Assessing Enabling Environment and Challenges for Deploying Climate Technologies in Energy Sector for India

Abstract

This study examines the enabling environment and challenges for deploying climate technologies in India’s energy sector, responsible for over 70% of the country’s greenhouse gas emissions. It identifies key enablers, barriers, and strategies to accelerate the adoption of renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) technologies, supporting India’s commitments under the Paris Agreement. The research employs a barrier-enabler framework rooted in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology for technology transfer. Data sources include India’s Nationally Determined Contributions, Global Environment Facility reports, and sectoral assessments. Analytical techniques such as comparative analysis and secondary data of stakeholder consultations are used to evaluate the financial, regulatory, institutional, and technological dimensions influencing climate technology deployment. Key enablers include enhanced research and development (R&D), innovative financial instruments like green bonds, and strong regulatory frameworks. However, significant barriers persist, such as limited access to finance, regulatory inefficiencies, insufficient capacity building, and high costs of adapting global technologies to local conditions. Drawing on global examples from China and Germany, the study underscores the importance of state support, public–private partnerships, and targeted incentives. Policy recommendations include state-specific feed-in tariffs, dynamic Renewable Purchase Obligations, capacity-building programs, and collaborative licensing models to address intellectual property barriers. Enhanced financial mechanisms and international partnerships for R&D are critical for scaling clean technologies. By fostering an enabling environment, India can drive its low-carbon transition, strengthen its energy security, and contribute meaningfully to global climate goals. The study integrates global best practices with tailored solutions for India’s unique context.