Ahmedabad, founded by Sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411, is the commercial capital of Gujarat and home to pharmaceuticals, construction and textiles industries. It was also known as Manchester of the East because of the thriving textile industries. Underneath this economic growth story lies a city that has been affected by several instances of communal violence since 1947. Post-independence, the city has recorded four major events of communal violence: in 1969, 1985, 1991 and 2002 (Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI, 2007, p. 49). As migration ensued as a result of repeated instances of communal violence, Ahmedabad came to acquire the characteristics of a segregated city with a distinct Muslim Ghetto-Juhapura. This article focuses on the increasing ghettoisation of the city and the legal provisions of the state, which have also contributed to the process of segregation.
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) Budget. (2007–2013). Retrieved 20 February 2023.https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/SP/Budget
2.
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) Budget. (2009–2010). Retrieved 25 January 2023.https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/SP/Budget
3.
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) Budget. (2020–2021). Retrieved 31 January 2023.https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/SP/Budget
4.
AminN. (2022). Aaj aayega ya kal?Ahmedabad Mirror. https://ahmedabadmirror.com/nal-se-jal/81798229.html
5.
BadigarS. (2012). ‘Normal’ anomaly: Displacement due to communal violence in Gujarat. Economic and Political Weekly, 47(3), 42–47.
6.
Census of India. (2011). District handbook census. Directorate of Census Operations Gujarat.
7.
CharlotteL. (2019). Citizenship and infrastructure. Routledge.
8.
ChatterjeeP. (2004). The politics of the governed: Reflections on popular politics in most of the world. Columbia University Press.
9.
Citizens for Justice and Peace. (2007, June). Gujarat 2002–2007 Genocide’s aftermath. Retrieved 13 January 2023.https://cjp.org.in/gujarat-2002-2007-genocides-aftermath/
10.
Communalism Combat. (2002). Genocide. Indictment March–April, Government of Gujarat. http://www.unipune.ac.in/snc/cssh/humanrights/04%20COMMUNAL%20RIOTS/A%20-%20%20ANTI-MUSLIM%20RIOTS/04%20-GUJARAT/h.pdf
11.
DavidR. (2002, June15). This Muslim ghetto once had Hindu neighbours, Times News Network. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
12.
DharD. (2018, 26June). Disturbed areas act in Gujarat: A tool to discriminate against Muslims. Retrieved 12 March 2023.https://thewire.in/rights/disturbed-areas-act-in-gujarat-a-tool-to-discriminate-against-muslims
13.
DharD. (2020, October17). Us and them: The misuse of Gujarat’s controversial disturbed areas act. Retrieved 12 March 2023.https://www.newsclick.in/Us-Them-The-Misuse-Gujarat-Controversial-Disturbed-Areas-Act
14.
Election Commission of India. (2008). Delimitation of parliamentary and assembly constituencies order. Retrieved 13 January 2023.https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/
15.
GaikwadR. (2015, April8). Muslim owner forced to sell property in Hindu locality. Retrieved 16 February 2023.https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Muslim-owner-forced-to-sell-property-in-Hindu-locality/article60364313.ece
16.
Gujarat Government Gazette. (1986, October). Volume 27: The Gujarat Prohibition of Transfer of Immovable Property and Provision for Protection of Tenants from Eviction from Premises in Disturbed Areas Act.
17.
Gujarat Government Gazette. (1991, October). Volume 27: The Gujarat Prohibition of Transfer of Immovable Property and Provision for Protection of Tenants from Eviction from Premises in Disturbed Areas Act.
18.
Gujarat Government Gazette. (2009). Volume 51: The Gujarat Prohibition of Transfer of Immovable Property and Provision for Protection of Tenants from Eviction from Premises in Disturbed Areas Act.
19.
Human Rights Watch. (2002). We have no orders to save you. State participation and complicity in communal violence in Gujarat. Retrieved 30 January 2023.https://www.hrw.org/legacy/annual-report/2002.pdf
20.
JafriA. (2021, December5). Is Uttarakhand Govt’s ‘demographic’ probe of property deals a play on ‘Land Jihad’ bogey?Retrieved 16 February 2023.https://thewire.in/government/uttarakhand-demographic-probe-property-deals-land-jihad
21.
JhaS. (2019, April6). Over 300 cops in Amit Shah’s roadshow at Muslim areas. Retrieved 16 February 2023.https://www.deccanherald.com/national/over-300-cops-in-amit-shahs-roadshow-at-muslim-areas-727313.html
22.
LaliwalaS., ChristopheJ., ThakkarP., & DesaiA. (2019–2020). Paradoxes of ghettoization: Juhapura ‘in’ Ahmedabad(India Exclusion Report). Centre for Equity Studies.
23.
MahurkarU. (2002, May20). Gujarat riots: As death toll rises, CM Narendra Modi’s image hits a new low. Retrieved 12 February 2023.https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20020520-gujarat-riots-as-death-toll-rises-cm-narendra-modi-image-hits-a-new-low-795273-2002-05-20
24.
Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India (GoI). (2007). Report of working group of National Integration Council to study reports of the commissions of inquiry on communal riots. Retrieved 3 March 2023.https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NIC-W-Group.pdf
25.
Nadeem vs State. (2010, October7). CIVIL APPLICATION No. 9008, Gujarat High Court. https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1444997/
26.
National Crimes Bureau Record. (2014–2020). Retrieved 27 February 2023.https://ncrb.gov.in/en
27.
Onali Ezazuddin Dholkawala vs State of Gujarat. (2020, March9). Special Civil Application No. 13041 of 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2023.https://indiankanoon.org/doc/74092577/
28.
OwensP. (2009, December). Reclaiming ‘bare life’? Against Agamben on refugees. International Relations, 23(4), 567–582.
29.
PaulJ., & DaruwalaA. (2015). Minority areas’ TP schemes not yet cleared. Retrieved 27 February 2023.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/minority-areas-tp-schemes-not-yet-cleared/articleshow/46740226.cms
30.
People’s Union of Democratic Rights. (2002). ‘Maaro! Kaapo! Baalo’, state, society and communalism in Gujarat. Retrieved 20 February 2023.https://www.pudr.org/maaro-kaapo-baalo-state-society-and-communalism-gujarat
31.
RanaN. (2013). No BRTS for Juhapura?Retrieved 3 March 2023.https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-no-brts-for-juhapura-1752319 and https://twitter.com/AhmedabadBRTS/status/1002525367406481410/photo/1
32.
Sachar Committee. (2006, November). Social, economic and educational status of the Muslim community of India(Sachar Committee Report). Prime Minister’s High Level Committee Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India.
33.
SardesaiR. (2019, December13). Amit Shah referred to Juhapura as Mini Pakistan during election campaigning. Retrieved 20 March 2023.https://thewire.in/communalism/juhapura-ahmedabad-ghetto-muslims
34.
SayedA. (1988, May12). Ahmedabad’s industrial base rumbling. The Times of India. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
35.
ShaniO. (2007). Communalism, caste and Hindu nationalism: The violence in Gujarat. Cambridge University Press.
36.
SharmaR. (2002, June12). Ghettoisation of schools in Ahmedabad is complete. The Times of India, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
37.
SusewindR. (2017, June). Muslims in Indian cities: Degrees of segregation and the elusive ghetto. Environment and Planning: Economy and Space, 49(6), 1286–1307.
38.
SyedK. A. (2009). Bureaucratic uncertainty turns Juhapura into a slum. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/bureaucratic-uncertainty-turns-juhapura-into-a-slum/
39.
TariqueA. (2017, November24). Gujarat polls: Juhapura, the largest Muslim ghetto in Gujarat, is a picture of deliberate neglect. https://www.newsclick.in/gujarat-polls-juhapura-largest-muslim-ghetto-gujarat-picture-deliberate-neglect
40.
The Quint. (2019, August23). Is disturbed areas act polarising communities in Gujarat?Retrieved 25 February 2023.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=buq2orJPqbo
41.
Times of India. (1971, April7). Police blamed for the spread of riots in Ahmedabad. Retrieved 20 March 2023.https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/police-blamed-spread-riots-ahmedabad/docview/741186345/se-2?accountid=143508
42.
Times of India. (2016a). PIL seeks amenities in Muslim ghetto of Juhapura. Retrieved 27 February 2023.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/pil-seeks-amenities-in-muslim-ghetto-of-juhapura/articleshow/51435860.cms
43.
Times of India. (2016b, February25). Mayor Inspects Juhapura. Retrieved 12 February 2023.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/51134917.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
44.
Times of India. (2018, July4). 74 localities added to disturbed areas. Retrieved 20 March 2023.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/74-localities-added-to-disturbed-areas-list/articleshow/64848121.cms
45.
YagnikB. (2018, July11). Gujarat largest Muslim ghetto gets its first government high school. Times of India.
