy, (b) Si₃N₄, (c) TiC, and (d) MoS₂ particles.

Particle size distribution

Particle size distribution (PSD) plays a crucial role in determining the load-bearing capacity of hybrid composite materials based on their unique physical and chemical properties. A histogram presented in Figures 4(a)-(d) illustrates the distribution of particle sizes for both the reinforcement and matrix alloy. In Figure 4(a), the particle size of the ZE 41 alloy is observed to be 30 µm, while silicon nitride (20 µm), titanium carbide (15 µm), and molybdenum sulfate (15 µm) sizes are depicted in Figures 4(b)-(d). Zengin et al.²³ stated that the distribution of particle sizes can impact various material characteristics. The particle size of alloy and reinforcement particles in this study is determined according to the previous literature. It is noted that good wettability is a critical factor in achieving a uniform dispersion of particles within the molten material.

Figure 4.

Particle size distribution of (a) ZE 41 alloy, (b) Si₃N₄, (c) TiC, and (d) MoS₂ particles.

Mechanical properties

Vickers microhardness

The Vickers microhardness testing instrument was used to study the hardness of the as-cast specimen of ZE 41 alloy and magnesium hybrid composites at high precision. The matrix and hybrid composite test specimens were initially subjected to Vickers hardness measurement. The microhardness values are measured and plotted, as shown in Figure 5. The microhardness value of the as-cast alloy is 67 VHN and rises as reinforcement particles increase. The hardness value of ZE 41/5%Si₃N₄-2.5% (TiC/MoS₂) hybrid composite increases from 67 HV to 79 HV. The improvement in the microhardness is attributed to the formation of TiC and silica nitride dispersoids. It clearly shows the effect of adding reinforcement particles with various weight fractions. The microhardness of the 5% hybrid composite (S₃) was higher than that of all other composites. Moreover, increasing TiC and MoS₂ content gradually increased the hardness value. The micro-hardness and interaction effect of input parameters is assessed by analysis of variance. The most influencing factor is identified as size and wt% of reinforcement affected the micro-hardness of composites. The higher microhardness value is 98 HV, and the presence of silica and titanium carbide with molybdenum could refine the grain size of the matrix, which leads to improved properties of the composite. Rajesh et al.²⁴ reported that silica carbide particles reinforced with magnesium alloy have significantly enhanced the properties to 26% compared to the base matrix. Carbon nanotubes have significantly exhibited their role over the past decade in potential multipurpose applications. These hardness values are better than those in the earliest report, where they were used as reinforced particles. Further, adding 15% hard particles reduces hardness values to 84 HV. Therefore, adding 5% (TiC-MoS₂) with 5% Si₃N₄ hard reinforcement particles tends to the high hardness of the ZE 41 alloy, and better strength was found.

Figure 5.

Histogram of Microhardness of magnesium hybrid composites.

Tensile strength

The test specimens of ZE 41 alloy and ZE41/(Si₃N₄)/(TiC-MoS₂) hybrid composites were subjected to tensile test measurement. Table 3 represents the tensile strength value for the as-cast alloy, which is 203 MPa with a yield stress of 142 MPa. Adding reinforcing particles substantially enhanced the material’s ability to withstand a load. The tensile strength values increased from 203 MPa to 217 MPa (S₂). It is observed from the sample S₃ possesses a high tensile strength value of 239 MPa. The 5% (TiC-MoS₂) sample showed better tensile strength than the other hybrid composites. The increased tensile strength was due to the silica with titanium carbide hard particles, good bonding between matrix and Si₃N₄ dispersoids, and refinement in grain size on increasing the weight ratio. The increased tensile strength of the hybrid composite was due to the TiC/MoS₂ particles, good bonding between matrix and MoS₂ dispersoids, and refinement in grain size on increasing the uniform time. During further increased hard particles, the tensile strength tends to decrease. The yield strength initially increased proportionally from as-cast to 5% MoS₂ particles and slightly changed while adding silica nitride particles. After that, S₂ to S₃ showed linear proportionality. From the data, it is well understood that yield strength has been greatly influenced by hard reinforcement particles listed in Table 3. Pasha et al.²⁵ have shown that a composite material featuring a combination of titanium carbide (TiC) and silica nitride (Si₃N₄) is currently the most widely used hybrid filler in the development of composite materials. However, varying weight fractions significantly increase tensile strength due to its toughness. Thus, results suggest that the weight ratio of particles in magnesium significantly impacts their tensile performance, as evidenced by the measured tensile strength values.

Table 3.

Tensile strength of magnesium hybrid composites.

Material designation	Tensile strength (MPa)	Yield stress (MPa)	% elongation
S₁	203	142	3.41
S₂	217	156	4.20
S₃	239	178	5.63
S₄	221	163	4.81

Impact strength

The impact strength of ZE 41 alloy and magnesium hybrid composites at various weight fractions is shown in Figure 6. Adding silica nitride with varying titanium carbide and molybdenum disulfide exhibited a considerably improved performance compared to the neat matrix. It is observed that the 2.5% of TiC and MoS₂ with 5% Si₃N₄ exhibits an improvement in impact strength of 3.19 J compared to the matrix (2.74 J). Similarly, the 5% (TiC/MoS₂) with 5% Si₃N₄ showed high impact strength compared to the other compositions with a value of 5.02 J, which is 36% higher than the matrix. Various key factors play a role in determining the strength of a material, such as the dimensions and configuration of the filler material, the properties of the matrix material, the consistency of particles, and the bonding between particles and the matrix.²⁶ It is essential in this study to ensure that the reinforcing particles are uniformly spread out in the matrix. The formation of spheroids and smooth grooves improved the impact strength due to the presence of silica nitride particles. Further, adding reinforcement particles to 7.5% (S₄) reduces impact strength (4.51 J) because the large quantity of molybdenum sulfide leads to agglomeration in the matrix due to difficulty dispersing more significant filler loadings.

Figure 6.

Graphical representation of Impact Strength of magnesium hybrid composite.

Physical characteristics

Density

The density of each casting sample listed in Table 4 is determined through experimental and theoretical means. The experimental values are obtained by applying the Archimedes principle, while the theoretical values are calculated using the mixing rule method. The study evaluates the theoretical and experimental densities of ZE 41 alloy with varying percentages of TiC/MoS₂ and a consistent 5% Si₃N₄ particulate hybrid composite. The density of composites gradually decreases with the increase of the reinforcement of silica nitride in the Mg matrix. It leads to a weight reduction of composites. The microstructure of the magnesium and Si₃N₄ composites reveals uniform distribution in the matrix and very few small clusters are only noticed. The theoretical density of casting samples shows a gradual decrease in value and an increase in the reinforcement of TiC and Si₃N₄ particles in magnesium alloy. The increase in experimental density can be attributed to the high density of titanium carbide (TiC) reinforcing materials and molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂). The experimental density values are increased from 2.03 g/cm³ to 2.47 g/cm³. The impact of particle wrapping is linked to the elevated density achieved in experiments. Smaller particles dispersed among larger ones enhance the flow of reinforcement particles and fill voids and pores. Similar results are observed in TiC-HNLA reinforcement particulate magnesium composites by Vinod et al.²⁷ Due to the lower density of reinforcements, in addition to 7.5%, the sample density values gradually decreased to 2.33 g/cm³.

Table 4.

Physical properties of magnesium hybrid composites.

Alloy/Hybrid composites	Theoretical density, (g/cm³)	Experimental density, (g/cm³)
S₁	1.81	2.03
S₂	1.93	2.18
S₃	2.07	2.47
S₄	1.98	2.33

Porosity

Porosity in a material decreases its overall density, which tends to lower mechanical strength. Preventing porosity is essential while using magnesium alloys, as it can significantly alter the mechanical characteristics. The weight differences of the specimen in different conditions are used to calculate porosity. The porosity of the ZE 41 magnesium alloy and ZE 41 with a constant 5% Si₃N₄ and TiC/MoS₂ composites of various weight percentages (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5%) as shown in Figure 7. Associating the 5% (TiC-MoS₂)/5% Si₃N₄ composite (1.52%) with the ZE 41 alloy (1.98%) observed the lowest porosity level leads to decrease in open pores. With the addition of ZE41/2.5%TiC-2.5%MoS₂ hybrid composite, the porosity decreases by 1.83% as the concentration of molybdenum disulfide and titanium carbide increases. While the silicon nitride combination has effective heat dissipation, its high ductility and low strength limit its use in practical engineering applications. Antoniac et al.²⁸ prepared a magnesium-based alloy by incorporating TiC/SiC powder particles as reinforcement through high-energy ball milling and casting. The weight percentage of the reinforcement ranged from 2% to 8%, with an average particle size of 50 nm. They studied the impact of mixing TiC with SiC, which tends to reduce the porosity level of magnesium composites. The research revealed that as the TiC content increased, the porosity decreased. In this study, porosity showed that incorporating 5% (TiC/MoS₂)/5% Si₃N₄ with ZE 41 alloy tends to have the lowest porosity (1.61%) compared to other concentrations. Further increasing 7.5% content, the porosity gradually rises (1.76%) due to agglomeration and non-uniform distribution between matrix and reinforcement. This suggests that adding 5% of these reinforcing particles reduces porosity and improves material strength.

Figure 7.

Graphical representation of Porosity of Magnesium Hybrid Composites.

Tribology analysis

Effect of varying applied loads and sliding speeds on wear loss

The wear of ZE 41 magnesium hybrid composites was analyzed under dry sliding wear conditions using a pin-on-disc wear machine. Testing follows the ASTM G-99 standard, with specimens shaped cylindrically at 10 mm diameter and 30 mm length. The sample is positioned vertically against EN32 steel hardened. Before and after the test, the wear test specimen is polished with emery paper and cleaned with acetone to ensure a clean surface free of dirt. The wear measurement is determined by comparing the starting and ending weights of the wear test sample on a precise digital scale with a precision of 0.0001 g. The results of the wear test are obtained through weight loss analysis. The friction coefficient is assessed by considering both the tangential and normal forces. The wear is performed by varying five different loads of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 N and sliding speeds of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 m/s for all composites with a sliding distance of 1000 m, respectively. The structural features of composite surfaces are analyzed using SEM. The worn surfaces of ZE 41 alloy-based hybrid composites containing varying percentages of TiC/MoS₂ and a constant 5% Si₃N₄ particles are studied. It is observed that the amount of wear and tear on all composite surfaces increases in direct proportion to the applied load. This correlation is supported by Tikoria et al.,²⁹ which suggests a linear relationship between normal load and composite wear loss. The wear loss of magnesium alloy is found to increase by up to 37% when the load is increased from 20 N to 80 N at a sliding speed of 3 m/s, and rather, it was increased by 41% under different sliding speed conditions of 3 m/s to 4 m/s. Moreover, hybrid composites exhibit lower wear than unreinforced magnesium ZE 41 alloy. Increased load conditions lead to greater wear loss, resulting in delamination of composite materials. Hybrid composites with a higher proportion of 5% (TiC/MoS₂) and 5% Si₃N₄ demonstrate a wear rate reduction of up to 62% compared to pure alloy under moderate load of 40 N and sliding speed of 3 m/s. The wear loss of AZ 41 alloy is higher (0.114 g) than that of magnesium hybrid composites. However, with the addition of 2.5% hybrid composite, wear loss is reduced to 0.013 g. The lowest wear loss is identified as 0.008 g in addition to 5% hybrid composite for a load of 40 N with a speed of 3 m/s, respectively. Additionally, the higher concentration of 7.5% TiC and 5% Si₃N₄ composites reduces wear loss (0.016 g) by up to 34% compared to pure alloy under load (40 N) conditions as shown in Figure 8. However, as contact surfaces heat up, wear and tear accelerate under heavy loads. Thus, adding high concentrations of reinforcements can slash wear rates by as much as 38% compared to the matrix when loads are high (100 N) and sliding velocities are high (5 m/s). Even under extreme conditions, with maximum loads and high sliding velocities, hybrid composites exhibit reduced wear loss compared to matrix. The presence of reinforcing particles helps shield the surfaces of these hybrid composites, resulting in lower wear rates. The higher amount of TiC/MoS₂ and Si₃N₄ reinforcement particles enhances the ability to bear weight, improving resistance against wear.

Figure 8.

Wear loss of varying (a) Applied load and (b) Sliding speed.

Effect of varying applied loads and sliding speeds on COF

The Coefficient of Friction (COF) experimental outcomes when varying reinforcement weight percentages are used. The hybrid magnesium composite exhibits a lower COF, and multiple reinforcements decrease adhesion between mating surfaces, as shown in Figures 9(a)-(b). When subjected to a force of 20 N and a sliding speed of 3 m/s, composite materials containing 2.5% (TiC-MoS₂) and 5% Si₃N₄ reinforcing particles experience a decrease in their coefficient of friction (COF) from 0.49µ to 0.37µ. In contrast, the COF of hybrid composites increases as the load applied to them rises. The COF of unreinforced alloy reaches 0.48µ at a load of 80 N and a sliding speed of 3 m/s. However, incorporating a higher concentration of 5% (TiC-MoS₂) and 5%Si3N4 reinforcing particles results in a low COF of 0.19µ. TiC and MoS₂ reinforcement particles reduce the friction coefficient under varying load and sliding speed conditions. For instance, at a load of 60 N and a sliding velocity of 3 m/s, the COF is lowered from 0.51µ to 0.24µ by adding 5% TiC and 5%Si3N4. Similar findings are observed by Chen et al.³⁰ for magnesium-reinforced hybrid composites. They concluded density of hybrid composites decreases because of the addition low density materials as reinforcements in the composites. Wear tests are conducted by pin-on-disc machine with different loads of 10, 20, 30 N and sliding velocity of 1 m/s, and sliding distance of 1500 m. The wear test exhibits the wear rate of composites which decreases linearly due to dual reinforcements added in the matrix. This phenomenon is due to the better hardness and good bonding strength between the matrix and reinforcements. In this study, the amount of reinforcement in Mg alloy increases lead to minimize the coefficient of friction (COF) for all composites. This reduction in COF is caused by the interaction between the hard reinforcing particles and the matrix in the composites. Specifically, in the case of the 5% (TiC-MoS₂)/5%Si₃N₄ reinforcement particles, the friction coefficient decreases at all conditions. However, in hybrid composites containing a higher concentration of 7.5% TiC, COF increases to 0.31µ. The reinforcements are crucial in enhancing the matrix’s bonding, distributing the load to the particles, and sliding surfaces, thereby reducing COF values.

Figure 9.

Coefficient of friction of varying (a) Applied load and (b) Sliding speed.

Effect of reinforcements wear rate

The wear rate data for hybrid composites subjected to different loads is presented in Figure 10. The test results reveal enhanced wear resistance across all load conditions. As the concentration of TiC/MoS₂ and Si₃N₄ reinforcements increases, the wear rate of the composites gradually decreases. The incorporation of reinforcements leads to a higher hardness in the composites, which in turn enhances their wear resistance. Moreover, the hardness value increases with the rising weight percentage of reinforcements, resulting in improved wear resistance. The hard reinforcing particles, with their high strength, effectively delay crack propagation and reduce the wear rate in the composites. The addition of 2.5% (TiC/MoS₂) with 5% Si₃N₄ to ZE 41 alloy leads to an improvement in wear rate from 0.17x10⁻³ mm³/N-m to 0.12x10⁻³ mm³/N-m when subjected to low loads of 40 N and sliding speed of 3 m/s. In contrast, the magnesium alloy exhibits a higher wear rate due to its tendency to undergo significant plastic deformation during sliding. The wear rate for the ZE 41 alloy is highest at a load of 80 N and a low sliding velocity of 3 m/s, measuring 0.10x10⁻³ mm³/N-m. However, when higher reinforcement concentrations are used in the 5% (TiC/MoS₂) hybrid composites, the lowest wear rate decreases to 0.06x10⁻³ mm³/N-m. Davoodi et al.³¹ conducted wear by taking three different loads and speeds on AM 50 alloy and AM 50/TiC hybrid composites. It suggested that when the load is moderate at 40 N and the sliding velocity is medium at 3 m/s, the wear rate is reduced while increasing reinforcement particles. However, the wear rate is minimized for magnesium hybrid composites with increased weight fraction of reinforcement ratio under all conditions in this study. The uniform dispersal of reinforcements throughout the matrix enables hybrid composites to exhibit enhanced resistance to wear and tear. Alkali elements like Si and Ti within the Zn particle significantly reduce composite wear rates. The robust ceramic Si3N4 particle plays a crucial role in mitigating wear by withstanding micro-cutting forces on the pin surfaces, thereby resulting in negligible material depletion from the pin surfaces.³² Furthermore, increasing the concentration of 12.5% (TiC-MoS₂) reinforcing particles leads to a substantial decrease in material loss from the pin under dry sliding conditions. Therefore, ZE 41/5% (TiC/MoS₂)/5%Si₃N₄ hybrid composite exhibits the lowest wear rate among other composites and tends to increase material strength.

Figure 10.

Specific Wear Rate of ZE 41 alloy and Magnesium Hybrid Composites.

Microstructural and XRD analysis

The fracture surface of tensile specimens is analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The surface fracture analysis of ZE 41 alloy with varying concentrations of weight fraction of TiC/MoS₂ and constant 5 wt% of Si₃N₄ particulate hybrid composites are analyzed. Fractography examination provides valuable insights into a manufactured composite fracture. The fracture surfaces of the specimens shown in Figure 11 illustrate that all failures took place within the gauge length, confirming that the measured tensile strengths accurately reflect the hybrid composite’s properties. The agglomerates within the gauge region suggest that fractures originate in this area, forming micro-cavities at the interface. These micro-cavities facilitate the initiation and spread of fractures.³³ The ZE 41 alloy sample as shown in Figure 11(a) displays cracks of different sizes, suggesting both tensile and shear failures without any signs of brittle fracture. Examining the composite samples at higher magnification Figures 11(b)-(d) reveals smaller dimples. This dimple decreases the results of grain refinement and the addition of hard-phase reinforcing particles. The study revealed a uniform distribution particle between the reinforcement and matrix. The grain refinement process indicates heterogeneous nucleation in the matrix phase and crystallographic nature between the particle and matrix phase. It also reduces the grain size due to solidification reinforcement particles restricted to the growth of grain size in the matrix phase. The density, hardness, and tensile strength are improved due to the addition of reinforcement particles in the hybrid composites and ductility of composites decreases gradually. From the test results, the aged composite has better strength while compared to the cast composites. In addition, the 5% TiC/MoS₂ composite tends to minimize dimples and cracks on the surface and is attributed to the even dispersion of reinforcing particles within the matrix and the high degree of incorporation of 5% Si₃N₄ particles. However, upon increasing the composition to 7.5%, the fracture surfaces exhibit microcracks, with one image revealing a cleaved surface and evidence of particle-induced plowing. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into fracture mechanisms and their impact on the reliability and performance of composite materials.

Figure 11.

(a) SEM image of ZE 41 alloy, (b) ZE 41 alloy/2.5% (TiC-MoS2)/5%Si3N4, (c) ZE 41 alloy/5% (TiC-MoS₂)/5%Si₃N₄, and (d) ZE 41 alloy/7.5% (TiC-MoS₂)/5%Si₃N₄ Hybrid Composites.

The X-ray diffraction patterns of the ZE 41 alloy and the ZE 41/Si₃N₄/(TiC-MoS₂) hybrid composite are shown in Figure 12 according to the ASTM 3419-22 standards for composites. It was observed that the intensity of the Mg matrix peak decreased as mechanical alloying progressed. Additionally, the presence of hard reinforcement particles like TiC and MoS₂ led to the emergence of a new peak, suggesting a reduction in crystallite size as the reinforcement increased.³⁴ The mechanically blended composite powders exhibit distinct diffraction patterns with strong peaks detected at 36.31°, 43.07°, and 49.84° angles. Enhanced intensity levels were observed with higher concentrations of secondary phase silicon nitride particles, leading to wider full-width half maximum values of 46.78° in the 5%Si₃N₄/5% (TiC-MoS₂) hybrid composite. Analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns revealed no chemical interactions in the mechanically alloyed composite powders.

Figure 12.

XRD analysis of ZE 41 alloy and Magnesium Hybrid Composites.

Conclusion

Magnesium alloys are abundant and virtuous to the environment. They can also be used as suitable additives for composite materials, turning industrial waste into industrial wealth. The present study aims to utilize magnesium Mg-4Zn-1RE-0.7Zr as raw material, which solves the storage problem and reduces material cost, favoring industrial sectors. The conclusions are:

• The magnesium hybrid composites via the centrifugal casting process significantly exhibit better performance in mechanical and physical properties.

• The hardness value of ZE 41/5%Si₃N₄-2.5% (TiC/MoS₂) hybrid composite increases from 67 HV to 79 HV. The improvement in the microhardness is 98 HV attributed to the formation of TiC and silica nitride dispersoids, which leads to improved properties of the composite.

• Tensile strength of the ZE 41 alloy is enhanced by 36% at 5% (TiC-MoS₂) with 5% Si₃N₄ filler loading, whereas the percentage elongation was improved by about 3.41% to 5.63%, respectively.

• The highest impact strength value of 5.02 J is achieved compared to a matrix (3.19 J) due to hard silica nitride and titanium particles.

• The experimental density is increased from 2.03 g/cm³ to 2.47 g/cm³ compared to the theoretical density for all compositions. Simultaneously, porosity is reduced from 1.98% to 1.61%, attributed to the uniform distribution between the matrix and reinforcement.

• ZE 41 alloy with a 5% (TiC/MoS₂)/5% Si₃N₄ concentration of reinforcements decreases the wear from 0.016 g to 0.008 g at a load of 40N and sliding speed of 2 m/s conditions. The same conditions at a maximum load of 40 N COF values decrease from 0.49µ to 0.19µ of hybrid composite.

• The 5% (TiC/MoS₂)/5% Si₃N₄ hybrid composites exhibit the lowest wear rate decreases from 0.17 × 10⁻³ mm³/m to 0.06 × 10⁻³ mm³/m at a load of 40 N and sliding speed of 3 m/s conditions compared to ZE 41 alloy. This is due to the uniform dispersal of reinforcements throughout the matrix, which enables hybrid composites to exhibit enhanced resistance to wear and tear.

• Microstructure examination indicates reduced dimples and cracks (S₃) lead to a uniform distribution of hybrid filler particles. However, 7.5% of hybrid composites also observed scattered clusters of material embedded in the surrounding matrix.

• It is concluded that the excellent dispersion mechanism led to interfacial solid adhesion for ZE 41/5%Si₃N₄/5% (TiC-MoS₂) hybrid composite improves the mechanical characteristics widely used in aerospace sectors.

Footnotes

Author contributions

SV: Writing – Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology. BV: Original draft, Validation, Supervision. PB: Writing – review & editing, Supervision. HV and RR: Visualization, Resources, Software, validation. PP: Project Administration, Writing – review & editing, Methodology.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Prabhu Paramasivam

Data availability statement

The data is available within the manuscript.

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Assessment of mechanical and tribological behavior of Mg-4Zn-1RE-0.7Zr alloy: Novel mixture of Si 3 N 4 /TiC/MoS 2 utilizing casting technique

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and methods

Magnesium alloy

Reinforcement particles

Fabrication of magnesium hybrid composites

Mechanical properties

Hardness test

Tensile test

Impact test

Physical properties

Density

Porosity test

Results and discussion

Initial microstructure

Particle size distribution

Mechanical properties

Vickers microhardness

Tensile strength

Impact strength

Physical characteristics

Density

Porosity

Tribology analysis

Effect of varying applied loads and sliding speeds on wear loss

Effect of varying applied loads and sliding speeds on COF

Effect of reinforcements wear rate

Microstructural and XRD analysis

Conclusion

Footnotes

Author contributions

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

ORCID iD

Data availability statement

References