Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Background:

There has not yet been a pictorial version of a patient-reported outcome measure for shoulder pain.

Purpose:

To translate the English version of the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) to a simplified Chinese version (SC-OSS) and to validate a new face-scale version of the OSS (FS-OSS), while investigating cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and reproducibility of both versions in patients with shoulder pain.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SC-OSS was performed using a forward-backward translation method. The FS-OSS was developed on the basis of the SC-OSS, using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale for reference. Participants were asked to complete the SC-OSS, FS-OSS, Simple Shoulder Test (SST), Constant-Murley score (CMS), and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Validation and reproducibility were tested by calculating Cronbach α values for internal consistency as well as by intraclass correlation coefficients. Time needed to complete the scores was used to test cross-cultural adaption.

Results:

A total of 312 respondents participated in the research and completed all outcome measures. The internal consistency was strong, with a Cronbach α of .94 and .91 for the FS-OSS and SC-OSS, respectively. High intraclass correlation coefficient values for the FS-OSS score (0.95) and SC-OSS (0.92) were obtained, which indicated excellent test-retest reliability. The Pearson correlation coefficients of the SC-OSS and FS-OSS with the SST (r = 0.67 and 0.65, respectively), CMS (r = 0.62 and 0.66, respectively), and SF-36 (r = 0.52 and 0.57, respectively) indicated good construct validity. The time needed to complete the FS-OSS was less than that needed for the SC-OSS and SST.

Conclusion:

The FS-OSS and SC-OSS were validated as reliable instruments for patients with shoulder pain. For Chinese patients, the face-scale version was easier to understand than the cross-cultural text version.

Keywords

Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS)cross-cultural adaptation face scale validation

Shoulder pain is the third most common musculoskeletal problem encountered in orthopaedic practice after low back pain and neck pain.²⁵ The Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) is an internationally recognized assessment instrument to assess the pain perception and quality of life in patients with shoulder pain and to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments.^23,24 After its original English version was published in 1996,⁶ it has been translated into many languages in different cultural settings to communicate internationally.^{2,3,8

–12,17,21,22,29

–32} In 2015, a simplified Chinese version of OSS (SC-OSS) was developed by Xu et al.³⁹

Even so, high illiteracy and low income in the developing countries may limit the applicability of the OSS. Facial expression drawings (face scales) are a popular method of assessing pain severity in pediatric populations; they are easier to understand and more suitable for children and illiterate people. The Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (Wong-Baker scale)³⁸ is one of several scales that have been used for pain assessment in multiple pediatric settings.^4,5

To evaluate shoulder function in Chinese patients, we translated the English version of the OSS to a simplified Chinese version (SC-OSS) by partially referencing the Xu et al version,³⁹ and we also developed a face-scale version of the OSS (FS-OSS). The purpose of this study was to validate the SC-OSS and FS-OSS using cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and reproducibility of these 2 versions in Chinese patients with shoulder pain. We hypothesized that both versions of the OSS could overcome language and literacy barriers.

Methods

Translation and Cultural Adaptation Procedure

All study participants signed informed consent forms before inclusion, and the clinical research ethics committee of our hospital approved the study protocol. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SC-OSS (Appendix 1) was performed according to the guidelines reported by Beaton et al,¹ using a “forward-backward translation” method. First, the original OSS (Table 1) was translated by an expert committee that consisted of 1 orthopaedic surgeon (J.J.G.), 1 rehabilitation physician, 1 physical therapist, and 1 language expert, and an initial Chinese-version OSS was created. In this process, some of the translation referenced a previous study.³⁹ After the first process, a mediation session between the expert committee and our research team was performed to obtain a modified Chinese version. Backward translation was made by a native English speaker and the research team, then the original version and modified Chinese version were compared.

TABLE 1

Questions From the Original OSS ^a

1) During the past 4 weeks, how would you describe the worst pain you had from your shoulder? None/Mild/Moderate/Severe/Unbearable

2) During the past 4 weeks, have you had any trouble dressing yourself because of your shoulder? No trouble at all/A little bit of trouble/Moderate trouble/Extreme difficulty/Impossible to do

3) During the past 4 weeks, have you had any trouble getting in or out of a car or using public transport because of your shoulder? No trouble at all/A little bit of trouble/Moderate trouble/Extreme difficulty/Impossible to do

4) During the past 4 weeks, have you had been able to use a knife and fork at the same time? Yes, easily/With little difficulty/With moderate difficulty/With extreme difficulty/No, impossible

5) During the past 4 weeks, could you do household shopping on your own? Yes, easily/With little difficulty/With moderate difficulty/With extreme difficulty/No, impossible

6) During the past 4 weeks, could you carry a tray containing a plate of food across a room? Yes, easily/With little difficulty/With moderate difficulty/With extreme difficulty/No, impossible

7) During the past 4 weeks, could you brush/comb your hair with the affected arm? Yes, easily/With little difficulty/With moderate difficulty/With extreme difficulty/No, impossible

8) During the past 4 weeks, how would you describe the pain you usually had from your shoulder? None/Very mild/Mild/Moderate/Severe

9) During the past 4 weeks, could you hang your clothes up in a wardrobe, using the affected arm? Yes, easily/With little difficulty/With moderate difficulty/With extreme difficulty/No, impossible

10) During the past 4 weeks, have you been able to wash and dry yourself under both arms? Yes, easily/With little difficulty/With moderate difficulty/With extreme difficulty/No, impossible

11) During the past 4 weeks, how much has pain from your shoulder interfered with your usual work (including housework)? Not at all/A little bit/Moderately/Greatly/Totally

12) During the past 4 weeks, have you been troubled by pain from your shoulder in bed at night? No nights/Only 1 or 2 nights/Some nights/Most nights/Every night

^a OSS, Oxford Shoulder Score. (From Dawson et al.⁶)

In the cognitive debriefing step, a cohort of 6 patients with shoulder pain (proficient in Mandarin Chinese) was asked to test the initial version, after which the SC-OSS was finalized. The FS-OSS was then created on the basis of the SC-OSS. A flowchart of the translation and testing procedures is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Flowchart of the translation and cultural adaptation process of the OSS from English into SC-OSS and face-scale version. *Expert committee consisting of 1 orthopaedic surgeon, 1 rehabilitation physician, 1 physical therapist, and 1 language expert. OSS, Oxford Shoulder Score; SC-OSS, simplified Chinese version of OSS.

Participants

The finalized SC-OSS and FS-OSS were administered to a sample of 312 consecutive patients affected by shoulder pain who visited the outpatient clinic of The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and West China Hospital, Sichuan University from April 2016 to December 2017. Patients with glenohumeral instability and fracture of the shoulder were excluded. Patient characteristics, including age, age groups, sex, affected side, duration of symptoms, education, and clinical diagnosis, were collected during the first visit to our outpatient clinic.

Psychometric Assessments

All participants were asked to complete the SC-OSS, FS-OSS, Simple Shoulder Test (SST), Constant-Murley score (CMS), and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) during their first visit. Within an interval of 5 to 7 days after the first visit, they completed the SC-OSS and FS-OSS for a second time to evaluate test-retest reliability. The time required to complete the questionnaires and any difficulty encountered in answering a question were recorded. For illiterate or low-literate participants, researchers were available to help with the questionnaires if needed; these situations were also recorded to assess the ability of communication.

OSS and SC-OSS

The OSS is a valid and reliable questionnaire for shoulder injuries (excluding instability) and comprises 12 items on pain and disability (see Table 1). Each question has 5 possible responses with scores from 0 (worst pain and maximal limitation) to 4 (no pain and no functional limitation), for a total possible score of 48.³⁹ The SC-OSS as developed for this study is shown in Appendix 1.

FC-OSS Scoring

After developing the SC-OSS, a pictorial version was developed using the Wong-Baker scale³⁸ as a reference (Moola et al, unpublished data, [2020]). The questions, possible responses, item scores, and total score were modeled on the OSS with corresponding pictures placed after each question. Each question had a scale of 5 facial options from no pain (4 points) to worst pain (0 points). Lower scores indicate higher levels of pain and disability. The FC-OSS is shown in Chinese and English in Appendices 2 and 3.

Simple Shoulder Test

The SST is an internationally used, simple self-report questionnaire, which was developed for measuring functional limitations of the affected shoulder in patients with shoulder dysfunction.¹⁸ It consists of 12 questions (yes = 1/no = 0). The items of the SST are about function-related pain (2 items), function/strength (7 items), and range of motion (3 items). The total scores range from 0 (worst function) to 12 (best function).

Constant-Murley Score

The CMS is widely used for evaluating the outcomes for the treatment of shoulder disorders and measures pain perception, functional assessment, range of motion, and strength. The Chinese version of the CMS has been found to have excellent validity and reliability.²⁰

36-Item Short Form Health Survey

The SF-36 is a generic questionnaire for assessing the health status of patients, and it consists of 8 domains: physical function (PF), bodily pain (BP), general health (GH), vitality (VT), social function (SF), role-physical (RP), role-emotional (RE), and mental health (MH).³⁶ Scores for each dimension range from 0 (poor health) to 100 (good health). The SF-36 has also been translated and culturally adapted into Chinese.¹⁶

Statistical Analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Version 26 (IBM). Descriptive statistics of means, standard deviations, proportions, and percentages were used to describe the baseline characteristics of the participants. The internal consistency was determined by calculating Cronbach α. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to calculate test-retest reliability. The standard error of measurement (SEM) and the minimal detectable change (MDC) were calculated to determine the measurement errors. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the construct validity. For all analyses, P < .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Translations and Cross-Cultural Adaptation

After the forward and backward translation process, certain cross-cultural differences were noted and resolved. Chinese usually use chopsticks and spoons; therefore, the “knife and fork” were replaced in question 4. “Bowl” was substituted for “tray” for a similar reason. In addition, considering the education level of the patients, the translators used simple words as much as possible for clear expression.

There were no major problems in the graphical translation. Some discrepancies were caused by cultural differences and daily habits. For example, in question 1, “worst pain” in the OSS was interpreted by graphics showing pain during typical Chinese competitive sports, such as badminton and swimming. In question 3 of the OSS, “car” and “public transport” have abundant meanings in Chinese. The illustrator used the most representative elements—a Chinese bus and a handhold—which are familiar images for more elderly patients. The term “usual work” in OSS question 11 was represented by illustrations of office work, hoeing, and housekeeping being performed, which were indicative of activities associated with omalgia in the population as a whole.

Participant Characteristics

All 312 participants completed the questionnaires. The average age was 52.2 ± 10.8 years (range, 18-75 years). Educational qualification was divided into 4 levels: tertiary education (43; 14%), secondary school (156; 50%), primary school (91; 29%), and illiterate (22; 7%). The demographic characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 2.

TABLE 2
Participant Characteristics ^a

Characteristics Total Sample (N = 312) Male (n = 147) Female (n = 165)

Age, y, mean ± SD 52.2 ± 10.8 51.0 ± 10.8 53.3 ± 10.8

Age group

<30 y 26 (8) 14 (10) 12 (7)

30-49 y 121 (39) 57 (39) 64 (39)

50-70 y 119 (38) 53 (36) 66 (40)

>70 y 46 (15) 23 (16) 23 (14)

Affected side

Right 171 (55) 81 (55) 90 (55)

Left 115 (37) 51 (35) 64 (39)

Bilateral 24 (8) 13 (9) 11 (7)

Duration of symptoms

<3 mo 92 (29) 42 (29) 50 (30)

3 to 6 mo 95 (30) 47 (32) 48 (29)

6 to 12 mo 75 (24) 36 (24) 39 (24)

>1 y 50 (16) 22 (15) 28 (17)

Education level

Illiterate 22 (7) 5 (3) 17 (10)

Primary school 91 (29) 21 (14) 70 (42)

Secondary school 156 (50) 92 (63) 64 (39)

Tertiary education 43 (14) 29 (20) 14 (8)

Clinical diagnosis

Subacromial bursitis/impingement without RCT 81 (26) 31 (21) 50 (30)

RCT 69 (22) 41 (28) 28 (17)

Biceps tenosynovitis 31 (10) 14 (10) 17 (10)

Frozen shoulder 78 (25) 32 (22) 46 (28)

Osteoarthritis 22 (7) 9 (6) 13 (8)

Calcifying tendinopathy 9 (3) 4 (3) 5 (3)

Other 22 (7) 16 (11) 6 (4)

^a Data are reported as n (%) unless otherwise indicated. RCT, rotator cuff tear.

Ceiling and Floor Effects

There were no missing data for individual items in both the SC-OSS and the FC-OSS. No patient scored the minimum or maximum possible scores; therefore, no significant ceiling or floor effects were observed.

Reliability

The average FS-OSS score was 24.23 ± 9.11 initially and 24.04 ± 8.75 in the retest taken 5 to 7 days later, with the median (interquartile range) being 24 (18-32) and 24 (17-32). The average initial SC-OSS was 25.56 ± 9.98, and it was 24.78 ± 9.51 during retesting, with the median (interquartile range) values of 25 (16-33) and 24 (16-32), respectively. The Cronbach α was .91 and the ICC was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.86-0.95) for the SC-OSS, proving high internal consistency and excellent test-retest reliability. The Cronbach α was 0.94 and the ICC was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.91-0.98) for the FS-OSS, which indicated better internal consistency and test-retest reliability than the SC-OSS. The measurement errors expressed in SEM were 2 (8%) and 3 (11%) for the FC-OSS and SC-OSS, respectively, while the MDC values were 6 (23%) and 8 (31%), respectively (Table 3). Table 4 shows the Cronbach α distributions.

TABLE 3
Descriptive Analysis of the FS-OSS and SC-OSS ^a

Score Mean ± SD Cronbach α ICC (95% CI) ^b Median (IQR) SEM (SEM%) ^c MDC (MDC%) ^d

FS-OSS .94 0.95 (0.91-0.98) 2(8) 6 (23)

Test 24.23 ± 9.11 24 (18-32)

Retest 24.04 ± 8.75 24 (17-32)

SC-OSS .91 0.92 (0.86-0.95) 3(11) 8 (31)

Test 25.56 ± 9.98 25 (16-33)

Retest 24.78 ± 9.51 24 (16-32)

^a FS-OSS, face-scale version of Oxford Shoulder Score ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; IQR, interquartile range; MDC, minimum detectable change; SC-OSS, simplified Chinese version of Oxford Shoulder Score; SEM, standard error of measurement; SEM%, error percentage of standard error of measurement.

^b The first test was conducted at the beginning of this research, and the second test was conducted 5 to 7 days later to calculate test-retest reliability.

^c The SEM was calculated as SD × √(1 − ICC); the SEM% was calculated as (SEM/mean) × 100%.

^d The MDC was calculated as (√2 × 1.96) × SEM; the MDC% was calculated as (MDC/mean) × 100%.

TABLE 4
Internal Consistency of the SC-OSS and FS-OSS ^a

Functional Domain Demonstrated by Pictures SC-OSS FS-OSS

r^b α r^b α

Q1: Ability to play sport (worst pain) 0.60 .90 0.73 .93

Q2: Ability to dress independently 0.69 .91 0.78 .94

Q3: Ability to use public transport 0.67 .92 0.72 .96

Q4: Ability to eat independently 0.66 .90 0.69 .94

Q5: Ability to shop independently 0.69 .91 0.64 .93

Q6: Ability to carry a plate of food 0.71 .92 0.74 .94

Q7: Ability to comb own hair 0.68 .91 0.82 .95

Q8: Amount of pain from shoulder 0.58 .90 0.57 .93

Q9: Ability to hang clothes up 0.74 .91 0.81 .94

Q10: Ability to wash under arms 0.75 .92 0.80 .95

Q11: Ability to perform usual work 0.70 .90 0.68 .94

Q12: Ability to sleep comfortably 0.62 .89 0.70 .94

^a FS-OSS, face-scale version of the Oxford Shoulder Score; SC-OSS, simplified Chinese version of Oxford Shoulder Score.

^b Pearson correlation coefficient.

Construct Validity

Table 5 shows the correlation among the SC-OSS, FS-OSS, SST, CMS, and each domain of the SF-36 to assess the construct validity. The Pearson r showed an excellent relationship between the SC-OSS and FS-OSS (r = 0.88). There was a very good correlation between the SC-OSS and the SST (r = 0.67) and CMS (r = 0.62) as well as the PF (r = 0.71), BP (r = 0.71), and physical component score (PCS) (r = 0.72) sections of the SF-36. The SC-OSS showed good correlation with the RP (r = 0.52), VT (r = 0.43), and mental component score (MCS) (r = 0.46) of the SF-36. Fair correlation was observed between the SC-OSS and the GH (r = 0.35), RE (r = 0.37), and MH (r = 0.39) subscales of the SF-36.

The FS-OSS was marginally better than the SC-OSS, with very good correlation between it and the SST (r = 0.65), CMS (r = 0.66), and the PF (r = 0.76), BP (r = 0.68), SF (r = 0.68), and PCS (r = 0.70) subscales of the SF-36. Good correlation was observed with the RP (r = 0.49), GH (r = 0.56), VT (r = 0.54), MH (r = 0.50), and MCS (r = 0.52) subscales of the SF-36. The RE subscale (r = 0.30) of the SF-36 had the weakest relationship to the FS-OSS (Table 5).

TABLE 5
Construct Validity of the SC-OSS and FS-OSS ^a

Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) ^b

SC-OSS FS-OSS

SC-OSS — 0.88

FS-OSS 0.88 —

SST 0.67 0.65

CMS 0.62 0.66

SF-36 subscale

PF 0.71 0.76

RP 0.52 0.49

BP 0.71 0.68

GH 0.35 0.56

VT 0.43 0.54

SF 0.49 0.68

RE 0.37 0.30

MH 0.39 0.50

PCS 0.72 0.70

MCS 0.46 0.52

^a BP, bodily pain; CMS, Constant-Murley score; FS-OSS, face-scale version of the Oxford Shoulder Score; GH: general health; MCS, mental component score; MH mental health; PCS, physical component score; PF, physical function; RE, role-emotional; RP, role-physical; SC-OSS, simplified Chinese version of Oxford Shoulder Score; SF, social function; SF-36, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; SST: Simple Shoulder Test; VT, vitality. Dashes indicate no data.

^br > 0.80, excellent; 0.61 to 0.80, very good; 0.41 to 0.60, good; 0.21 to 0.40, fair; and 0 to 0.20, poor correlation.

Time to Completion

Table 6 shows the time needed to complete the FS-OSS, SC-OSS, and SST, used as a surrogate marker of comprehension. Patients with a higher education level needed a shorter time to complete the questionnaires. The mean time needed to complete the FS-OSS (182 ± 107 seconds) was notably less than that needed for the SC-OSS (222 ± 180 seconds) and the SST (306 ± 307 seconds). Figure 2 presents comparisons of the time spent completing the FS-OSS and SC-OSS by education level. Illiterate and primary school groups needed significantly less time to complete the FS-OSS compared with the SC-OSS (P < .05), whereas the tertiary education group spent significantly more time completing the FS-OSS (P < .05).

TABLE 6
Time Needed to Complete the Scores ^a

Time Needed to Complete, s

Education Level FS-OSS SC-OSS SST

Illiterate 416 ± 146 724 ± 182 1128 ± 444

Primary school 234 ± 101 298 ± 122 448 ± 190

Secondary school 141 ± 34 143 ± 42 165 ± 44

Tertiary education 101 ± 18 92 ± 16 98 ± 16

Overall 182 ± 107 222 ± 180 306 ± 307

^a Data are reported as mean ± SD. FS-OSS, face-scale version of the Oxford Shoulder Score; SC-OSS, simplified Chinese version of Oxford Shoulder Score.

Figure 2.
Comparison of the time needed to complete the score of the simplified Chinese version and the face-scale version of the OSS. *P < .05. FS-OSS, face-scale version of the Oxford Shoulder Score; SC-OSS, simplified Chinese version of Oxford Shoulder Score.

Discussion

The present findings are generally consistent with our hypotheses and suggest that FS-OSS and SC-OSS are valid and reliable instruments for patients with shoulder pain in China. The present findings also suggest that the FS-OSS is easier to understand.

Various questionnaires evaluate shoulder symptoms, such as Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder Index,¹⁹ the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index,²⁸ the OSS, and the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index.^14,15 The OSS was originally created to evaluate patients with chronic shoulder complaints by Dawson et al in 1996,⁶ and it has been proven to be a valid and reliable instrument, which is well-accepted and easily completed by patients. It can be used to evaluate most types of shoulder pain, including rotator cuff tears⁷ and frozen shoulder.²⁶ Table 7 summarizes the cross-cultural adaptation versions of the OSS.

TABLE 7
Description of Cross-Cultural Adaptation Versions for the OSS ^a

Language-Population Year Sample Size Time Interval of Test-Retest Reliability, d ICC Cronbach α

English (original) 1996 111 2 NA .89

German 2004 94 1-3 0.98 .94

Norwegian 2008 74 7 0.83 .87

Italian 2010 110 2 0.97 .95

Dutch 2010 103 1-3 0.98 .92

Turkish 2011 84 2 0.99 .92

Danish 2011 102 3 0.98 .93

Korean 2012 105 4 0.95 .91

Spanish 2015 120 2 0.97 .95

Persian 2015 100 3 0.93 .93

Simplified Chinese 2015 121 3-5 0.97 .92

Brazilian 2016 30 7-15 0.92 .93

French 2016 144 3 0.91 .93

Portuguese 2018 111 2-4 0.92 .90

Romanian 2018 125 2 0.95 .95

Polish 2019 69 7-14 0.99 .96

Current study

SC-OSS 2020 312 5-7 0.92 .91

FS-OSS 2020 312 5-7 0.95 .94

^a FS-OSS, face-scale version of the Oxford Shoulder Score; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; NA, not available; OSS, Oxford Shoulder Score; SC-OSS, simplified Chinese version of Oxford Shoulder Score.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation are necessary for direct international comparisons and cultural equivalence. Currently, the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index,³⁴ the Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder Index,¹³ the Rotator Cuff Quality of Life Index,³⁵ and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index³³ are available for application in Chinese patients, as well as the simplified Chinese version of the OSS developed in 2015.³⁹ Unevenly distributed wealth and educational resources as well as high illiteracy rates are prevailing challenges in most developing countries, and simplified patient-reported outcome measures are needed to overcome some of the resulting cultural and language barriers. In the current study, scores on the SC-OSS and FS-OSS achieved conceptual, semantic, idiomatic, and experiential equivalence during the translation and cross-cultural adaption process. The short time to complete the newly developed questionnaires suggests they were acceptable to the participants and easily understood.

In terms of reliability, the ICC values of SC-OSS (0.92) and FS-OSS (0.95) assessed at 5 to 7 days were high and indicated excellent test-retest reliability. Our version of the SC-OSS had comparable ICC values at 5 to 7 days when compared with the previously published version³⁹ (0.97 at 3-5 days). The ICC value for the SC-OSS was higher than that of Norwegian (0.83)⁸ and French (0.91)³² versions and equal to the Portuguese (0.92)¹⁰ and Brazilian (0.92)¹⁷ versions. Regarding the FS-OSS, the ICC value was higher than that of the SC-OSS and Persian (0.93)²² versions and comparable with that obtained for the Korean (0.95)²⁹ and Romanian (0.95)¹¹ versions. The test-retest interval (5-7 days) of our study was longer than that of most of the other studies and marginally shorter than versions validated for Brazil (7-15 days)¹⁷ and Poland (7-14 days).² It also showed good internal consistency, with a Cronbach α of .70 to .95. This was higher than the Norwegian (0.87)⁸ and Portuguese (0.90)¹⁰ versions and comparable with the Korean (0.91)⁹ version. For the FS-OSS, the Cronbach α was equal to the German (0.94) version¹² and higher than most versions of the OSS.

The SST, CMS, and SF-36 subscales demonstrated satisfactory construct validity of the SC-OSS and FS-OSS. The SC-OSS showed fair correlation with the GH, RE, and MH subscales of the SF-36 and good correlation with the remaining SF-36 subscales, the SST, and the CMS. Only fair correlation between the FS-OSS and the SF-36 RE subscale was found. According to the results, the SC-OSS and FS-OSS had good convergent and divergent validity.

Pictorial scores have been used in obstetrics and gynecology,²⁷ as well as in health-related quality of life instruments.³⁷ We used the time needed for participants to complete our instruments as a surrogate marker of comprehension. The results suggest that the pictorial version (FS-OSS) was more easily understood than SC-OSS and SST, especially for low-literacy participants, and might therefore be more applicable for countries and regions with high illiteracy rates.

Limitations

Several limitations exist in the present study. First, all participants included in our study were patients who visited our hospital, which could not fully represent the entirety of our country. Second, the responsiveness of SC-OSS and FS-OSS were not evaluated accurately, as we used the time needed to complete the instruments as a surrogate marker of responsiveness and understanding. Further research and more accurate assessment are still needed. Third, although we divided the participants into 4 groups according to the level of education, the sample size was too small to compare literate versus illiterate patients; this parameter was included mainly to describe the population adequately. Further studies should focus on the comparison of reliability between literate and illiterate populations with a large-powered study sample. In addition, we did not have a standardized way to introduce the image-only scoring system, and all illiterate patients needed explanation. Therefore, investigators may have had an influence on the understanding of the questionnaire by illiterate patients, which may have introduced bias.

Conclusion

The FS-OSS and SC-OSS were validated as reliable instruments for patients with shoulder pain. For Chinese patients, the face-scale version was easier to understand than the cross-cultural text version.

Characteristics	Total Sample (N = 312)	Male (n = 147)	Female (n = 165)
Age, y, mean ± SD	52.2 ± 10.8	51.0 ± 10.8	53.3 ± 10.8
Age group
<30 y	26 (8)	14 (10)	12 (7)
30-49 y	121 (39)	57 (39)	64 (39)
50-70 y	119 (38)	53 (36)	66 (40)
>70 y	46 (15)	23 (16)	23 (14)
Affected side
Right	171 (55)	81 (55)	90 (55)
Left	115 (37)	51 (35)	64 (39)
Bilateral	24 (8)	13 (9)	11 (7)
Duration of symptoms
<3 mo	92 (29)	42 (29)	50 (30)
3 to 6 mo	95 (30)	47 (32)	48 (29)
6 to 12 mo	75 (24)	36 (24)	39 (24)
>1 y	50 (16)	22 (15)	28 (17)
Education level
Illiterate	22 (7)	5 (3)	17 (10)
Primary school	91 (29)	21 (14)	70 (42)
Secondary school	156 (50)	92 (63)	64 (39)
Tertiary education	43 (14)	29 (20)	14 (8)
Clinical diagnosis
Subacromial bursitis/impingement without RCT	81 (26)	31 (21)	50 (30)
RCT	69 (22)	41 (28)	28 (17)
Biceps tenosynovitis	31 (10)	14 (10)	17 (10)
Frozen shoulder	78 (25)	32 (22)	46 (28)
Osteoarthritis	22 (7)	9 (6)	13 (8)
Calcifying tendinopathy	9 (3)	4 (3)	5 (3)
Other	22 (7)	16 (11)	6 (4)

Score	Mean ± SD	Cronbach α	ICC (95% CI) ^b	Median (IQR)	SEM (SEM%) ^c	MDC (MDC%) ^d
FS-OSS		.94	0.95 (0.91-0.98)		2(8)	6 (23)
Test	24.23 ± 9.11			24 (18-32)
Retest	24.04 ± 8.75			24 (17-32)
SC-OSS		.91	0.92 (0.86-0.95)		3(11)	8 (31)
Test	25.56 ± 9.98			25 (16-33)
Retest	24.78 ± 9.51			24 (16-32)

Functional Domain Demonstrated by Pictures	SC-OSS	FS-OSS
Q1: Ability to play sport (worst pain)	0.60	.90	0.73	.93
Q2: Ability to dress independently	0.69	.91	0.78	.94
Q3: Ability to use public transport	0.67	.92	0.72	.96
Q4: Ability to eat independently	0.66	.90	0.69	.94
Q5: Ability to shop independently	0.69	.91	0.64	.93
Q6: Ability to carry a plate of food	0.71	.92	0.74	.94
Q7: Ability to comb own hair	0.68	.91	0.82	.95
Q8: Amount of pain from shoulder	0.58	.90	0.57	.93
Q9: Ability to hang clothes up	0.74	.91	0.81	.94
Q10: Ability to wash under arms	0.75	.92	0.80	.95
Q11: Ability to perform usual work	0.70	.90	0.68	.94
Q12: Ability to sleep comfortably	0.62	.89	0.70	.94

	Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) ^b
SC-OSS	—	0.88
FS-OSS	0.88	—
SST	0.67	0.65
CMS	0.62	0.66
SF-36 subscale
PF	0.71	0.76
RP	0.52	0.49
BP	0.71	0.68
GH	0.35	0.56
VT	0.43	0.54
SF	0.49	0.68
RE	0.37	0.30
MH	0.39	0.50
PCS	0.72	0.70
MCS	0.46	0.52

	Time Needed to Complete, s
Illiterate	416 ± 146	724 ± 182	1128 ± 444
Primary school	234 ± 101	298 ± 122	448 ± 190
Secondary school	141 ± 34	143 ± 42	165 ± 44
Tertiary education	101 ± 18	92 ± 16	98 ± 16
Overall	182 ± 107	222 ± 180	306 ± 307

Language-Population	Year	Sample Size	Time Interval of Test-Retest Reliability, d	ICC	Cronbach α
English (original)	1996	111	2	NA	.89
German	2004	94	1-3	0.98	.94
Norwegian	2008	74	7	0.83	.87
Italian	2010	110	2	0.97	.95
Dutch	2010	103	1-3	0.98	.92
Turkish	2011	84	2	0.99	.92
Danish	2011	102	3	0.98	.93
Korean	2012	105	4	0.95	.91
Spanish	2015	120	2	0.97	.95
Persian	2015	100	3	0.93	.93
Simplified Chinese	2015	121	3-5	0.97	.92
Brazilian	2016	30	7-15	0.92	.93
French	2016	144	3	0.91	.93
Portuguese	2018	111	2-4	0.92	.90
Romanian	2018	125	2	0.95	.95
Polish	2019	69	7-14	0.99	.96
Current study
SC-OSS	2020	312	5-7	0.92	.91
FS-OSS	2020	312	5-7	0.95	.94

Footnotes

Acknowledgment

The authors thank Mr An Liu, medical student at Soochow University School of Medicine, for collecting and analyzing the data for this study. They also acknowledge all the translators and expert committee members (Professor Ling Qin from The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Professor Tiansi Tang, Professor Huilin Yang, and Mr Ju-Sheng Shieh) who assisted with the translation of the OSS into Chinese, the patients who participated in the study, and the illustrators who assisted in the process of making the pictorial version.

Final revision submitted January 27, 2021; accepted February 24, 2021.

The authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest in the authorship and publication of this contribution. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto.

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University.

Appendix

References

Beaton

Bombardier

Guillemin

Ferraz

. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine. 2000;25:3186–3191. doi:10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014

Bejer

Szczepanik

Płocki

Szymczyk

Kulczyk

Pop

. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Polish version of the Oxford Shoulder Score in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2019;17:191. doi:10.1186/s12955-019-1263

Berendes

Pilot

Willems

Verburg

te Slaa

. Validation of the Dutch version of the Oxford Shoulder Score. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19(6):829–836. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2010.01.017

Chambers

Giesbrecht

Craig

Bennett

Huntsman

. A comparison of faces scales for the measurement of pediatric pain: children’s and parents’ ratings. Pain. 1999;83(1):25–35. doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00086-x

Chambers

Hardial

Craig

Court

Montgomery

. Faces scales for the measurement of postoperative pain intensity in children following minor surgery. Clin J Pain. 2005;21(3):277–285. doi:10.1097/00002508-200505000-00011

Dawson

Fitzpatrick

Carr

. Questionnaire on the perceptions of patients about shoulder surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996;78(4):593–600.

Dawson

Hill

Fitzpatrick

Carr

The benefits of using patient-based methods of assessment. Medium-term results of an observational study of shoulder surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(6):877–882. doi:10.1302/0301-620x.83b6.11316

Ekeberg

Bautz-Holter

Tveitå

Keller

Juel

Brox

. Agreement, reliability and validity in 3 shoulder questionnaires in patients with rotator cuff disease. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;9:68. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-68

Frich

Noergaard

Brorson

. Validation of the Danish version of Oxford Shoulder Score. Dan Med Bull. 2011;58(11): A4335.

10.

Gonçalves

Caldeira

Rodrigues

Felícia

Cavalheiro

Ferreira

. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Portuguese version of the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS). Acta Reumatol Port. 2018;43:102–108.

11.

Haragus

Prejbeanu

Patrascu

, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Romanian Oxford Shoulder Score. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97:e10926. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000010926

12.

Huber

Hofstaetter

Hanslik-Schnabel

Posch

Wurnig

. The German version of the Oxford Shoulder Score---cross-cultural adaptation and validation. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2004;124(8):531–536. doi:10.1007/s00402-004-0716-z

13.

Jia

Zhang

Cui

Xue

. Translation and validation of the Simplified Chinese version of Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder Index (WOOS). Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(13):e8691. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008691

14.

Kirkley

Alvarez

Griffin

. The development and evaluation of a disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaire for disorders of the rotator cuff: the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index. Clin J Sport Med. 2003;13(2):84–92. doi:10.1097/00042752-200303000-00004

15.

Lee

Chen

Liow

MHL

Chong

Chang

Lie

. Critical shoulder angle and acromial index do not influence 24-month functional outcome after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(13):2989–2994. doi:10.1177/0363546517717947

16.

Wang

Shen

. Chinese SF-36 Health Survey: translation, cultural adaptation, validation, and normalisation. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003;57:259–263. doi:10.1136/jech.57.4.259

17.

Lima Eda

Natour

Moreira

Jones

. Translation, cultural adaptation and reproducibility of the Oxford Shoulder Score questionnaire for Brazil, among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Sao Paulo Med J. 2016;134(1):40–46. doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2015.00800108

18.

Lippitt

Harryman

Matsen

. A practical tool for evaluation of function: the Simple Shoulder Test. In: Matsen

Hawkins

, eds. The Shoulder: A Balance of Mobility and Stability. Rosemont: The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons;1993:501–559.

19.

Griffin

Kirkley

. The development of a disease-specific quality of life measurement tool for osteoarthritis of the shoulder: the Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder (WOOS) index. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2001;9(8):771–778. doi:10.1053/joca.2001.0474

20.

Kao

Lin

, et al. A study on the clinical effects of physical therapy and acupuncture to treat spontaneous frozen shoulder. Am J Chin Med. 2006;34:759–775. doi:10.1142/S0192415X06004272

21.

Murena

Vulcano

D’Angelo

Monti

Cherubino

. Italian cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Oxford Shoulder Score. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19(3):335–341. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2009.07.068

22.

Naghdi

Nakhostin Ansari

, et al. Simple Shoulder Test and Oxford Shoulder Score: Persian translation and cross-cultural validation. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015;135(12):1707–1718. doi:10.1007/s00402-015-2330-7

23.

Nicholson

Searle

HKC

MacDonald

McBirnie

. Cost-effectiveness and satisfaction following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: does age matter? Bone Joint J. 2019;101(7):860–866. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.101B7.BJJ-2019-0215.R1

24.

Norman

Brealey

Keding

Torgerson

Rangan

. Does time to surgery affect patient-reported outcome in proximal humeral fractures? A subanalysis of the PROFHER randomized clinical trial. Bone Joint J. 2020;102(1):33–41. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.102B1.BJJ-2020-0546.R1

25.

Ostor

AJK

Richards

Prevost

Hazleman

Speed

. Interrater reproducibility of clinical tests for rotator cuff lesions. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:1288–1292. doi:10.1136/ard.2003.014712

26.

Othman

Taylor

. Is the constant score reliable in assessing patients with frozen shoulder? 60 shoulders scored 3 years after manipulation under anaesthesia. Acta Orthop Scand. 2004;75(1):114–116. doi:10.1080/00016470410001708230

27.

Reid

Coker

Coltart

. Assessment of menstrual blood loss using a pictorial chart: a validation study. BJOG. 2000;107(3):320–322. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13225.x

28.

Roach

Budiman-Mak

Songsiridej

Lertratanakul

. Development of a shoulder pain and disability index. Arthritis Care Res. 1991;4(4):143–149.

29.

Roh

Noh

Kim

Gong

Baek

. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Korean version of the Oxford shoulder score. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(1):93–99. doi:10.1007/s00402-011-1393-3

30.

Torres-Lacomba

Sánchez-Sánchez

Prieto-Gómez

, et al. Spanish cultural adaptation and validation of the shoulder pain and disability index, and the oxford shoulder score after breast cancer surgery. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13:63. doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0256-y

31.

Tuğay

Gelecek

Özkan

. Oxford Shoulder Score: cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Turkish version. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2011;131(5):687–694. doi:10.1007/s00402-010-1242-9

32.

Tuton

Barbe

Salmon

Dramé

Nérot

Ohl

. Transcultural validation of the Oxford Shoulder Score for the French-speaking population. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2016;102:555–558. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2016.05.010

33.

Wang

Jia

Liu

, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Chinese version of the shoulder pain and disability index in patients with symptomatic shoulder pain: a prospective case series. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(26):e11227. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011227

34.

Wang

Xie

Jia

Cui

Liu

Wang

. Cross-cultural translation of the Western Ontario Cuff Index in Chinese and its validation in patients with rotator cuff disorders. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017;18(1):178. doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1536-y

35.

Wang

Zhang

Cui

Xie

Jia

Zheng

. Reliability, validity and responsiveness of the Chinese version of the Rotator Cuff Quality of Life Index (RC-QOL) in patients with rotator cuff disorders. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0206347. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206347

36.

Ware

Sherbourne . The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30(6):473–483.

37.

Whitehurst

DGT

Latimer

Kagan

, et al. Developing accessible, pictorial versions of health-related quality-of-life instruments suitable for economic evaluation: a report of preliminary studies conducted in Canada and the United Kingdom. Pharmacoecon Open. 2018;2(3):225–231. doi:10.1007/s41669-018-0083-2

38.

Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. Wong-Baker FACES Foundation. Accessed January 2020. http://wongbakerfaces.org

39.

Wang

Wei

Wang

. Chinese cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Oxford shoulder score. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13:193. doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0383-5

Development and Validation of a Simplified Chinese Version and a Face-Scale Version of the Oxford Shoulder Score: A 2-Center Prospective Study

Abstract

Background:

Purpose:

Study Design:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Keywords

Methods

Translation and Cultural Adaptation Procedure

Participants

Psychometric Assessments

OSS and SC-OSS

FC-OSS Scoring

Simple Shoulder Test

Constant-Murley Score

36-Item Short Form Health Survey

Statistical Analysis

Results

Translations and Cross-Cultural Adaptation

Participant Characteristics

Ceiling and Floor Effects

Reliability

Construct Validity

Time to Completion

Discussion

Limitations

Conclusion

Footnotes

Acknowledgment

Appendix

References