Cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis: A critical review of knowledge gaps and opportunities

Abstract

Cardiovascular complications are observed in up to one-third of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Early identification and management of SSc-associated primary cardiac disease is often challenging, given the complex disease pathophysiology, significant variability in clinical presentation, and scarce disease-modifying therapeutics. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms involved in SSc-associated cardiac disease pathogenesis, novel diagnostic tools and emerging therapies.