Outcomes of Combined Proximal Medial Gastrocnemius Release and Achilles Tendon Debridement and Reinsertion for Calcified Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy

Abstract

Background:

Gastrocnemius tightness has been implicated in the pathogenesis of calcified insertional Achilles tendinopathy (IAT), Haglund deformity, and Achilles intratendinous calcifications (IC). The aims of this study were to determine long-term clinical and radiographic results of combined proximal medial gastrocnemius release (PMGR) and Achilles tendon debridement and reattachment (ATDR) for patients presenting with symptomatic calcified IAT.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort study was performed in order to determine clinical and radiographic outcomes of PMGR and ATDR for patients presenting with symptomatic calcified IAT, at a minimum follow-up of 30 months. Patient satisfaction was assessed at last available follow-up as very satisfied, satisfied, and unsatisfied. Clinical assessment was performed evaluating preoperative and last available follow-up visual analog scale for pain (VAS-P) and the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). Radiographic evaluation included Fowler-Phillip angle, calcification length, calcification width, and presence of Achilles IC, measured on standard weightbearing lateral calibrated radiograph of the foot preoperatively and last available follow-up evaluation for each patient.

Results:

The mean follow-up was 46 (range, 30-72) months. We registered 45 “very satisfied” patients (84.91%), 6 “satisfied” patients (11.32%), and 2 “unsatisfied” patients (3.77%), as well as statistically significant improvement on both clinical scores tested. We found statistically significant differences between the initial evaluation and last available follow-up on all radiographic measurements. There was no significant radiographic recurrence of calcified IAT, whereas minor Achilles intratendinous calcifications were found in 10 patients (18.87%).

Conclusion:

Combined PMGR and ATDR provides significant clinical and radiographic improvement for patients presenting with symptomatic calcified IAT and, although not preventing radiographic recurrence of minor Achilles IC, may reduce the rate of radiographic recurrence of calcified IAT, though the lack of a control group limits causal inference.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective cohort study.

Keywords

Calcified insertional Achilles tendinopathy proximal medial gastrocnemius release Achilles tendon debridement and reinsertion

Introduction

Chronic insertional Achilles tendinopathy (IAT) is a debilitating condition, leading to progressive pain, swelling and tenderness around the Achilles tendon insertion to the posterior calcaneus, and can frequently be associated with Haglund deformity and Achilles intratendinous calcifications (IC).^6,14
–16 Gastrocnemius tightness, which can be clinically assessed by the Silfverskiöld test, has been implicated in IAT pathogenesis, together with extrinsic or intrinsic factors as excessive loading of the Achilles tendon, progressive aging and systemic conditions as obesity, dyslipidemia, or hypertension.^{4,7,18
–20,22}

Proximal medial gastrocnemius release (PMGR) is probably the least invasive option when considering triceps surae lengthening procedures and has been proven as a useful procedure in recalcitrant Achilles tendinopathy.^1,2,10,13 Instead, when dealing with symptomatic calcified IAT, Haglund deformity, and Achilles IC, there is a relative consensus on complete tendon debridement, calcaneal exostectomy, removal of the calcification and tendon reinsertion through a central splitting approach of the Achilles tendon, which can be abridged to Achilles tendon debridement and reinsertion (ATDR).^{5,8,9,12,17,21,23} ATDR was found to be clinically effective, although radiographic recurrence rates of calcified IAT range between 21% and 50% on previous reports.^8,17

The aims of this study were to determine long-term clinical and radiographic results of combined PMGR and ATDR for patients presenting with symptomatic calcified IAT, as well as its possible effect on recurrence of calcified IAT. We hypothesized that this technique would demonstrate and maintain improvement in clinical and radiographic parameters in the long term, particularly by acting on gastrocnemius tightness and this way preventing the recurrence of calcified IAT.

Materials and Methods

Study Design

A retrospective cohort study analyzing clinical and radiographic results of a consecutive series of patients presenting with symptomatic calcified IAT who underwent combined PMGR and ATDR between January 2017 and May 2022 was carried out at the first author’s institution. The protocol was in accordance with the ethical standards of the first author’s institutional Ethics Committee, as well as with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients enrolled. Demographic data was collected, including gender, laterality and age (Table 1). The minimum follow-up was 30 months.

Table 1.

Patient Demographics.

Variable	Value
No. of patients	51
No. of operated feet	53
Gender, n
Female	40
Male	11
Laterality, n
Right	27
Left	26
Age, y, mean ± SD (range)	56 ± 7 (28-73)
Follow-up, mo, mean ± SD (range)	46 ± 10 (30-72)

Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients presenting with pain, swelling, and tenderness around the Achilles tendon insertion to the posterior heel, as well as a positive Silfverskiöld test, demonstrating gastrocnemius tightness^4,20; (2) patients with radiographic criteria for calcified IAT^6,16; and (3) patients who had previously received conservative treatment with eccentric exercises, physical therapy, and analgesic medication for at least 6 months without subjective pain relief.

Exclusion criteria included patients with previous surgery or requiring concomitant surgical procedures of the foot or ankle, neuromuscular disease, peripheral vascular disease, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and acute infection. All patients without pre- and postoperative calibrated radiographs were also excluded.

Clinical Analysis

Patient satisfaction was assessed at last available follow-up as very satisfied, satisfied, and unsatisfied. Clinical assessment was performed evaluating preoperative and last available follow-up visual analog scale for pain (VAS-P) and the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS).^3,11 All clinical questionnaires were administered by 2 of the coauthors and 2 independent research associates.

Assessment of potential complications was performed, including wound healing problems, revision surgery, neurovascular damage, or thromboembolic event.

Radiographic Analysis

Standard weightbearing anteroposterior, lateral, and long axial view calibrated radiographs of the foot and ankle were taken preoperatively and last available follow-up evaluation available for each patient. Radiographic evaluation included Fowler-Phillip angle, calcification length, calcification width, and presence of Achilles IC, measured on standard weightbearing lateral calibrated radiograph of the foot preoperatively and last available follow-up evaluation for each patient (Figure 1).^6,16 All radiographs were evaluated by 2 of the coauthors and 2 independent research associates.

Figure 1.

Standard weightbearing lateral radiographs demonstrating a left foot calcified insertional Achilles tendinosis. (A) Calcification length of 19.57 mm. (B) Calcification width of 11.43 mm. (C and D) Progression of the Fowler-Phillip angle from preoperative 65 to 47 degrees at the last available follow-up evaluation.

Operative Technique

A combination of spinal anesthesia and popliteal sciatic nerve block was used. Patients were placed in prone position with a sandbag under the contralateral hip to allow internal rotation of the operated leg. The ankle joint was left free at the end of the table and the operated leg was placed over a pad in order to relax the gastrocnemius and to allow full dorsiflexion of the ankle joint. After exsanguination with an Esmarch bandage, a tight tourniquet was placed.

PMGR was performed first. A posteromedial incision of approximately 3 cm was performed around 1 cm distal to the posterior knee crease. After retraction of the subcutaneous fat, the crural fascia was sectioned in line with the incision and the proximal insertion of the medial gastrocnemius was identified. After cutting all the white fibers, the ankle was forced into full dorsiflexion, allowing for complete lengthening of the muscle fibers.

Subsequently, a longitudinal incision was made over the Achilles tendon, starting 2 cm proximal to its insertion and extending around 4 cm over the posterior calcaneus. After performing a full-thickness incision centered on the Achilles tendon, a small surgical retractor was placed (Figure 2A). The calcaneus was then exposed by gently stripping the medial and lateral lips of the Achilles tendon insertion. All the intratendinous calcifications were carefully excised and a complete debridement of the unhealthy tendon was performed, with care not to exceed 50% of the tendon width. Subsequently, a calcaneal exostectomy was performed using a combination of microsagittal saw, osteotomes, and rongeurs in a controlled manner (Figure 2B). Finally, we reinserted the Achilles tendon on the posterocentral calcaneus using a 3.5-mm titanium suture anchor (Figure 2C). After stepwise wound closure and placement of adequate surgical dressings, a walking boot was applied with the ankle in a neutral position.

Figure 2.

The central tendon-splitting approach for left foot calcified insertional Achilles tendinosis. (A) Placement of small retractor, after full-thickness longitudinal incision of the Achilles tendon. (B) Performing calcaneal exostectomy with a microsagittal saw and removing intratendinous calcifications with rongeur. (C) Placing a 3.5-mm titanium suture anchor on the posterocentral calcaneus.

Postoperative Regimen and Follow-Up

All patients were discharged the day after surgery. Analgesic medication and anticoagulation were prescribed for 2 weeks. After a period of partial weightbearing with walking boot and crutches for 6 weeks, if significant clinical improvement was observed, together with radiographic evidence of correct placement of the suture anchor, patients were allowed to remove the walking boot, gradually increase weightbearing on the operated foot, and start physiotherapy. We proceeded with clinical and radiographic evaluation at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and then on scheduled annual appointments.

Statistical Analysis

Data analysis and statistical tests were performed using GraphPad Prism, version 10.0.0 for Windows (GraphPad Software, Boston, MA). Results were presented as mean ± SD. Wilcoxon matched pairs was used to compare preoperative and last available follow-up clinical scores (VAS and FAOS), Fowler-Philip angle, calcification length, and calcification width measurements. A P value under .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Patient Demographics

Demographic data are depicted on Table 1. The mean follow-up was 46 (range, 30-72) months. No patient was lost during follow-up.

Clinical Outcomes

We registered 45 very satisfied patients (84.91%), 6 satisfied patients (11.32%), and 2 unsatisfied patients (3.77%), as well as statistically significant improvement on both clinical scores tested (P < .05) (Table 2). We found statistically significant differences between the last follow-up and the initial evaluation on all clinical scores (P < .0001) (Table 2). VAS-P score progressed from 8.77 ± 1.10 (range, 7-10) preoperatively to 1.40 ± 1.39 (range, 0-6) at last follow-up (P = .011). FAOS score progressed from 42.98 ± 8.95 (range, 28-64) preoperatively to 85.66 ± 6.24 (range, 68-96) at last follow-up (P < .0001).

Table 2.

Comparison Between Preoperative and Last Available Follow-Up Clinical Scores.

	Preoperative			Postoperative			Change		P Value
Scores	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD	P Value
VAS	8.774	1.103	7-10	1.396	1.391	0-6	−7.377	1.778	<.0001
FAOS	42.98	8.954	28-64	85.66	6.239	68-96	+ 42.68	10.76	<.0001

Abbreviations: FAOS, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score; VAS-P, visual analog scale for pain.

Radiographic Outcomes

We found statistically significant differences between the initial evaluation and last available follow-up on all radiographic measurements (Table 3). There was no significant radiographic recurrence of calcified IAT. We found recurrence of minor Achilles IC on 10 patients (18.87%) (Figure 3). The differences between the measurements made by the different authors and independent research associates were not statistically significant.

Table 3.

Comparison Between Preoperative and Last Available Follow-Up Radiographic Evaluation.

	Preoperative			Postoperative
Measurements	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD	Range	P Value
Fowler-Philip angle (degrees)	63.55	7.980	43-84	36.26	11.17	14-63	<.0001
Calcification length (mm)	10.84	3.317	5.40-22.87	0.3579	1.282	0-6.04	<.0001
Calcification width (mm)	7.115	1.857	3.85-11.43	0.3823	1.366	0-6.11	<.0001

Figure 3.

Standard weightbearing lateral radiographs depicting right foot calcified insertional Achilles tendinosis. (A) White arrow pointing to preoperative minor Achilles intradeninous calcification. (B) Short-term follow-up evaluation demonstrating complete removal of Achilles intratendinous calcification and large insertional calcification. (C) White arrow pointing to more considerable Achilles intratendinous calcification at 42-month postoperative follow-up evaluation.

Complications

During follow-up, we registered 3 cases (5.67%) of superficial wound dehiscence, 2 concerning the PMGR (3.77%), and 1 the ATDR (1.89%), all healing with local wound care. One patient (1.89%) required revision surgery, due to local irritation caused by suture threads originating from the suture anchor. After removal of the suture anchor, the symptoms resolved. Another patient (1.89%) presented with radiographic signs of extrusion of the suture anchor 6 weeks postoperatively. Magnetic resonance evaluation revealed no tendon discontinuity, the Thompson test was normal and the patient asymptomatic, so no revision surgery was necessary. We also registered 1 case (1.89%) of deep vein thrombosis. There was no case of deep infection or neurovascular damage.

Discussion

The essential findings of this study were that the combination of PMGR and ATDR was associated with statistically significant clinical and radiographic improvement. Although we observed low recurrence rates of calcified IAT, the retrospective nature of the study without a comparison group limits our ability to attribute this outcome directly to the addition of PMGR.

Gastrocnemius recession, defined as the release of the proximal, middle, or distal aspect of the muscle tendon unit has proven to be effective on patients presenting with IAT.^7,18,22 The rationale behind PMGR was initially described by Barouk and Barouk,^1,2 as this surgical approach proved to be less invasive and safer when comparing to traditional gastrocnemius recession procedures. Gurdezi et al¹⁰ compared the clinical results of PMGR on patients presenting with IAT and noninsertional Achilles tendinosis, at an average 2.5-year follow-up. Despite reporting clinical improvement in both groups, the 4 patients included in the IAT group did not reach statistical significance and, quite notably, all patients went on to have revision surgery in order to perform ATDR or calcaneal exostectomy. There was also 1 case of deep vein thrombosis and 1 hypertrophied scar. Looking at our series, we listed 2 patients with superficial wound dehiscence (3.77%) involving PMGR, both healing with local wound care without need of antibiotic therapy. A relevant finding from our study is the absence of neurologic complications, a complication frequently reported on more distal gastrocnemius lengthening procedures.^19,22

We registered 45 very satisfied patients (84.91%), 6 satisfied patients (11.32%), and 2 unsatisfied patients (3.77%), as well as statistically significant improvement on both clinical scores tested (P < .05) (Table 2). One patient (1.89%) reported dissatisfaction due to persistent scar pain over the ADTR incision, which only bothered him while working with safety footwear. The second unsatisfied patient (1.89%) required revision surgery, because of local irritation caused by suture threads originating from the suture anchor. After removal of the suture anchor, the symptoms resolved. This rare hardware-related complication has also been reported with knotless suture anchors in prior studies.^5,8,21 Ettinger et al⁵ reviewed 40 patients who were surgically treated with ATDR for symptomatic IAT and reported an overall statistically significant improvement on AOFAS and FAOS scores, at a mean follow-up of 15.6 ± 3.7 (range, 12-27) months. Tay et al²³ reported on 75 cases of ATDR for IAT, with continued improvement 2 years postoperatively, as the mean preoperative VAS-P score improved from 6.73 to 0.55 at final follow-up. A recent study by Stumpner et al²¹ found excellent functional results and high patient satisfaction regarding postoperative sports ability on 25 patients presenting with IAT who underwent ATDR, with a minimum follow-up of 28.3 months, with only 1 patient (4%) reporting scar pain.

In terms of radiographic evaluation, there was nearly complete disappearance of calcified IAT, with mean postoperative calcification length of 0.36 mm and calcification width of 0.38 mm (Table 3). We found recurrence of minor Achilles IC on 10 patients (18.87%), but quite notably without any clinical influence, as all these patients were part of the very satisfied group (Figure 3). Greiner et al,⁸ who performed ATDR on 42 patients presenting with symptomatic calcified IAT, found recurrence of Achilles calcifications (either intratendinous or insertional) on lateral radiograph on 30 patients (71.4%), at a mean follow-up of 32.8 (range 18-52) months. Perhaps more interestingly, they found recurrence of distal insertional Achilles calcifications on 13 patients (20.9%), a finding virtually absent from our series. Nunley et al¹⁷ described a 50% recurrence rate (11 of 22 patients) of Achilles calcifications on the longest follow-up available (mean 7 years) on radiographic results of ATDR for calcified IAT. Our findings raise the obvious question if adding the PMGR to ATDR contributed to the lower recurrence rate of calcifications observed in our cohort. However, a comparative study is needed to determine this. There was also statistically significant improvement regarding the Fowler-Philip angle, reflecting additional radiographic improvement on Haglund deformity, which is quite often found on patients presenting with calcified IAT (Table 3). Güler et al⁹ reported a similar statistically significant Fowler-Philip angle improvement from 55 ± 6 preoperatively to 32 ± 3 on 27 patients presenting with Haglund deformity, at a mean follow-up of 30 (range, 21-39) months. Ma et al¹² compared Haglund resection vs nonresection for patients presenting with calcified IAT and undergoing surgical treatment with ATDR and, at a minimum follow-up of 24 months, reported greater improvement on Fowler-Philip angle on the Haglund resection group, decreasing from 55.55 ± 12.34 (range, 43-84) preoperatively to 44.52 ± 10.24 at the latest follow-up.

Limitations to our study include the retrospective study design and a limited mean follow-up of 46 months. Additionally, the lack of a control group precludes direct attribution of clinical or radiographic outcomes specifically to the addition of PMGR. The strengths include using patient-reported outcomes, as well as clinical and radiographic evaluation completed by 2 of the coauthors and 2 independent research associates.

Conclusion

Combined PMGR and ATDR provides significant clinical and radiographic improvement for patients presenting with symptomatic calcified IAT and, although not preventing radiographic recurrence of minor Achilles IC, was associated with low recurrence of calcified IAT, in our cohort, although causality cannot be established in this retrospective case series.

Supplemental Material

sj-pdf-1-fao-10.1177_24730114251348194 – Supplemental material for Outcomes of Combined Proximal Medial Gastrocnemius Release and Achilles Tendon Debridement and Reinsertion for Calcified Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-fao-10.1177_24730114251348194 for Outcomes of Combined Proximal Medial Gastrocnemius Release and Achilles Tendon Debridement and Reinsertion for Calcified Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy by Daniel Saraiva, Markus Knupp, Daniel Freitas, André Sá Rodrigues, Tiago Pato, José Tulha, Tiago Mota Gomes and Xavier Martín Oliva in Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics

Footnotes

Ethical Approval

This study methodology is in accordance with the ethical standards of the first author’s institutional Ethics Committee, as well as with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Disclosure forms for all authors are available online.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Patient Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

ORCID iDs

Daniel Saraiva, MD, PhD

Markus Knupp, MD

Daniel Freitas, MD

Tiago Pato, MD

José Tulha, MD

Tiago Mota Gomes, MD, PhD

Xavier Martín Oliva, MD, PhD

References

Barouk

Hallux valgus et gastrocnémiens courts: étude de deux séries cliniques. Brièveté des gastrocnémiens. Montpellier (France): Sauramps; 2012:265-268.

Barouk

Comparaison de deux types de liberation proximale des gastrocnémiens medial et latéral, versus gastrocnémien medial isolé. Med Chir Pied. 2006;22:256.

Collins

Moore

Mcquay

HJ.

The Visual Analogue Pain Intensity Scale: what is moderate pain in millimetres?

Pain. 1997;72(1-2):95-97.

DiGiovanni

Kuo

Tejwani

Isolated gastrocnemius tightness. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84(6):962-970. doi:10.2106/00004623-200206000-00010

Ettinger

Razzaq

Waizy

Operative treatment of the insertional Achilles tendinopathy through a transtendinous approach. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37(3):288-293. doi:10.1177/1071100715609921

Fowler

Philip

JF.

Abnormality of the calcaneus as a cause of painful heel: its diagnosis and operative treatment. J Br Surg. 1945;32(128):494-498. doi:10.1002/bjs.18003212812

Gentchos

Bohay

Anderson

JG.

Gastrocnemius recession as treatment for refractory Achilles tendinopathy: a case report. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29(6):620-623. doi:10.3113/FAI.2008.0620

Greiner

Trnka

Chraim

Neunteufel

Bock

Clinical and radiological outcomes of operative therapy in insertional Achilles tendinopathy with debridement and double-row refixation. Foot Ankle Int. 2021;42(9):1115-1120. doi:10.1177/10711007211002814

Güler

Birinci

Hakyemez

ÖS.

Achilles tendon-splitting approach and double-row suture anchor repair for Haglund syndrome. Foot Ankle Surg. 2021;27(4):421-426. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2020.05.009

10.

Gurdezi

Kohls-Gatzoulis

Solan

MC.

Results of proximal medial gastrocnemius release for Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34(10):1364-1369. doi:10.1177/1071100713488763

11.

Hunt

Lakey

Patient-reported outcomes in foot and ankle surgery. Orthop Clin North Am. 2017;49(2):277-289. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2017.11.014

12.

Chang

Gong

Haglund resection versus Haglund non-resection for calcific insertional Achilles tendinopathy with Haglund deformity: a retrospective study. Foot Ankle Surg. 2024;30(5):432-439. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2024.03.002

13.

Maffulli

Del Buono

Release of the medial head of the gastrocnemius for Achilles tendinopathy in sedentary patients: a retrospective study. Int Orthop. 2015;39(1):61-65. doi:10.1007/s00264-014-2553-1

14.

Maffulli

Longo

Kadakia

Spiezia

Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Surg. 2019;26(3):240-249. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2019.03.009

15.

Magnan

Bondi

Pierantoni

Samaila

The pathogenesis of Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. Foot Ankle Surg. 2014;20(3):154-159. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2014.02.010

16.

Nakajima

Insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a radiographic cross-sectional comparison between symptomatic and asymptomatic heel of 71 patients. Eur J Radiol Open. 2024;12:100568. doi:10.1016/j.ejro.2024.100568

17.

Nunley

Ruskin

Horst

Long-term clinical outcomes following the central incision technique for insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(9):850-855. doi:10.3113/FAI.2011.0850

18.

Purnell

Johnson

Cody

EA.

Outcomes of isolated open gastrocnemius recession for the treatment of chronic insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a retrospective cohort study. Foot Ankle Int. 2023;44(11):1105-1111. doi:10.1177/10711007231198508

19.

Rush

Ford

Hamilton

GA.

Morbidity associated with high gastrocnemius recession: retrospective review of 126 cases. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2006;45(3):156-160. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2006.02.006

20.

Silfverskiold

Reduction of the uncrossed two-joints muscles of the leg to one-joint muscles in spastic conditions. Acta Chir Scand. 1924;56:315-330.

21.

Stumpner

Recheis

Gruber

MS.

Achilles tendon debridement, calcaneoplasty and double-row tendon footprint reconstruction improve ankle function and athletic performance in patients with insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Surg. 2024;27(4):421-426. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2024.05.014

22.

Tallerico

Greenhagen

Lowery

Isolated gastrocnemius recession for treatment of insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a pilot study. Foot Ankle Spec. 2015;8(4):260-265. doi:10.1177/1938640014557077

23.

Tay

AYW

Goh

Yeo

NEM

Tay

. Two-year clinical and radiologic outcomes following surgical treatment of insertional Achilles tendinopathy using a central tendon-splitting approach. Foot Ankle Int. 2023;44(8):702-709. doi:10.1177/10711007231173679

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.37 MB