Foregut surgeons will encounter gastroparesis in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and prior gastresophageal operations. Clues in the history and diagnostic studies at first consultation will inform surgical decision making. Stepwise progression through multiple treatments may be required for patients to achieve symptom relief from post-surgical gastroparesis. Endoscopic pyloromyotomy and robotic-assisted pyloroplasty are safe, effective and definitive procedures for post-surgical gastroparesis.
VijayvargiyaPJameie-OskooeiSCamilleriMChedidVErwinPJMuradMH. Association between delayed gastric emptying and upper gastrointestinal symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2019;68(5):804-813. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316405
2.
QuarteroAOde WitNJLodderACNumansMESmoutAJHoesAW. Disturbed solid-phase gastric emptying in functional dyspepsia: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43(9):2028-2033. doi:10.1023/A:1018803129779
3.
PasrichaPJGroverMYatesKP, et al. Functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis in tertiary care are interchangeable syndromes with common clinical and pathologic features. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(6):2006-2017. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.01.230
4.
ReyEChoungRSSchleckCDZinsmeisterARTalleyNJLockeGR3rd. Prevalence of hidden gastroparesis in the community: the gastroparesis “Iceberg”. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012;18(1):34-42. doi:10.5056/jnm.2012.18.1.34
5.
DilmaghaniSZhengTCamilleriM. Epidemiology and healthcare utilization in patients with gastroparesis: a systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Published online July 20, 2022. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2022.07.011
6.
KhajancheeYSDunstCMSwanstromLL. Outcomes of Nissen fundoplication in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and delayed gastric emptying. Arch Surg. 2009;144(9):823-828. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2009.160
7.
JehangirAParkmanHP. Reflux symptoms in gastroparesis: correlation with gastroparesis symptoms, gastric emptying, and esophageal function testing. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2020;54(5):428-438. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000001190
8.
AyaziSTamhankarADeMeesterSR, et al. The impact of gastric distension on the lower esophageal sphincter and its exposure to acid gastric juice. Ann Surg. 2010;252(1):57-62. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181e3e411
9.
TriadafilopoulosGNguyenLClarkeJO. Patients with symptoms of delayed gastric emptying have a high prevalence of oesophageal dysmotility, irrespective of scintigraphic evidence of gastroparesis. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2017;4(1):e000169. doi:10.1136/bmjgast-2017-000169
10.
YolsuriyanwongKMarcotteEVenuMChandB. Impact of vagus nerve integrity testing on surgical management in patients with previous operations with potential risk of vagal injury. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(8):2620-2628. doi:10.1007/s00464-018-6562-9
11.
LevinAALevineMSRubesinSELauferI. An 8-year review of barium studies in the diagnosis of gastroparesis. Clin Radiol. 2008;63(4):407-414. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2007.10.007
12.
AbellTLCamilleriMDonohoeK, et al. Consensus recommendations for gastric emptying scintigraphy: a joint report of the American neurogastroenterology and motility society and the society of nuclear medicine. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(3):753-763. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01636.x
13.
ShihWJMilanPP. Gastric-emptying scintigraphy of type III hiatal hernia: a case report. J Nucl Med Technol. 2005;33(2):83-85.
14.
ParkmanHP. Assessment of gastric emptying and small-bowel motility: scintigraphy, breath tests, manometry, and smartpill. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2009;19(1):49-55. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2008.12.003
15.
BaisJESamsomMBoudesteijnEAvan RijkPPAkkermansLMGooszenHG. Impact of delayed gastric emptying on the outcome of antireflux surgery. Ann Surg. 2001;234(2):139-146. doi:10.1097/00000658-200108000-00002
16.
LindeboomMYRingersJvan RijnPJNeijenhuisPStokkelMPMascleeAA. Gastric emptying and vagus nerve function after laparoscopic partial fundoplication. Ann Surg. 2004;240(5):785-790. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000143124.30911.0f
17.
FarrellTMRichardsonWSHalkarR, et al. Nissen fundoplication improves gastric motility in patients with delayed gastric emptying. Surg Endosc. 2001;15(3):271-274. doi:10.1007/s004640000365
18.
ShadaALDunstCMPescarusR, et al. Laparoscopic pyloroplasty is a safe and effective first-line surgical therapy for refractory gastroparesis. Surg Endosc. 2016;30(4):1326-1332. doi:10.1007/s00464-015-4385-5
19.
SkellengerMEJordanPHJr.Complications of vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Surg Clin N Am. 1983;63(6):1167-1180. doi:10.1016/S0039-6109(16)43180-4
20.
ToroJPLytleNWPatelAD, et al. Efficacy of laparoscopic pyloroplasty for the treatment of gastroparesis. J Am Coll Surg. 2014;218(4):652-660. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.12.024
21.
HeSJiaYXuF, et al. Transient delayed gastric emptying following laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2021;406(5):1397-1405. doi:10.1007/s00423-021-02156-2
22.
TogCLiuDSLimHK, et al. Risk factors for delayed gastric emptying following laparoscopic repair of very large hiatus hernias. BJS Open. 2017;1(3):75-83. doi:10.1002/bjs5.11
23.
LuDAltieriMSYangJ, et al. Investigating rates of reoperation or postsurgical gastroparesis following fundoplication or paraesophageal hernia repair in New York State. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(9):2886-2894. doi:10.1007/s00464-018-6588-z
24.
van RijnSRinsmaNFvan Herwaarden-LindeboomMYA, et al. Effect of vagus nerve integrity on short and long-term efficacy of antireflux surgery. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(4):508-515. doi:10.1038/ajg.2016.42
25.
HamrickMCDavisSSChiruvellaA, et al. Incidence of delayed gastric emptying associated with revisional laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17(2):213-217. doi:10.1007/s11605-012-1989-0
26.
LehmannSFerrieSCareyS. Nutrition management in patients with chronic gastrointestinal motility disorders: a systematic literature review. Nutr Clin Pract. 2020;35(2):219-230. doi:10.1002/ncp.10273
27.
CamilleriMKuoBNguyenL, et al. ACG clinical guideline: gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(8):1197-1220. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001874
OuLBMorielloCDourosAFilionKB. Domperidone and the risks of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;87(10):3649-3658. doi:10.1111/bcp.14737
30.
MekaroonkamolPTiankanonKRerknimitrR. A new paradigm shift in gastroparesis management. Gut Liver. 2022;16(6):825-839. doi:10.5009/gnl210309
31.
TackJJanssenPMasaokaTFarréRVan OudenhoveL. Efficacy of buspirone, a fundus-relaxing drug, in patients with functional dyspepsia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(11):1239-1245. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.06.036
32.
MalamoodMRobertsAKatariaRParkmanHPScheyR. Mirtazapine for symptom control in refractory gastroparesis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:1035-1041. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S125743
33.
ShadaANielsenAMarowskiS, et al. Wisconsin’s Enterra Therapy Experience: a multi-institutional review of gastric electrical stimulation for medically refractory gastroparesis. Surgery. 2018;164(4):760-765. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2018.04.043
34.
ZollBJehangirAEdwardsMA, et al. Surgical treatment for refractory gastroparesis: stimulator, pyloric surgery, or both?J Gastrointest Surg. 2020;24(10):2204-2211. doi:10.1007/s11605-019-04391-x
35.
DucrottePCoffinBBonazB, et al. Gastric electrical stimulation reduces refractory vomiting in a randomized crossover trial. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(3):506-514.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.10.018
36.
KellerDSParkmanHPBoucekDO, et al. Surgical outcomes after gastric electric stimulator placement for refractory gastroparesis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17(4):620-626. doi:10.1007/s11605-013-2147-z
37.
MusunuruSBeversteinGGouldJ. Preoperative predictors of significant symptomatic response after 1 year of gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis. World J Surg. 2010;34(8):1853-1858. doi:10.1007/s00268-010-0586-1
38.
KhashabMABesharatiSNgamruengphongS, et al. Refractory gastroparesis can be successfully managed with endoscopic transpyloric stent placement and fixation (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;82(6):1106-1109. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2015.06.051
39.
PasrichaTSPasrichaPJ. Botulinum toxin injection for treatment of gastroparesis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2019;29(1):97-106. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2018.08.007
40.
UklejaATandonKShahKAlvarezA. Endoscopic botox injections in therapy of refractory gastroparesis. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;7(8):790-798. doi:10.4253/wjge.v7.i8.790
41.
ReddymasuSCSinghSSankulaRLavenbargTAOlyaeeMMcCallumRW. Endoscopic pyloric injection of Botulinum Toxin-A for the treatment of postvagotomy gastroparesis. Am J Med Sci. 2009;337(3):161-164. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318182ee33
42.
GilsdorfDVolckmannEBrickleyATaylorLJGlasgowREFangJ. Pyloroplasty offers relief of postfundoplication gastroparesis in patients who improved after botulinum toxin injection. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech. 2017;27(11):1180-1184. doi:10.1089/lap.2017.0099
43.
BhutaniMSEjazSCazacuIM, et al. Endoscopic intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection with pyloric balloon dilation for symptoms of delayed gastric emptying after distal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: a 10-year experience. Cancers. 2022;14(23):5743. doi:10.3390/cancers14235743
44.
Hernández MondragónOVContrerasLFGVelascoGBPinedaOMSCarrilloDMCPerezEM. Gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy outcomes after 4 years of follow-up in a large cohort of patients with refractory gastroparesis (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2022;96(3):487-499. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2022.03.025
45.
LiPMaBGongSZhangXLiW. Gastric per-Oral endoscopic myotomy for refractory gastroparesis: a meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2021;25(5):1108-1116. doi:10.1007/s11605-020-04520-x
46.
GargRMohanBPAggarwalM, et al. Peroral pyloromytomy is effective and safe for postsurgical gastroparesis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2020;24(6):1417-1420. doi:10.1007/s11605-020-04558-x
47.
IchkhanianYVosoughiKAghaie MeybodiM, et al. Correction to: Comprehensive Analysis of adverse events associated with gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy: an international multicenter study. Surg Endosc. 2021;35(4):1765-1764. doi:10.1007/s00464-020-07651-z
48.
ManciniSAAngeloJLPecklerZPhilpFHFarahKF. Pyloroplasty for refractory gastroparesis. Am Surg. 2015;81(7):738-746.
49.
ClappJHGaskinsJTKehdyFJ. [S156] comparing outcomes of per-oral pyloromyotomy and robotic pyloroplasty for the treatment of gastroparesis. Surg Endosc. Published online July 28, 2022. doi:10.1007/s00464-022-09437-x
50.
PioppoLRejaDGaidhaneM, et al. Gastric per-oral endoscopic myotomy versus pyloromyotomy for gastroparesis: an international comparative study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;36(11):3177-3182. doi:10.1111/jgh.15599
51.
LandreneauJPStrongATEl-HayekK, et al. Laparoscopic pyloroplasty versus endoscopic per-oral pyloromyotomy for the treatment of gastroparesis. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(3):773-781. doi:10.1007/s00464-018-6342-6
52.
MittalSKLégnerATsuboiKJuhaszABathlaLLeeTH. Roux-en-Y reconstruction is superior to redo fundoplication in a subset of patients with failed antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2013;27(3):927-935. doi:10.1007/s00464-012-2537-4
53.
RobertsonJPVan der WallHFalkGL. Failed fundoplication with delayed gastric emptying: efficacy of subtotal gastrectomy. ANZ J Surg. 2022;92(4):764-768. doi:10.1111/ans.17460
