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Abstract

Objective:

Although patient satisfaction is increasingly used to rate hospitals, it is unclear how patient satisfaction is associated with health outcomes. We sought to define the relationship of self-reported patient satisfaction and health outcomes.

Design:

Retrospective cross-sectional analysis using regression analyses and generalized linear modeling.

Setting:

Utilizing the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Database (2010-2014), patients who had responses to survey questions related to satisfaction were identified.

Participants:

Among the 9166 patients, representing 106 million patients, satisfaction was rated as optimal (28.2%), average (61.1%), and poor (10.7%). Main Outcome Measures: We sought to define the relationship of self-reported patient satisfaction and health outcomes.

Results:

Patients who were younger, male, black/African American, with Medicaid insurance, as well as patients with lower socioeconomic status were more likely to report poor satisfaction (all P < .001). In the adjusted model, physical health score was not associated with an increased odds of poor satisfaction (1.42 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88-2.28); however, patients with a poor mental health score or ≥2 emergency department visits were more likely to report poor overall satisfaction (3.91, 95% CI: 2.34-6.5; 2.24, 95% CI: 1.48-3.38, respectively).

Conclusion:

Poor satisfaction was associated with certain unmodifiable patient-level characteristics, as well as mental health scores. These data suggest that patient satisfaction is a complex metric that can be affected by more than provider performance.

Keywords

patient satisfaction health-care outcomes provider performance

Introduction

Published in 2001 by the Institute of Medicine, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century developed a framework including 6 goals that encouraged health systems to provide safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable care (1). Although there are a variety of ways to interpret and assess patient-centered care, the goal of patient “centeredness” has led to the widespread mandatory introduction of patient satisfaction surveys. For example, the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey has been introduced as part of hospital value–based purchasing and is tied to hospital reimbursement (2). Additionally, public reporting of satisfaction is advocated to help patients choose where to obtain their health care (3). In fact, patient satisfaction data have increasingly been used by patients and payors both in the United States and abroad as a metric to assess hospital quality and rate hospital performance (2 –6).

Patient satisfaction is increasingly used as a method to rate, rank, and compare hospitals. Several studies across a wide variety of medical specialties have reported that a multitude of factors influence patients’ perception of their care (4 –6). It is unclear, however, how patient satisfaction is associated with health outcomes and how patient-level factors affect patient satisfaction. Kaye et al noted a possible relationship between high patient satisfaction and improved outcomes in some patient populations (7). In a separate study, Cowen et al suggested a potential interrelationship between patient mortality risk and patient satisfaction and outcomes (8). However, few studies have specifically examined the association of self-reported patient satisfaction scores with a broad range of health outcome metrics. In addition, little data exist on the relationship between baseline patient-level characteristics (eg, sex, education level, socioeconomic status, etc), health-care outcomes (eg, physical and mental health, emergency room utilization, expenditures, etc), and self-reported satisfaction. Information on the underlying factors associated with patient satisfaction may allow for a more targeted approach to improving the patient experience. As such, we sought to define the relationship of self-reported patient satisfaction and health outcomes in a large, nationally representative cohort of patients. In addition, we sought to characterize how patient-level factors impact patient reported satisfaction and, in turn, health-care outcomes.

Methods

The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

Data were obtained from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data sets, which are sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). The Household Component (MEPS-HC), one of the major components of the MEPS, is reported annually and is based on that entire year’s results. Following data collection, person weights and variance estimation stratum as recommended by the AHRQ were applied to represent an estimate of people on the US population level. Each individual is uniquely identified by a combination of person number and dwelling units generated by the AHRQ. The full-year consolidated file, the medical conditions file, and prescribed medicines file from the MEPS-HC were merged using the unique person-level identifiers for each year from 2010 to 2014. This study was considered exempt by institutional review board of The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center.

Study Population

Data from 2010 to 2014 in MEPS were reviewed. Eligible individuals included patients who had a diagnosis of psychiatric, hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB), gastrointestinal (GI; including malignancy of GI tract), cardiovascular, endocrine/metabolic, pulmonary, renal/genitourinary (GU)/gynecology (GYNE), or hematologic (including hematologic malignancy) diseases. Clinical classifications were categorized based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision condition and V codes, which were then collated to create 8 groups of disease categories (Supplemental Table 1). Individuals who were <18 years old, had a body mass index <18.5 kg/m², lacked a usual source of care, and had a final survey person weight ≤0 or missing were excluded (Figure 1). Only patients who had responses to the satisfaction/overall rating of health-care providers were retained in the final analytic cohort. No institutional review board approval was required for this study as MEPS is a deidentified, publicly available data set.

Figure 1.

Flowchart of study participant selection process.

Study Outcomes

The influence of patient satisfaction was analyzed relative to a broad range of health outcomes, including the patient-reported health outcomes collected from responses to questions on Short-Form 12 version 2, quality of care indicators, utilization of health-care resources, and annual health-care costs.

The MEPS full-year consolidated file provides a summary mental health score (MHS) and physical health score (PHS), from the worst health status (0) to the best health status (100). These summary scores were divided into quartiles and stratified with the lowest quartile categorized as poor MHS/PHS. Utilization of health-care resources pooled from the MEPS full-year consolidated file was represented by several variables, including the number of emergency room visits, the number of inpatient hospital stays, and the annual health-care expenditures. An increased utilization of health-care resource was defined as ≥2 emergency room visits or ≥2 hospital discharges (1). Both annual health-care expenditure and out-of-pocket expenditure, obtained from the MEPS full-year consolidated file, were summed across the calendar year. Annual health-care expenditure was defined as total payments, including both out-of-pocket payments and payments made on behalf of the patient by insurance companies or other payer groups. Out-of-pocket expenditure was the amount of money paid by patients themselves.

Independent Variables (Satisfaction/Overall Rating of Health-Care Providers)

A satisfaction score was obtained from patient responses to the question assessing satisfaction. The question employed to derive a satisfaction score was “rating of health care from all doctors and other health providers” ranging from the worst health-care possible (0) to the best health-care possible (10). The overall satisfaction score was categorized as “poor” (0-6 total points), “average” (7-9 total points), and “optimal” (10 total points).

Statistical Analysis

A survey-based analysis approach was used to represent the nationwide estimates of the US civilian noninstitutionalized adult population after accounting for person weights and variance estimations. The χ² test was used to estimate robustly the relative differences in sociodemographic factors across satisfaction categories among the eligible population. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were used to adjust for age, gender, race/ethnicity, clinical disease categories, insurance, level of education, level of income, region, and the modifiable risk factors for the final model. Level of income was categorized by using the proportion of the federal poverty level as poor (<125%), low (125%-200%), middle (200%-400%), and high income (≥400%). Smoking status, obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m²), diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol, as well as whether the participant reported a half hour or more in moderate to vigorous physical activity at least 3 to 5 times a week, were also analyzed. Two-part logistic regression models were employed to estimate the mean annual health-care expenditure and out-of-pocket expenditure. Data were reported using 95% confidence intervals (CIs), odds ratios (ORs), and 2-sided P values <.05 to assess for significance. All statistical analysis was performed with STATA 14.0 software.

Results

Cohort Characteristics

The total cohort consisted of 9166 participants representing 106 million noninstitutionalized US adults. The median age of the participants was 48 ± 17 years, and most patients were female (55%). The majority of patients were white (71.2%), followed by Hispanic (11.2%), black/African American (10.3%), Asian (5%), and others (2.5%). The most frequent diagnosis was pulmonary disease (38.9%) followed by GI disease (16.3%), psychiatric disease (14.0%), endocrine/metabolic disease (12.8%), renal/GU/GYNE (9.2%), cardiovascular (7.2%), hematologic (1.0%), and HPB (0.7%; Figure 2). Overall, 47.3% of the study participants were categorized as high income, while 12.1% were categorized as poor. Most patients had private insurance (76.5%), while 6.7%, 6.1%, and 10.5% patients had no insurance, Medicaid, or Medicare, respectively. Most participants had an associate/bachelor degree (45.4%), whereas 10.6% patients reported no high school diploma.

Figure 2.

Distribution of eligible patients with one diagnosis from 2010 to 2014 across the United States.

Overall patient characteristics across different patient satisfaction level are described in Table 1. In assessing self-reported satisfaction, 10.7% of patients reported satisfaction as poor, while 61.1% and 28.2% patients reported satisfaction as average or optimal, respectively. Patients who were younger (12.5%), poorer (17.5%), black/African American (14.4%), male patients (11.3%), with Medicaid (21.9%) and individuals with no degree (13.8%) were more likely to report poor satisfaction (all P < .001). Patients with psychiatric disease were also most likely to report poor satisfaction (15.2%), followed by patients with HPB (12.5%) and cardiovascular (10.8%) diseases (Figure 3).

Table 1.

Weighted Sample Characteristics of US Patients Aged 18 Years and Older.

Variable	Satisfaction
Variable	Optimal	Average	Poor	P Value
N	2640	5407	1119
Weighted sample	29 780 958	64 532 650	11 286 538
Age groups, years (%)
18-39	22.8	64.7	12.5	<.001
40-64	26.3	62.9	10.8
≥65	42.9	50.2	7.0
Sex (%)
Male	25.1	63.6	11.3	<.001
Female	30.7	59.1	10.2	<.001
Race/ethnicity (%)
White/Caucasian	28.1	62.2	9.7	<.001
Black/African American	30.6	55.0	14.4
Asian/Pacific Islander	17.7	69.9	12.5
Hispanic	31.4	56.2	12.4
Other	26.9	69.4	13.7
Insurance status (%)
Uninsured	23.3	55.7	21.0	<.001
Private	26.7	64.5	8.9
Medicaid	27.4	50.7	21.9
Medicare	43.1	46.5	10.5
Others (public only)	10.2	56.2	33.6
Level of income (%)
Poor	29.9	52.6	17.5	<.001
Low income	32.2	52.4	15.5
Middle income	28.8	60.4	10.8
High income	26.5	65.8	7.8
Region (%)
Northeast	28.8	61.1	10.1	.416
Midwest	28.1	61.2	10.8
South	29.5	59.6	10.9
West	25.9	63.2	10.8
Education (%)
No degree	34.4	51.8	13.8	<.001
GED/high school diploma	32.1	55.6	12.2
Associate degree/bachelor	24.3	66.1	9.7
Above bachelor	28.4	63.7	7.9
Disease category (%)
Psychiatric	25.3	59.5	15.2	<.001
HPB	33.9	53.7	12.5
Cardiovascular	34.7	54.6	10.8
Gastrointestinal disease (including malignancy of GI tract)	28.1	61.7	10.1
Endocrine/metabolic	33.9	56.1	9.9
Pulmonary	25.5	64.7	9.8
Renal/GU/GYNE	30.1	60.1	9.8
Hematologic (including hematologic malignancy)	33.1	59.0	7.9

Abbreviations: GI, gastrointestinal; GU, genitourinary; GYNE, gynecology; GED, General Education Diploma.

Bold shows values of statistical significance.

Figure 3.

Distribution of satisfaction across disease categories.

Patient-Specific Factors Associated With Self-Reported Satisfaction Scores

Patients who had a poor PHS or MHS were more likely to self-report poor satisfaction. In fact, 18.1% patients who had a poor PHS reported poor satisfaction (poor PHS vs non-poor PHS: 18.1% vs 10.4%), while 40.1% with a poor MHS rated their satisfaction as poor (poor MHS vs non-poor MHS: 40.1% vs 10.2%; both P <.001). Patients with poor satisfaction were also more likely to report a poor PHS (5.2%) and a poor MHS (5.6%) compared with patients who reported optimal satisfaction (both P < .001; Table 2). On both unadjusted and adjusted regression analyses, self-reported poor satisfaction was associated with an increased likelihood of a poor MHS (adjusted OR: 3.91, 95% CI: 2.34-6.51). However, there was no association between self-reported quality of satisfaction and the physical health status of patients (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 0.88-2.28; Table 3). Older patients were more likely to report their physical health component as poor (OR [40-64]: 3.62, 95% CI: 1.11-5.89; OR [≥65]: 3.42, 95% CI: 1.53-7.65). Similarly, there was a consistent inverse relationship between the level of income and poor self-reported physical health status (OR of poor vs high income: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.10-2.91). Compared with participants who had private insurance, individuals with Medicaid (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 1.30-4.56) or Medicare (OR: 3.32, 95% CI: 1.94-5.66) were more likely to have a poor PHS (Table 4).

Table 2.

Variation in Health-Reported Outcomes Across Satisfaction Responses Among US Adults Aged 18 Years and Older With Established Diseases.

Variable	Satisfaction
Variable	Optimal	Average	Poor	P Value
Patient-reported outcomes
SF-12 physical health score (poor), % (95% CI)	3.4 (2.6-4.5)	2.5 (2.1-3.1)	5.2 (3.8-7.1)	<.001
SF-12 mental health score (poor % [95% CI])	1.0 (0.7-1.5)	1.0 (0.7-1.3)	5.6 (4.2-7.4)	<.001
Health-care resource utilization
≥2 emergency department visits (yes % [95% CI])	2.3 (1.8-3.0)	2.3 (1.8-2.8)	5.8 (4.2-7.9)	<.001
≥2 inpatient hospital stays (yes % [95% CI])	1.0 (0.7 -1.7)	0.9 (0.6 -1.2)	0.6 (0.3 -1.1)	.339
Annual healthcare expenditure
Unadjusted mean annual health-care expenditures in dollars (95% CI)	$4 867($4,226-$5,507)	$4 290($3,994-$4,585)	$4 467($3 774-$5,161)	.241
Annual out-of-pocket expenditure
Unadjusted mean cost in dollars (95% CI)	$677($609-$745)	$739($682-$797)	$748($589-$906)	.493

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

$ represents US$. Bold shows values of statistical significance.

Table 3.

Odds Ratios for Health Outcomes Using Satisfaction and Other Covariates as Explanatory Variables Among US Adults Aged 18 Years and Older With Established Diseases, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2010 to 2014.

Variable	Satisfaction
Variable	Optimal	Average	Poor
Patient-reported outcomes
SF-12 physical health score (OR of poor PHS [95% CI])
Model 1	Ref	0.73 (0.53-1.01)	1.55 (1.01-2.36)
Model 2	Ref	1.06 (0.76 -1.49)	1.42 (0.88-2.28)
SF-12 mental health score (OR of poor MHS [95% CI])
Model 1	Ref	0.97 (0.61-1.54)	5.77 (3.48-9.55)
Model 2	Ref	1.00 (0.63-1.61)	3.91 (2.34-6.51)
Health-care resource utilization
OR of ≥2 emergency department visits (95% CI)
Model 1	Ref	0.97 (0.68-1.40)	2.66 (1.70-3.93)
Model 2	Ref	1.17 (0.80-1.71)	2.24 (1.48-3.38)
OR of ≥2 inpatient hospital stay (95% CI)
Model 1	Ref	0.81 (0.45-1.43)	0.50 (0.21-1.17)
Model 2	Ref	0.99 (0.56-1.77)	0.54 (0.24-1.24)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

Bold shows values of statistical significance.

Note: Model 1 is the unadjusted model. In the adjusted analysis (Model 2), we included age, gender, region, race/ethnicity, income level, education, insurance status, disease category and modifiable risk factors (smoking status, obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2), diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol, as well as whether the participant spends a half hour or more in moderate to vigorous physical activity at least three to five times a week).

Table 4.

Odds Ratios for Patient-Reported Physical Health Status by Patient Characteristics Among US Adults Aged 18 Years and Older With Established Diseases, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2010 to 2014.^a

	PHS Rated as Poor
	Odds Ratio	95% CI
Level of satisfaction
Optimal	Reference	Reference
Average	1.06	0.76-1.49
Poor	1.42	0.88-2.28
Age groups, years
18-39	Reference	Reference
40-64	3.62	2.22-5.89
≥65	3.42	1.53-7.65
Sex
Male	Reference	Reference
Female	0.97	0.73 -1.29
Race/ethnicity
White/Caucasian	Reference	Reference
Black/African American	1.02	0.69 -1.51
Asian/Pacific Islander	0.9	0.50 -1.65
Hispanic	0.69	0.45 -1.05
Other	0.72	0.30 -1.72
Insurance status
Private	Reference	Reference
Uninsured	1.14	0.56-2.30
Medicaid	2.43	1.30-4.56
Medicare	3.32	1.94-5.66
Income status
High income	Reference	Reference
Middle income	1.29	0.88 -1.88
Low income	2.25	1.32-3.83
Poor	1.79	1.10-2.91
Region
Northeast	Reference	Reference
Midwest	0.88	0.52 -1.49
South	0.76	0.49 -1.18
West	1.3	0.49 -1.18
Education
No degree	Reference	Reference
GED/high school diploma	1.01	0.73-1.41
Associate degree/bachelor	0.69	0.45-1.05
Above bachelor	0.76	0.40-1.44
Disease category
HPB	Reference	Reference
Psychiatric	0.51	0.08-3.24
GI (including malignancy of GI tract)	0.49	0.08-3.16
Cardiovascular	0.77	0.12-4.97
Endocrine/metabolic	0.55	0.08-3.84
Pulmonary	0.43	0.07-2.76
Renal/GU/GYNE	0.44	0.06-3.03
Hematologic (including hematologic malignancy)	0.56	0.08-3.84

Abbreviations: HPB, hepato-pancreato-biliary; GI, gastrointestinal; GU, genitourinary; GYNE, gynecology; PHS, SF-12 physical health score; GED, General Education Diploma.

Bold shows values of statistical significance.

^aWe also adjusted for disease category and modifiable risk factors (smoking status, obesity with body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m², diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol, as well as whether the participant spends a half hour or more in moderate to vigorous physical activity at least 3 to 5 times a week).

Satisfaction level was not associated with health-care utilization factors, with the exception of emergency room use, as 5.8% of participants with poor satisfaction reported 2 or more emergency department visits (P < .001). Furthermore, patients with poor satisfaction were more likely to report 2 or more emergency department visits after adjusting for other covariates (OR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.48-3.38; Table 2). Patients with a poor satisfaction were not, however, more likely to report 2 or more inpatient stays in the survey year (OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.24-1.24; Table 3). Inpatient hospital stay was associated with clinical diagnosis (Table 5). For example, compared with patients who had an HPB diagnosis, individuals diagnosed with psychiatric (OR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02-0.51), GI (OR: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.03-0.55), endocrine/metabolic (OR: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01-0.42), pulmonary (OR: 0.04, 95% CI: 0.01-0.21), or renal (OR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02-0.57) diseases were less likely to report an increased utilization of inpatient hospital stay. Moreover, the quality of satisfaction was not associated with either overall annual health-care expenditure or out-of-pocket expenditure (both P > .05). The average annual health-care expenditure was USD$4,471 per year and average out-of-pocket expenditure was USD$735 per year across 2010 to 2014 (Table 2).

Table 5.

Odds Ratios for Inpatient Hospital Stay by Patient Characteristics Among US Adults Aged 18 Years and Older With Established Diseases, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2010 to 2014.

Variable	≥2 Inpatient Hospital Stay
Variable	Odds Ratio	95% CI
Level of satisfaction
Optimal	Reference	Reference
Average	0.99	0.56 -1.77
Poor	0.54	0.24 -1.24
Age groups, years
18-39	Reference	Reference
40-64	0.95	0.49 -1.83
≥65	1.28	0.47-3.47
Sex
Male	Reference	Reference
Female	0.74	0.41 -1.33
Race/ethnicity
White/Caucasian	Reference	Reference
Black/African American	1.01	0.52 -1.96
Asian/Pacific Islander	1.83	0.63-5.36
Hispanic	1.07	0.51-2.24
Other	3.87	1.56-9.60
Insurance status
Private	Reference	Reference
Uninsured	0.4	0.11 -1.50
Medicaid	1.42	0.61-3.30
Medicare	1.34	0.53-3.35
Income status
High income	Reference	Reference
Middle income	1.69	0.79-3.61
Low income	1.61	0.74-3.49
Poor	1.51	0.68-3.36
Region
Northeast	Reference	Reference
Midwest	1.08	0.51-2.27
South	1.13	0.54-2.36
West	0.88	0.43 -1.81
Education
No degree	Reference	Reference
GED/high school diploma	0.9	0.38-2.13
Associate degree/bachelor	0.61	0.23 -1.60
Above bachelor	0.62	0.19-2.00
Disease category
HPB	Reference	Reference
Psychiatric	0.11	0.02-0.51
GI (including malignancy of GI tract)	0.12	0.03-0.55
Cardiovascular	0.39	0.09 -1.78
Endocrine/metabolic	0.06	0.01-0.42
Pulmonary	0.04	0.01-0.21
Renal/GU/GYNE	0.11	0.02-0.57
Hematologic (including hematologic malignancy)	0.24	0.02-2.65

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HPB, hepato-pancreato-biliary; GI, gastrointestinal; GU, genitourinary; GYNE, gynecology; GED, General Education Diploma.

Discussion

Patient satisfaction has been recognized as an important metric of health-care quality.(9,10) In fact, the HCAHPS survey is now a part of hospital value–based purchasing and is tied to hospital reimbursement.(11) Furthermore, in some institutions, provider-specific HCAHPS survey data are used to assess and measure individual physician “quality,” as well as in some circumstances, determine quality-based bonuses. Public reporting of provider and institution satisfaction data is often utilized by patients and referral networks to choose where to obtain health care.(3) Information on how self-reported satisfaction tracks with patient-level factors, as well as patient health-care outcome metrics, has, however, been lacking. The current study is important because it examined the association of self-reported satisfaction with baseline patient-level characteristics (eg, sex, education level, socioeconomic status, etc), as well as health-care outcomes (eg, physical and mental health, emergency department utilization, expenditures, etc). Of note, several baseline patient characteristics were associated with an increased odds of poor patient satisfaction including age, race, level of income, insurance, and education status. In addition, while satisfaction was not associated with PHS, patients with poor satisfaction were more likely to report a poor MHS and increased emergency department utilization.

Patient satisfaction is often proposed as measure of provider performance (10). However, data from the current study would strongly suggest that patient-specific characteristics that are independent of provider performance also impact satisfaction.

For example, self-reported patient satisfaction was strongly associated with “fixed” patient characteristics such as age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status as these factors were related to the satisfaction level that patients reported. Specifically, there was an incremental increase in patient satisfaction associated with increased socioeconomic status and education level. Interestingly, age was also associated with the odds of reporting poor patient satisfaction—with younger patients being more likely to report poor satisfaction. Although the reasons for these patient-level differences are likely multifactorial, variations in self-reported satisfaction may be related to different patient expectations and perceptions of care. To this point, several theories have been proposed to conceptualize the concept of patient satisfaction (12 –14). For example, the fulfillment theory defines satisfaction as the perceived difference between what is expected and what is received (15). In contrast, the equity and social comparison theory conceptualizes satisfaction as perceived equity—that is, a direct comparison of the care a patient received relative to their perception of the care delivered to others (15). As such, patient-level factors such as age/generation, race/culture, and education level may directly and meaningfully impact perceptions of satisfaction based on how “satisfaction” may be conceptualized differently among certain patient populations. In turn, results of patient satisfaction surveys such as HCAHPS need to be interpreted not only in light of provider performance but also the specific patient population being served.

Patients with poor satisfaction were more likely to report a poor MHS. Previous studies have similarly highlighted the important interplay between mental health and self-reported patient satisfaction. In particular, some providers of psychiatric care have expressed skepticism about the validity and utility of satisfaction surveys among patients with mental health concerns (16 –18). It is possible that patients with poor MHS may be generally less satisfied with matters both related and unrelated to health care. In addition, varying levels of insight into one’s own care may complicate the measurement of self-reported satisfaction (18 –20). Although mental health status may impact how data on self-reported satisfaction are interpreted, it doesn’t invalidate these data. Rather, there is evidence that satisfaction surveys are still applicable to patients with low MHS as patients are still able to articulate if and to what extent they are satisfied (21). Poor insight, though, may frequently prevent these patients from identifying why they are satisfied or articulating a coherent rationale for their satisfaction ratings (20). Collectively, the data serve to highlight that—in addition to baseline patient demographic characteristics—other patient-level factors such as mental health status can directly impact patient self-reported satisfaction scores. In turn, when interpreting data on patient satisfaction, information on patient mental status also needs to be assessed to provide the appropriate context.

Given the rising cost of health care, there has been considerable interest in better understanding and identifying the drivers of overall health-care utilization. Although the impact of patient satisfaction on health-care utilization has not been well studied, several studies have suggested an association (22 –24). Of note, patient satisfaction was based on responses to 5 survey questions including one related directly to patient satisfaction and 4 related to a patient’s evaluation of patient–provider communication. In the current study, we similarly noted that patient satisfaction was associated with emergency department utilization. Specifically, patients who rated their satisfaction as poor were more than twice as likely to report 2 or more emergency department visits a year. Of note, even after adjusting for other covariates, the association of patient satisfaction and emergency department utilization remained. One plausible explanation could be that patients who are dissatisfied with their health-care providers end up seeking medical care in the emergency department rather than in the outpatient clinic. Of note, in contrast to the study by Fenton et al.,(6) we did not note an association of patient satisfaction and inpatient stay or overall health-care expenditures. These disparate results may be related to differences in how patient satisfaction was defined, as well as variations in statistical modeling.

Several limitations should be considered when interpreting data from the current study. Given that patient satisfaction was based on the MEPS survey, the data were subject to recall bias. Patients included in the MEPS database were also not tracked longitudinally over time. Additionally, the MEPS database contains limited variables and some variables that might have had an impact on patient satisfaction and outcomes, such as patient comorbidities contributing to mortality risk, were not included (8). Data were also exclusively derived from patients in the United States who were noninstitutionalized. Therefore, data from the current study cannot necessarily be generalized to other populations. It is important to note, however, that the MEPS database is generally accepted as the “best” source of patient-reported data on their health-care experience.

In conclusion, up to 1 in 10 patients self-reported satisfaction with their health-care experience as poor. Poor satisfaction was associated with certain unmodifiable patient-level characteristics such as age, sex, and race. Other baseline characteristics such as socioeconomic status and education level also impacted the odds of a patient rating their satisfaction as poor. In addition, MHS similarly was associated with the odds of patient self-reporting a poor satisfaction score. These data strongly suggest that patient satisfaction is a complex metric that can be dramatically affected by more than provider performance. The rating, ranking, and comparison of providers and hospitals using satisfaction scores need to be considered in light of these data. Other metrics such as patient activation and patient engagement will need to be incorporated into future assessments of the patient–provider experience to better assess and evaluate patient “centeredness” in the clinical setting.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental_Table_1_(1) - The Association Between Patient Satisfaction and Patient-Reported Health Outcomes

Supplemental_Table_1_(1) for The Association Between Patient Satisfaction and Patient-Reported Health Outcomes by Qinyu Chen, Eliza W Beal, Victor Okunrintemi, Emily Cerier, Anghela Paredes, Steven Sun, Griffin Olsen and Timothy M Pawlik in Journal of Patient Experience

Footnotes

Authors’ Note

Qinyu Chen and Eliza W. Beal contributed equally to this work.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

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