Phaticrefers to the rhetorical function of creating effective communication channels, keeping them open, and establishing ongoing and fruitful relationships, all of which are vital in the age of digital rhetoric, social media, and global intercultural exchange. In this realm, the professional communicator functions less as anoriginatorof new information and more as a spacedesigner, afacilitatorof others’ online interactions, acuratorof user-generated content, and a communicationleader. The phatic function—especially relevant to online interactions such as virtual teamwork, intercultural communication, and user help forums—deserves significant attention as a primary purpose for professional communication.
AllenJ. A.Lehmann-WillenbrockN.LandowskiN.(2014).Linking pre-meeting communication to meeting effectiveness.Journal of Managerial Psychology,29,1064-1081. doi:10.1108/JMP-09-2012-0265
4.
Aristotle. (1976).The ethics of Aristotle: The Nicomachean ethics(ThomsonJ. A. K.Trans.).Aylesbury, England:Penguin Books.
BilandzicM.FilonikD.GrossM.HackelA.MangesiusH.KrcmarH.(2009).A mobile application to support phatic communication in hybrid space. InProceedings of Sixth International Conference on Information Technology(pp.1517-1522).Las Vegas, NV:New Generations. doi:10.1109/ITNG.2009.261
7.
BlytheS.LauerC.CurranP. G.(2014).Professional and technical communication in a Web 2.0 world.Technical Communication Quarterly,23,265-287. doi:10.1080/10572252.2014.941766
8.
CiceroM. T.(1949).De inventione, de optimo genere oratorum, topica[On invention, the best kind of orator, topics.] (HubbellH. M., Trans.).Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
9.
DeWinterJ.MoellerR. M.(Eds.). (2014).Computer games and technical communication: Critical methods and applications at the intersection.Farnham, England:Ashgate.
10.
DonnellyF. P.(1912).A function of the classical exordium.Classical Weekly,5,204-207.
11.
EnosR. L.(2008).Roman rhetoric: Revolution and the Greek influence(Rev. ed.).West Lafayette, IN:Parlor Press.
12.
EnosT.(Ed.). (1996).Encyclopedia of rhetoric and composition: Communication from ancient times to the information age.New York, NY:Garland.
13.
FerroT.ZachryM.(2014).Technical communication unbound: Knowledge work, social media, and emergent communicative practices.Technical Communication Quarterly,23,6-21. doi:10.1080/105722.52.2014.50843
14.
GibbsM. R.VetereF.BunyanM.HowardS.(2005,November).SynchroMate: A phatic technology for mediating intimacy.Paper presented at the Conference on Designing for User eXperience.San Francisco, CA.
15.
HallidayM. A. K.(1976).System and function in language(KressG. R., Ed.).London, England:Oxford University Press.
HildebrandtH. W.(1988).Some influences of Greek and Roman rhetoric on early letter writing.Journal of Business Communication,25(3),7-27. doi:10.1177/002194368802500302
18.
HudakP. L.MaynardD. W.(2011).An interactional approach to conceptualising small talk in medical interactions.Sociology of Health & Illness,33,634-653. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01343.x
19.
HurleyE. V.Kimme HeaA. C.(2014).The rhetoric of reach: Preparing students for technical communication in the age of social media.Technical Communication Quarterly,23,55-68. doi:10.1080/10572252.2014.850854
20.
JakobsonR.(1960).Closing statements: Linguistics and poetics. InSebeokT. A.(Ed.),Style in language(pp.350-377).Cambridge:MIT Press.
21.
JarvenpaaS. L.ShawT. R.StaplesD. S.(2004).Toward contextualized theories of trust: The role of trust in global virtual teams.Information Systems Research,15,250-267. doi:10.1287/isre.1040.0028
JohnsonN.(1984).Ethos and the aims of rhetoric. InConnorsR. J.EdeL. S.LunsfordA. A.(Eds.),Essays on classical rhetoric and modern discourse(pp.98-114).Carbondale:Southern Illinois University Press.
24.
JohnstoneC. L.(1980).An Aristotelian trilogy: Ethics, rhetoric, politics, and the search for moral truth.Philosophy & Rhetoric,13,1-24.
25.
KingC. L.(2010).Beyond persuasion: The rhetoric of negotiation in business communication.Journal of Business Communication,47,69-78. doi:10.1177/0021943609355791
26.
KinneavyJ. L.(1971).A theory of discourse: The aims of discourse.New York, NY:W. W. Norton.
LanhamR. A.(1991).A handlist of rhetorical terms(2nd ed.).Berkeley:University of California Press.
29.
LauringJ.(2011).Intercultural organizational communication: The social organizing of interaction in international encounters.Journal of Business Communication,48,231-255. doi:10.1177/0021943611406500
30.
LaverJ.(1975).Communicative functions of phatic communion. InKendonA.HarrisR. M.KeyM. R.(Eds.),Organization of behavior in face-to-face interaction(pp.215-238).The Hague, Netherlands:Mouton.
LiuY.(2004).“Nothing can be accomplished if the speech does not sound agreeable”: Rhetoric and the invention of classical Chinese discourse. InLipsonC. S.BinkleyR. A.(Eds.),Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks(pp.147-164).Albany:State University of New York Press.
33.
LongoB.(2014).R U There? Cell phones, participatory design, and intercultural dialogue.IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication,57,204-215. doi:10.1109/TPC.2014.2341437
34.
LyonA.(2004).Confucian silence and remonstration: A basis for deliberation?InLipsonC. S.BinkleyR. A.(Eds.),Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks(pp.131-145).Albany:State University of New York Press.
35.
MackiewiczJ.(2006).The functions of formulaic and nonformulaic compliments in interactions about technical writing.IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication,49,12-27. doi:10.1109/TPC.2006.870461
36.
MalinowskiB.(1923).The problem of meaning in primitive languages. InOgdenC. K.RichardsI. A.(Eds.),The meaning of meaning: A study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism(pp.296-336).Orlando, FL:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
37.
MaoL. R.(1994).Beyond politeness theory: “Face” revisited and renewed.Journal of Pragmatics,21,451-486.
38.
MaoL. R.(2006).Reading Chinese fortune cookie: The making of Chinese American rhetoric.Logan:Utah State University Press.
McNelyB. J.(2011,October).Informal communication, sustainability, and the public writing work of organizations.Paper presented at IEEE International Professional Communication Conference,Cincinnati, OH.
MillerV.(2008).New media, networking and phatic culture.Convergence,14,387-400. doi:10.1177/1354856508094659
44.
MongkolnamP.ChoomkaseanJ.ChanJ. H.(2013).Stay in touch: Multimedia delivery for older people. InProceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Computational and Business Intelligence (ISCBI), New Delhi, India(pp.305-309).Los Alamitos, CA:IEEE.
45.
MurphyJ. J.(1974).Rhetoric in the middle ages: A history of rhetorical theory from St. Augustine to the Renaissance.Berkeley:University of California Press.
PerelmanL.(1991).The medieval art of letter writing: Rhetoric as institutional expression. InBazermanC.ParadisJ. G.(Eds.),Textual dynamics of the professions: Historical and contemporary studies of writing in professional communities(pp.97-119).Madison:University of Wisconsin Press.
49.
PorterJ. E.(1998).Rhetorical ethics and internetworked writing.Greenwich, CT:Ablex.
50.
PullinP.(2010).Small talk, rapport, and international communicative competence: Lessons to learn from BELF.Journal of Business Communication,47,455-476. doi:10.1177/0021943610377307
51.
Quintilian. (2001).Institutio oratoria[Institutes of oratory] (RussellD. A., Trans.).Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
52.
RadovanovicD.RagneddaM.(2012).Small talk in the digital age: Making sense of phatic posts. InRoweM.StankovicM.DadzieA.-S.(Eds.),Proceedings of the WWW’12 Workshop on “Making Sense of Microposts”(pp.10-13). Retrieved fromhttp://ceur-ws.org/Vol-838#MSM2012
53.
RedishJ.BarnumC.(2011).Overlap, influence, intertwining: The interplay of UX and technical communication.Journal of Usability Studies,6,90-101.
54.
Rogerson-RevellP.(2008).Participation and performance in international business meetings.English for Specific Purposes,27,338-360. doi:10.1016/j.esp.2008.02.003
55.
Rush HovdeM. (2014).Factors that enable and challenge international engineering communication: A case study of a United States/British design team.IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication,57,242-265. doi:10.1109/TPC.2014.2363893
56.
SawyerR.ChenG.-M.(2012).The impact of social media on intercultural adaptation.Intercultural Communication Studies,21,151-169.
57.
SwartsJ.(2015).Help is in the helping: An evaluation of help documentation in a networked age.Technical Communication Quarterly,24,164-187. doi:10.1080/10572252.2015.1001298
58.
TaoL.(2012).A comparative study of perceived politeness in Chinese and Japanese verbal communication.Intercultural Communication Studies,21,185-200.
59.
WangV.TuckerJ. V.RihllT. E.(2011).On phatic technologies for creating and maintaining human relationships.Technology in Society,33,44-51. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2011.03.017
60.
WolffW. I.(2013).Interactivity and the invisible: What counts as writing in the age of Web 2.0.Computers and Composition,30,211-225. doi:10.1016/j.compcom.2013.06.001
61.
XuG. Q.(2004).The use of eloquence: The Confucian perspective. InLipsonC. S.BinkleyR. A.(Eds.),Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks(pp.115-129).Albany:State University of New York Press.
62.
YangW.(2012).Small talk: A strategic interaction in Chinese interpersonal business negotiations.Discourse & Communication,6,101-124. doi:10.1177/1750481311432519
63.
YoosG. E.(1979).A revision of the concept of ethical appeal.Philosophy & Rhetoric,12,41-58.
64.
ZemlianskyP.(2012).Achieving experiential cross-cultural training through a virtual teams project.IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication,55,275-286. doi:10.1109/TPC.2012.2206191
65.
ZhuY.WhiteC.(2009).Practitioners’ views about the use of business email within organizational settings: Implications for developing student generic competence.Business Communication Quarterly,72,289-303.
