Hiatal hernia is a common malady and an important contributor to the pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Hiatal herniation is thought to result from any of several causes including transdiaphragmatic pressure gradients; congenital or acquired abnormalities in the cellular structure, biochemical composition, or geometry of the hiatus; or esophageal shortening due to fibrosis. Since no single theory explains the development of a hiatal hernia in all cases, or the reasons behind progression of some and not others, the pathogenesis of hiatal herniation likely is multifactorial and varies between individuals. A comprehension of the factors leading to hiatal hernia formation is important to their prevention and correction as well as to an understanding of the pathogenesis of GERD.
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