Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2025
Significance of SWCNT and MWCNT in Darcy-Forchheimer flow of hybrid nanofluid with gyrotactic microbes and surface tension gradient: Comparative analysis
The present study inspects the importance of activation energy and surface tension gradient on the Darcy-Forchheimer flow of hybrid nanofluid with gyrotactic microorganisms. The current study offers insights that can be used to improve medication delivery techniques, materials engineering, environmental monitoring, nanofluid-based system design optimization, renewable energy technologies, microfluidics for diagnostics, and electronics cooling solutions. Additionally, the advancement of scientific knowledge provided by this study will stimulate interdisciplinary research in the future, leading to creativity and advancement. A hybrid nanofluid that is based on fluid blood and contains MWCNTs and SWCNTs nanoparticles is utilized. The suggested flow equations are converted into ODEs by using the appropriate similarity variables. To assess the reduced equations, the RKF-45th technique is applied. The influences of important parameters on temperature, microbiological, solutal, and flow profiles are determined using graphs. With a boost in the thermal and concentration, Biot number, the temperature, concentration field, rate of heat and mass transmission distribution increase.
DePGorjiMR.Activation energy and binary chemical reaction on unsteady MHD Williamson nanofluid containing motile gyrotactic micro-organisms. Heat Transf2020; 49(5): 3030–3043.
2.
RehmanAKhunMCRezapourS, et al. Analytical analysis and heat transfer of CuO and MgO engine oil base nanofluid with the influence of dynamic viscosity, magnetic field, and convective boundary conditions. ZAMM J Appl Math Mech2024; 112: e202300510.
3.
DeP.Impact of dual solutions on nanofluid containing motile gyrotactic micro-organisms with thermal radiation. BioNanoScience2019; 9(1): 13–20.
4.
AlhushaybariAZeeshan KhanW, et al. Stability analysis of Reiner–Philippoff nanofluid flow due to sinusoidal waves past a nonuniform channel with Brownian and thermophoretic diffusions. Numer Heat Transf B Fund2024; 22: 1–25.
5.
AbbasMKhanNHashmiMS, et al. Impacts of Stefan blowing on thermophoretic particle deposition in Sisko nanofluid flow over a Riga plate with Soret and Dufour effects. Nano2024; 22: 2450111.
6.
KhanMSShahZRoomanM, et al. Rayleigh-Benard convection and sensitivity analysis of magnetized couple stress water conveying bionanofluid flow with thermal diffusivities effect. Results Eng2024; 23: 102652.
7.
GarallehHADarveshAAbd El-RahmanM, et al. Computational analysis of heat transport dynamics in viscous dissipative blood flow within a cylindrical shape artery through influence of autocatalysis and magnetic field orientation. Case Stud Therm Eng2024; 63: 105281.
8.
TabrezMHussainIKhanWA, et al. Impacts of oxytactic microorganisms and viscous dissipation in Carreau nanoliquid featuring ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Partial Differ Equ Appl Math2025; 13: 101027.
9.
AljedaniJPurusothamanDDarveshA, et al. Magnetohydrodynamic and convective heating analysis of chemically active iron oxide and gold nanoparticles based hybrid blood flow over a radiated sheet. BioNanoScience2025; 15(1): 1–7.
10.
DarveshASantistebanLJKhanS, et al. Numerical simulation of melting heat transport mechanism of cross nanofluid with multiple features of infinite shear rate over a Falkner-Skan wedge surface. ZAMM J Appl Math Mech2024; 104(11): e202400218.
11.
ShahSAAliHInayatMI, et al. Effect of carbon nanotubes and zinc oxide on electrical and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol matrix composite by electrospinning method. Sci Rep2024; 14(1): 28107.
12.
ZamanTShahZRoomanM, et al. Computation analysis of unsteady second grade biomagnetic micropolar blood base nanofluid flow with motile gyrotactic microorganisms. Int J Model Simul2024; 85: 1–8.
13.
GarallehHAKhanSUWaqasM, et al. Mathematical modeling and simulation of magnetized bioconvective nanoliquid flow capturing Brownian motion, multiple slip, thermophoresis and gyrotactic microorganisms configured by rotating disk. Partial Differ Equ Appl Math2024; 12: 100989.
14.
SaleemSAhmadBNaseemA, et al. Mono and hybrid nanofluid analysis over shrinking surface with thermal radiation: a numerical approach. Case Stud Therm Eng2024; 54: 104023.
15.
Abd-ElmonemARubbabQGarallehHA, et al. Thermal characteristics of hybrid nanofluid (Cu-Al2O3) flow through Darcy porous medium with chemical effects via numerical successive over relaxation technique. Case Stud Therm Eng2025; 65: 105538.
16.
ParveenNAwaisMAwanSE, et al. Entropy generation analysis and radiated heat transfer in MHD (Al2O3-Cu/Water) hybrid nanofluid flow. Micromachines2021; 12(8): 887.
17.
GarallehHAL. Numerical simulation of heat transport mechanism in chemically influenced ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over a wedge geometry. Discov Appl Sci2024; 6(9): 449.
18.
BilalMAbouel NasrERahmanMU, et al. Numerical investigation of MHD hybrid nanofluid flow with heat transfer subject to thermal radiation across two coaxial cylinders. Numer Heat Transf A Appl2024; 24: 1–5.
19.
AlmarashiAMAlgarniARoomanM, et al. Entropy generation and heat transfer analysis of unsteady micropolar magnetized hybrid-nanofluid flow over a radially stretchable permeable rotating disk with viscous and joule dissipation effects. Int J Thermofluids2024; 23: 100802.
20.
MaboodFShafiqAKhanWA, et al. MHD and nonlinear thermal radiation effects on hybrid nanofluid past a wedge with heat source and entropy generation. Int J Numer Methods Heat Fluid Flow2022; 32(1): 120–137.
21.
GomathiNPoulomiD.Entropy optimization on EMHD Casson Williamson penta-hybrid nanofluid over porous exponentially vertical cone. Alex Eng J2024; 108: 590–610.
22.
ShamshuddinMDAnimasaunILSalawuSO, et al. Dynamics of ethylene glycol conveying MWCNTs and ethylene glycol conveying SWCNTs: significant joule heating and thermal radiation. Numer Heat Transf A Appl2024; 85(7): 1022–1041.
23.
RajeswariPMDeP.Shape factor and sensitivity analysis on stagnation point of bioconvective tetra-hybrid nanofluid over porous stretched vertical cylinder. BioNanoScience2024; 14(3): 3035–3058.
24.
AmudhiniMDeP.Comparative study of hybrid, tri-hybrid and tetra-hybrid nanoparticles in MHD unsteady flow with chemical reaction, activation energy, Soret-Dufour effect and sensitivity analysis over non-Darcy porous stretching cylinder. Heliyon2024; 10(15): 10–22.
25.
Kiran KumarTSrinivasa RaoPShamshuddinMD. Effect of thermal radiation on nonDarcy hydromagnetic convective heat and mass transfer flow of a water–SWCNT’s and MWCNT’s nanofluids in a cylindrical annulus with thermo-diffusion and chemical reaction. Int J Mod Phys B2024; 38(1): 2450011.
26.
SalawuSOObalaluAMFatunmbiEO, et al. Elastic deformation of thermal radiative and convective hybrid SWCNT-Ag and MWCNT-MoS4 magneto-nanofluids flow in a cylinder. Results Mater2023; 17: 100380.
27.
BaithaluRPandaSPattnaikPK, et al. Blood-based CNT nanofluid flow over rotating discs for the impact of drag using Darcy–Forchheimer model embedding in porous matrix. Int J Appl Comput Math2024; 10(3): 1–20.
28.
MishraSRPattnaikPKBaithaluR, et al. Predicting heat transfer Performance in transient flow of CNT nanomaterials with thermal radiation past a heated spinning sphere using an artificial neural network: a machine learning approach. Partial Differ Equ Appl Math2024; 12: 100936.
29.
TarawnehMAAl NawaflehAHAltarawnehMM, et al. Preparation and characterization of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) incorporated in gelatin-based hydrogel nanocomposites. J Biomed Nanotechnol2024; 20(3): 513–523.
30.
MajeedAZeeshanAAminN, et al. Thermal analysis of radiative bioconvection magnetohydrodynamic flow comprising gyrotactic microorganism with activation energy. J Therm Anal Calorim2021; 143: 2545–2556.
31.
AbbasMKhanNHashmiMS, et al. Scrutinization of Marangoni convective flow of dusty hybrid nanofluid with gyrotactic microorganisms and thermophoretic particle deposition. J Therm Anal Calorim2024; 149(4): 1443–1463.
32.
AbbasMKhanNHashmiMS, et al. Numerical analysis of Marangoni convective flow of gyrotactic microorganisms in dusty Jeffrey hybrid nanofluid over a Riga plate with Soret and Dufour effects. J Therm Anal Calorim2023; 148(22): 12609–12627.
33.
GarallehHAZeeshan RasheedHU, et al. Computational analysis of the bioconvective flow of Williamson–Sutterby fluid with microorganisms and activation energy subject to Cattaneo–Christov double-diffusion effects. Numer Heat Transf B Fund2024; 32: 1–27.
34.
SheremetMGrosanTPopI.MHD free convection flow in an inclined square cavity filled with both nanofluids and gyrotactic microorganisms. Int J Numer Methods Heat Fluid Flow2019; 29(12): 4642–4659.
35.
AbbasMKhanNShehzadSA.Numerical analysis of Marangoni convected dusty second-grade nanofluid flow in a suspension of chemically reactive microorganisms. Proc Inst Mech Eng C J Mech Eng Sci2024; 238(10): 4400–4417.
36.
IshakSSIliasMRKechilSA, et al. Aligned magnetohydrodynamics and thermal radiation effects on ternary hybrid nanofluids over vertical plate with nanoparticles shape containing gyrotactic microorganisms. J Adv Res Numer Heat Transf2024; 18(1): 68–91.
37.
DeP.Bioconvection of nanofluid due to motile gyrotactic micro-organisms with ohmic heating effects saturated in porous medium. BioNanoScience2021; 11(2): 658–666.
38.
DhangeMDeviCUJamshedW, et al. Studying the effect of various types of chemical reactions on hydrodynamic properties of dispersion and peristaltic flow of couple-stress fluid: comprehensive examination. J Mol Liq2024; 409: 125542.
39.
ManeengamALaidoudiHAbderrahmaneA, et al. Entropy generation in 2D lid-driven porous container with the presence of obstacles of different shapes and under the influences of Buoyancy and Lorentz forces. Nanomaterials2022; 12(13): 2206.
40.
AbbasMAbbasAKanwalH, et al. Bioconvective flow of tangent hyperbolic hybrid nanofluid through different geometries with temperature and concentration dependent heat source: Marangoni convection. BioNanoScience2024; 14(1): 185–197.
41.
GulTUllahMZAlzahraniAK, et al. MHD thin film flow of kerosene oil based CNTs nanofluid under the influence of Marangoni convection. Phys Scrip2020; 95(1): 015702.
42.
ShoaibMTabassumRNisarKS, et al. Entropy optimized second grade fluid with MHD and Marangoni convection impacts: an intelligent neuro-computing paradigm. Coatings2021; 11(12): 1492.
43.
LiaqatUBAshrafMBUl HaqS, et al. A computational study of Eyring-Powell fluid model over a rotating cone with magnetic field and joule heating effect. ZAMM J Appl Math Mech2024; 104(12): e202300710.
44.
AwaisMSalahuddinTSidiMO, et al. Insight into thermal dynamic of stagnated flow of MHD Jeffery fluid when the joule heating, viscous dissipation and Soret effect are present: a multistep Milne’s approach. Case Stud Therm Eng2024; 64: 105506.
45.
NazarMAbbasSAsgharS, et al. Comparison of unsteady MHD flow of second grade fluid by two fractional derivatives. Numer Heat Transf A Appl2024; 24: 1–21.
46.
ShafiqueARamzanMAmirM, et al. Heat and mass transfer effects on an unsteady MHD boundary layer flow of fractionalized fluid. Radiat Eff Defects Solids2024; 52: 1–3.
47.
ShafiqAZariIRasoolG, et al. On the MHD Casson axisymmetric Marangoni forced convective flow of nanofluids. Mathematics2019; 7(11): 1087.
48.
IndumathiNAbdul HakeemAKGangaB, et al. Marangoni convection of titanium dioxide/ethylene glycol dusty nanoliquid MHD flow past a flat plate. In: Advances in fluid dynamics: selected proceedings of ICAFD 2018, 2021, pp.243–253. Singapore: Springer.
49.
RasoolGZhangTShafiqA.Marangoni effect in second grade forced convective flow of water based nanofluid. J Adv Nanotechnol2019; 1(1): 50.
50.
AbbasMKhanN.Numerical study for bioconvection in Marangoni convective flow of cross nanofluid with convective boundary conditions. Adv Mech Eng2023; 15(11): 16878132231207625.
51.
IshtiaqBZidanAMNadeemS, et al. Scrutinization of MHD stagnation point flow in hybrid nanofluid based on the extended version of Yamada-Ota and Xue models. Ain Shams Eng J2023; 14(3): 101905.
