Much prior research has emphasized the importance of financial deregulation in encouraging crime by financial institutions. While the loosening of regulations is certainly a central factor, another significant element is the guardrail of bailouts. They protect negligent and even rule-breaking corporate officers who take on excessive risk. Bailouts, in fact, operate to enable decision-making, which would ordinarily lean toward risk-aversion, to be more risk-seeking.
AstebroT.HerzH.NandaR.WeberR. A. (2014). Seeking the roots of entrepreneurship: Insights from behavioral economics. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(3), 49–70. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.3.49
BellahR. N.MadsenR.SullivanW. M.SwidlerA.TiptonS. M. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. University of California Press.
7.
BishopJ. D. (1995). Adam Smith’s invisible hand argument. Journal of Business Ethics, 14(3), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00881431
8.
BlackW. K. (2005). The best way to rob a bank is to own one: How corporate executives and politicians looted the S&L industry. University of Texas Press.
Federal Reserve Board, (1998). Testimony of chairman Alan Greenspan before the house banking and financial service committee: private-sector refinancing of the large hedge fund, long-term capital management, oct. 1, 1998.
19.
GarrettB. L. (2014). Too big to fail: How prosecutors compromise with corporations. Belknap Press.
20.
GeisG. (2007). White-collar and corporate crime. Pearson Prentice Hall.
GirlaL.RubJ. (2017). Correlation between risk-taking and risk-averting behavior during white-collar crime perpetrating: Empirical findings for Moldova and Israel. Studia Universitatis, 8.
23.
GoldsteinM.FlitterE. (2023). Risky bet on crypto and a run on deposits tank signature bank. New York Times.
24.
GottfredsonM. R.HirschiT. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford University Press.
25.
GraboskyP.ShoverN. (2010). Forestalling the next epidemic of white-collar crime: Linking policy to theory. Criminology & Public Policy, 9(3), 641–654. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2010.00658.x
26.
HochstetlerA.MackeyW. (2016). The pool of potential white-collar criminals: Whence? In Van SlykeS. R.BensonM. L.CullenF. T. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of white-collar crime (149-167). Oxford University Press.
JohnsonS.KwakJ. (2010). 13 bankers: The wall street takeover and the next financial meltdown. Pantheon Books.
29.
JungerM.DekovicM. (2003). Crime as risk-taking: Co-occurrence of delinquent behavior, health-endangering behaviors, and problem behaviors. In BrittC. L.GotfredsonM. R. (Eds.), Control theories of crime and delinquency (214-246). Routledge.
30.
KahnemanD. (2011). Thinking fast and slow. Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
31.
KahnemanD.TverskyA. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
32.
MadensenT. D. (2016). Opportunities for white-collar crime. In Van SlykeS. R.BensonM. L.CullenF. T. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of white-collar crime (382-420). Oxford University Press.
33.
McStravickD. (2020). Deferred prosecution agreements and the restorative justice paradigm: Justice restored or corporate cop out? In RyderN.PasculliL. (Eds.), Corruption, integrity and the law (pp. 113–126). Routledge.
O’MalleyP. (2010). Crime and risk. Sage Publications.
37.
PackinN. G. (2013). It’s (not) all about the money: Using behavioral economics to improve regulation of risk management in financial institutions. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law, 15(2), 419–482. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jbl/vol15/iss2/3/
RyderN. (2018). Too scared to prosecute and too scared to jail?’: A critical and comparative analysis of enforcement of financial crime legislation against corporations in the USA and the UK. Journal of Criminal Law, 82(3), 245–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022018318773209
42.
Schell-BuseyN.SimpsonS. S.RorieM.Alper. (2016). What works? A systematic review of corporate crime deterrence. Criminology & Public Policy, 15(2), 387–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12195
43.
ShapiraZ. (1995). Risk taking: A managerial perspective. Russell Sage Foundation.
44.
ShichorD.HeerenJ. W. (2021). Reflecting on corporate crime and control: The Wells Fargo banking Saga. Journal of White Collar and Corporate Crime, 2(2), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/2631309X20971265
45.
ShoemakerP. H. (1993). Determinants of risk-taking: Behavioral and economic views. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 6, 49–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01065350
WilsonG.WilsonS. (2018). Is ‘this time’ really ‘different’? Reflections on ‘risk’ in financial impropriety and criminal liability past and present in looking to the future. In RyderN. (Ed.), White collar crime and risk: Financial crime, corruption and the financial crisis (pp. 255–282). Palgrave Macmillan.
52.
WisemanR. M.Gomez-MejiaL. R. (1998). A behavioral model of managerial risk taking. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 133–153. https://doi.org/10.2307/259103
53.
WollC. (2014). The power of inaction: Bank bailouts in comparison. Cornell University Press.
54.
WoodP. B.PfefferbaumB.ArneklevB. J. (1993). Risk-taking and self-control: Social psychological correlates of delinquency. Journal of Crime and Justice, 16(1), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.1993.9721481