Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Background:

Arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart/superior labral anteroposterior (SLAP) lesions is commonly performed to treat anterior shoulder instability, the clinical outcomes of which have not been widely studied.

Purpose:

To compare the clinical outcomes for arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart/SLAP lesions in the treatment of anterior shoulder instability and to ascertain whether it is inferior to isolated Bankart repair.

Study Design:

Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A systematic review of the literature was performed through use of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Study bias was assessed using the MINORS (Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies) scoring system. Randomized controlled trials, prospective or retrospective cohort studies, and case-control studies were included, whereas systematic reviews, literature reviews, conference abstracts, case reports, case series, and non-peer-reviewed studies were excluded to guarantee the quality of the study. Data on outcomes including recurrence rate, functional scores, and range of motion (ROM) were pooled, with statistical analysis performed. A P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

The review included 7 studies with a total of 520 patients. The pooled recurrence rate after combined Bankart/SLAP repair was 6.47% (9/139). Significant improvements of postoperative versus preoperative functional scores were observed, including a reduction in the visual analog scale score for pain (mean ± SD: 0.99 ± 1.36 vs 4.13 ± 2.26; P < .00001) and an increase in mean Rowe score (89.56 ± 11.46 vs 43.16 ± 8.87; P < .00001) and mean Constant score (91.41 ± 7.57 vs 59.70 ± 5.63; P < .00001). In terms of ROM, no reduction was found in external rotation (66.56° ± 13.33° vs 67.22° ± 14.27°; P = .21), and a significant increase in abduction was found (157.67° ± 4.11° vs 144.18° ± 8.28°; P < .00001). No statistically significant difference was found between arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart/SLAP lesions and isolated Bankart repair regarding recurrence rate, functional scores, or ROM.

Conclusion:

Of the pooled data, patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart/SLAP lesions in treatment of anterior shoulder instability showed a low recurrence rate, favorable functional scores, and no significant restriction on ROM, all of which were not significantly worse than outcomes of isolated Bankart repair. Therefore, combined repair was proven to be a viable option for extensive labral lesions.

Keywords

anterior shoulder instability Bankart SLAP arthroscopic repair systematic review

Combined Bankart/superior labral anteroposterior (SLAP) lesions, which are increasingly reported during arthroscopic surgeries in treatment of anterior shoulder instability, are defined as glenoid labral tears from anteroinferior to superior, regardless of whether there is continuity.²⁷ In most cases, they can simply be considered Bankart lesions with concomitant SLAP injuries. According to previous studies,^8,19,59 approximately 20% to 57% of patients with anterior shoulder instability have combined Bankart/SLAP lesions.^15,16 Although Bankart lesions are a primary pathological feature in posttraumatic anterior shoulder instability,¹⁸ SLAP tears can also impair shoulder stability by damaging the superior labrum and the biceps tendon, both of which play an essential role in maintenance of proper glenohumeral joint functions.^11,54,57,58 Therefore, the treatment for combined Bankart/SLAP lesions to maintain shoulder stability also draws surgeons’ attention. In current clinical practice, surgical fixation of both Bankart lesion and concomitant SLAP lesion to stabilize the shoulder joint in cases of anterior shoulder stability is advocated by most authors.^{8,23,27,33,34,40,45,56}

Several studies^{10,14,34,51,54,56} have reported that arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart/SLAP lesions produced satisfactory postoperative outcomes including a low recurrence rate, pain alleviation, and shoulder function improvement. Furthermore, among young and active patients, the combined repair promotes early return to sports, especially overhead sports.^25,43 However, compared with isolated Bankart lesions, combined Bankart/SLAP lesions present a larger range of labral injuries, which adds difficulty to the surgical repair process with potential visual limitations and extra procedures such as a suspension sling to hang the superior labrum during the surgery. Other complications can include loss of range of motion (ROM), delayed recovery of ROM, shoulder stiffness, and low rate of return to sports.^{5,7,19,21,26,29,56}

The overall effect of the combined repair on clinical outcomes has not been widely studied, although some controversies still exist. Many studies^‡ found no statistically significant difference between combined arthroscopic Bankart/SLAP repair and isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair through assessment of postoperative shoulder function. Nevertheless, several studies^{10,19,32,36,50,56} noted that arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart/SLAP lesions might result in limitation of shoulder ROM because the repair of more extensive labral lesions from the anteroinferior to superior portion of the glenoid requires more anchors and sutures for fixation, which could cause excessive tension to surrounding soft tissues, leading to excessive tension and stiffness.^29,37,56 Additionally, a delayed recovery after surgery was observed, which could result from a slower healing rate of extensive combined lesions.^10,14 Since these results are based on relatively limited sample sizes, more robust evidence is needed to determine the actual outcomes for arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart/SLAP lesions.

Currently, no systematic review exists of studies evaluating clinical outcomes for arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart/SLAP lesions or the comparison between combined and isolated procedures. Therefore, the goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate clinical outcomes for arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart/SLAP lesions and to ascertain whether combined repair was inferior to isolated Bankart repair. It was hypothesized that the included studies would demonstrate favorable clinical outcomes after combined repair as well as postoperative outcomes that were no worse than after isolated Bankart repair.

Methods

Search Strategy

The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were used to perform a systematic review of all available literature. A literature search was performed of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases in February 2019, with the following search algorithm: ((Bankart lesion OR Bankart tear OR anteroinferior labrum lesion) AND (Superior Labrum from Anterior to Posterior Injury OR SLAP injury OR SLAP tear) OR SLAP V lesion OR type V SLAP lesion) AND (arthroscopic repair OR combined repair) AND (shoulder dislocation OR glenohumeral dislocation OR shoulder instability). No filter was used during the database search, in order to increase sensitivity. All search results were examined for relevance after removal of duplicates. The titles and abstracts were reviewed and screened first. Then, potentially eligible studies received a full-text review. Moreover, bibliographies of relevant studies were manually screened for possible additional studies meeting the inclusion criteria.

Eligibility Criteria

To be included in the systematic review, the studies had to (1) include patients with combined Bankart/SLAP lesions and isolated Bankart lesions, both of which underwent arthroscopic surgeries; (2) compare arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart/SLAP lesions with arthroscopic repair of isolated Bankart lesions; (3) evaluate clinical outcomes; (4) be a randomized controlled trial, prospective or retrospective cohort study, or a case-control study; and (5) be written in English. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) studies that did not quantify clinical outcomes; (2) systematic reviews, literature reviews, conference abstracts, case reports, case series, and non–peer reviewed studies; and (3) animal or cadaveric studies.

Quality Evaluation

No randomized trials were found during the literature search; therefore, 2 reviewers (S.F. and Y.S.) independently assessed the risk of bias for every included study using the MINORS (Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies) scale, which was specially developed and validated to evaluate and determine the quality of nonrandomized studies.⁴⁸ The results could give an indication of potential sources of bias among included studies. Disagreements were resolved through discussion. A total of 12 items were included, and the last 4 items were specific for comparative studies. Each item included in the MINORS scale was scored as follows: 0 for not reported; 1 for reported but poorly or inadequately conducted; 2 for reported sufficiently and conducted adequately. A noncomparative study had a maximum possible score of 16, whereas a comparative study had a maximum possible score of 24.

Data Extraction and Analysis

Studies that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated, and relevant data were extracted by the 2 reviewers independently before reaching a consensus. The following data were extracted: study characteristics (study design, level of evidence [LOE], number of participants), mean follow-up period, sample size, patient characteristics (mean age at the time of surgery, sex, dominant arm involvement), and clinical outcomes (recurrence rate, functional scores, ROM). We focused on outcomes that measured (1) recurrence rate, including all incidences of recurrent dislocations, subluxations, and revisions due to recurrence after arthroscopic repair; (2) functional scores, mainly assessing visual analog scale for pain (VAS), Rowe, and Constant scores; and (3) ROM, mainly measuring external rotation with arm at side and abduction.

Statistical Analysis

All statistical analyses were performed by use of Review Manager (version 5.3; Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration). Heterogeneity across studies was quantified using the I ² statistic.²⁰ An I ² value of less than 25% was used to represent low heterogeneity and an I ² value of greater than 75% indicated high heterogeneity. Random effects models were used when the I ² value was greater than 50% or when subgroup analysis was conducted; otherwise, fixed-effects models were adopted. When the range was given instead of a standard deviation in the studies included, the methods of Wan et al⁵⁵ were used to estimate the standard deviation. Results are presented as risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference (MD) with 95% CI for continuous outcomes. However, considering that different measurement units and definitions were included in scoring scales, all of the included functional scores are presented as standard mean difference (SMD). P < .05 was regarded as statistically significant.

Results

Study Identification

The search strategy and the results used in this systematic review and meta-analysis are shown in Figure 1. The initial literature search resulted in 809 studies. After removal of duplicates, the remaining 752 articles were screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria by reviewing titles and abstracts. Then, 51 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. In only 7 of 51 studies with potential eligibility were clinical outcomes adequately quantified. These 7 studies,^{3,10,14,17,19,25,60} consisting of 520 patients, were included in the final analysis.

Figure 1.

PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow diagram.

Study and Patient Characteristics

Of the 7 studies included in this systematic review, 3 were prospective cohort studies (LOE 2) and 4 were retrospective cohort studies (LOE 3) (Table 1). All studies had a MINORS score of 18 or higher. The mean follow-up period was 29.5 months (range, 12-92 months). In total, 520 patients (85.2% males) with a mean age of 25.6 years (range, 15-69 years) were included initially, and 473 completed the follow-up. There were 177 patients (mean age, 26.2 years) treated with arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart/SLAP lesions compared with 343 patients (mean age, 24.9 years) treated with arthroscopic repair of isolated Bankart lesions (Table 2). The baseline age, sex distribution, and other reported variables were similar between the cohorts across the studies included (P > .05).

TABLE 1

Study Characteristics ^a

Lead Author (Year)	Study Design	LOE	Country	MINORS	Follow-up, mo, Mean (Range)	Measures of Outcomes	No. of Participants
Lead Author (Year)	Study Design	LOE	Country	MINORS	Follow-up, mo, Mean (Range)	Measures of Outcomes	Combined	Isolated
Zhu⁶⁰ (2018)	Prospective cohort study	2	Singapore	20	24	VAS, UCLA, OIS, ROM	19	61
Aydin³ (2017)	Retrospective cohort study	3	Turkey	20	34 (26-72)	Rowe, Constant, ROM	19	38
Durban¹⁴ (2016)	Retrospective cohort study	3	Korea	18	34.9 (12-92)	VAS, Rowe, ROM	44	76
Gaudelli¹⁷ (2014)	Prospective cohort study	2	Canada	18	12	WOSI, QuickDASH, Walch-Duplay	23	80
Kim²⁵ (2013)	Retrospective cohort study	3	Korea	20	46 (24-58)	VAS, Rowe, Constant, ROM	32	35
Cho¹⁰ (2010)	Retrospective cohort study	3	Korea	18	15 (13-28)	VAS, Rowe, ASES, ROM	15	15
Hantes¹⁹ (2009)	Prospective cohort study	2	Greece	22	40.6 (27-60)	VAS, Rowe, Constant, ROM	25	38

^a ASES, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons; LOE, level of evidence; MINORS, Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies; OIS, Oxford Instability Score; QuickDASH, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand; ROM, range of motion; UCLA, University of California Los Angeles; VAS, visual analog scale; WOSI, Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index.

TABLE 2

Participant Characteristics ^a

Lead Author (Year)	Age, y, Mean (Range)		M/F, n		Dominant/Nondominant Arm, n		Age of First Dislocation, y ^b		Contact Sports, Yes/No, n		Previous Dislocations, n ^b
Lead Author (Year)	Com	Iso	Com	Iso	Com	Iso	Com	Iso	Com	Iso	Com	Iso
Zhu⁶⁰ (2018)	22.0 (21.1-24.2)	22.2 (20.3-27.6)	17/2	57/4	NA	NA	20 (18-22)	19 (16-22)	9/10	37/24	5 (1-10)	6 (1-15)
Aydin³ (2017)	23 (16-34)	24 (17-33)	15/4	31/7	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Durban¹⁴ (2016)	24.6 (17-49)	23.6 (15-69)	41/3	63/13	28/16	52/24	20.4 ± 5.3	17.9 ± 10.1	21/23	35/41	8.3 ± 15.4	13.6 ± 20.7
Gaudelli¹⁷ (2014)	34	29	17/6	58/22	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	14.0	18.5
Kim²⁵ (2013)	26 (19-34)	25 (18-35)	24/8	29/6	17/15	20/15	21 (18-32)	21 (16-33)	8/24	8/27	9.7 ± 6.7	10.8 ± 7.8
Cho¹⁰ (2010)	24.2 (16-38)	24.6 (18-35)	15/0	15/0	9/6	11/4	NA	NA	NA	NA	>10	NA
Hantes¹⁹ (2009)	29.8 (17-43)	26.2 (15-48)	21/4	30/8	16/9	22/16	24.6 (12-35)	21.9 (13-37)	4/21	6/32	18.6 (6-50)	8.1 (3-20)

^a Com, combined Bankart/SLAP lesions; Iso, isolated Bankart lesions; M/F, male/female; NA, not applicable; SLAP, superior labral anteroposterior.

^b Values are expressed as mean (range) or mean ± SD.

Clinical Outcomes

The data for pooled functional scores and ROM are summarized in Table 3, and recurrence rates for both repair types are shown in Figure 2.

TABLE 3

Clinical Outcomes ^a

Outcome	Studies, n	Combined Bankart/SLAP Repair^b		Isolated Bankart Repair^b		P	Combined Bankart/SLAP Repair^c
Outcome	Studies, n	Participants, n	Postoperative Value	Participants, n	Postoperative Value	P	Studies, n	Participants, n	Postoperative Value	Preoperative Value	P
VAS score	5	135	0.94 ± 1.30	225	0.68 ± 1.38	.55	4	110	0.99 ± 1.36	4.13 ± 2.26	<.00001
Rowe score	5	135	89.56 ± 11.46	202	91.39 ± 10.33	.07	5	135	89.56 ± 11.46	43.16 ± 8.87	<.00001
Constant score	4	95	91.41 ± 7.57	172	88.67 ± 6.11	.25	4	95	91.41 ± 7.57	59.70 ± 5.63	<.00001
ER, deg	3	95	66.56 ± 13.33	149	67.96 ± 14.97	.99	3	95	66.56 ± 13.33	67.22 ± 14.27	.21
Abduction, deg	3	70	157.67 ± 4.11	134	154.19 ± 4.99	.05	3	70	157.67 ± 4.11	144.18 ± 8.28	<.00001

^a Preoperative and postoperative values are expressed as mean (range) or mean ± SD. ER, external rotation; SLAP, superior labral anteroposterior; VAS, visual analog scale.

^b Comparison of postoperative outcomes between combined and isolated Bankart repairs.

^c Comparison of preoperative and postoperative outcomes for combined repairs.

Figure 2.

Forest plot of comparison of recurrence rates after combined Bankart/superior labral anteroposterior (SLAP) repair versus isolated Bankart.

Recurrence rates were measured in all 7 studies. No recurrence (0%) was reported in 2 of the included studies, which couldn’t be pooled due to the rule of Review Manager 5.3. After the recurrence rates from 5 studies were pooled,^{3,14,19,25,60} combined Bankart/SLAP repair resulted in a recurrence rate of 6.47% (9/139), whereas isolated repair had a recurrence rate of 5.24% (13/248). No statistically significant difference was found between the 2 repairs (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.63 to 3.38; I ² = 0%; P = .38) (Figure 2).

The VAS score was reported in 5 studies,^{10,14,19,25,60} comprising 135 combined repairs and 225 isolated repairs. The combined repair resulted in a mean VAS score of 0.94 ± 1.30, whereas the isolated repair had a mean VAS score of 0.68 ± 1.38. No statistically significant difference was detected (SMD, 0.07; 95% CI, –0.15 to 0.28; I ² = 0%; P = .55). In 4 studies,^10,14,25,60 both preoperative (mean, 4.13 ± 2.26) and postoperative (mean, 0.99 ± 1.36) VAS scores of 110 patients with combined repair were reported. A statistically significant decrease was seen in mean VAS score after combined Bankart/SLAP repair (SMD, –1.62; 95% CI, –1.93 to –1.31; I ² = 0%; P < .00001).

The Rowe score was reported in 5 studies,^{3,10,14,19,25} comprising 135 combined repairs and 202 isolated repairs. The combined repair resulted in a mean Rowe score of 89.56 ± 11.46, compared with 91.39 ± 10.33 for the isolated repair. No statistically significant difference was detected (SMD, –0.20; 95% CI, –0.42 to 0.02; I ² = 0%; P = .07). For the 135 patients with combined repair, both preoperative (mean, 43.16 ± 8.87) and postoperative (mean, 89.56 ± 11.46) Rowe scores were reported. A statistically significant increase was seen in mean Rowe score after combined Bankart/SLAP repair (SMD, 5.08; 95% CI, 2.97 to 7.19; I ² = 94%; P < .00001).

The Constant score was reported in 4 studies,^3,19,25,60 comprising 95 combined repairs and 172 isolated repairs. The combined repair resulted in a mean Constant score of 91.41 ± 7.57, compared with the isolated repair of 88.67 ± 6.11. No statistically significant difference was detected (SMD, 0.64; 95% CI, –0.44 to 1.72; I ² = 94%; P = .25). Among these studies, both preoperative (mean, 59.70 ± 5.63) and postoperative (mean, 91.41 ± 7.57) Constant scores were reported for the 95 patients with combined repair. A statistically significant increase was noted in mean Constant score after combined Bankart/SLAP repair (SMD, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.97 to 5.65; I ² = 93%; P < .00001). Because heterogeneity was observed, a subgroup analysis stratified by mean age of the included patients was performed. In the subgroup of studies with a mean patient age younger than 24 years, the SMD of the Constant score was 2.22 (95% CI, 1.35 to 3.08; I ² = 53%; P < .00001), whereas it was 5.43 (95% CI, 4.62 to 6.25; I ² = 0%; P < .00001) in the subgroup of studies in which mean patient age was older than 24 years. A trend toward greater improvement regarding Constant score was suggested in patients older than 24 years, indicating that patients of a certain age group might benefit more from the combined repair than others.

The external rotation with arm at side was reported in 3 studies,^3,14,25 comprising 95 combined repairs and 149 isolated repairs. The combined repair resulted in a mean external rotation of 66.56° ± 13.33°, compared with 67.96° ± 14.97° for the isolated repair. No statistically significant difference was detected (MD, –0.01; 95% CI, –2.85 to 2.83; I ² = 0%; P = .99). Among these studies, both preoperative external rotation (mean, 67.22° ± 14.27°) and postoperative external rotation (mean, 66.56° ± 13.33°) were reported for the 95 patients with combined repair. No statistically significant difference was seen between them (MD, –1.99; 95% CI, –5.09 to 1.11; I ² = 0%; P = .21).

Abduction was reported in 3 studies,^3,25,60 comprising 70 combined repairs and 134 isolated repairs. The combined repair resulted in a mean abduction of 157.67° ± 4.11°, compared with 154.19° ± 4.99° for the isolated repair. No statistically significant difference was detected (MD, 1.28; 95% CI, –0.01 to 2.56; I ² = 95%; P = .05). Among these studies, both preoperative abduction (mean, 144.18° ± 8.28°) and postoperative abduction (mean, 157.67° ± 4.11°) were reported for the 70 patients with combined repair. A statistically significant increase was noted in mean abduction after combined Bankart/SLAP repair (MD, 13.82; 95% CI, 11.67 to 15.97; I ² = 57%; P < .00001).

Discussion

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to ascertain the clinical outcomes for arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart/SLAP lesions in the treatment of anterior shoulder instability. Overall, combined repair yielded excellent outcomes in terms of low recurrence, significant reduction in pain, and improvements in shoulder function. Additionally, no significantly worse outcomes, specifically no significant limitation in ROM after multiple points of fixation of the labrum to the glenoid, were observed compared with isolated Bankart repair. The results verified the study hypothesis.

Generally, Bankart lesions can be found in most cases of anterior shoulder instability and are commonly treated by arthroscopic Bankart repair.^28,52 According to several biomechanical studies,^{19,33,34,39,40,49} when the injury extends from anteroinferior to the superior portion of labrum (ie, there is a concomitant SLAP lesion), anterior and inferior humeral translations become more extensive, which lead to intensified anterior shoulder instability. Several biomechanical studies have observed that SLAP lesions can lead to increased glenohumeral translations, resulting in anterior shoulder instability.^{33,34,39,41,42} Rodosky et al⁴⁵ reported that detachment of the superior glenoid labrum decreased the shoulder’s resistance to torsion and placed a greater magnitude of strain on the inferior glenohumeral ligament, which was detrimental to anterior shoulder stability. Moreover, SLAP lesions can disrupt the attachment of the labrum to the glenoid and the origin of the long head of the biceps tendon, both of which would increase shoulder instability. Burkart et al⁶ created an artificial SLAP tear in a cadaveric model and observed an increase in anterior and anteroinferior translation. They noted that the joint translations and normal biomechanics of glenohumeral stability could partially be restored by SLAP repair.

Although some isolated SLAP lesions can be treated with nonoperative management,^38,44 combined Bankart/SLAP lesions usually require surgical treatment, which is imperative to restore shoulder stability.^13,18,54,56 Therefore, combined Bankart/SLAP repair is adopted by most surgeons to decrease joint volume and create a bumper effect on the humeral head by fixing the labrum to the glenoid rim for shoulder stabilization and prevention of residual laxity, since fixing only 1 of the 2 lesions might still result in recurrent instability.^{15,19,34,40,51,54,56}

In the present study, the recurrence rate in the patients who received combined Bankart/SLAP repair was 6.47% (9/139), which was low compared with isolated Bankart repair, according to existing literature.^4,53 In addition, no significant difference in recurrence rate was noted between combined Bankart/SLAP repair and isolated Bankart repair, suggesting that properly performed combined repair does not lead to a higher risk of recurrent anterior shoulder instability than isolated repair, even if the combined lesions appear to be more extensive and severe. Consistent with previous studies,^14,19,25,60 this result indicates that appropriate repair of labral lesions, however large or extensive, may be the most critical factor to avoid recurrent dislocations after arthroscopic management of anterior shoulder instability.

Numerous studies^2,9,12,30 have demonstrated excellent functional outcomes for arthroscopic Bankart repair because Bankart lesion is the most common cause of anterior shoulder instability; however, combined Bankart/SLAP repair has received much less attention due to relatively low incidence. With the pooled data in the current review, we found that VAS, Rowe, and Constant scores, which have been used more often than other functional scores in assessment of anterior shoulder instability, indicated significantly improved outcomes for combined repair. The results were in accordance with multiple studies,^§ in which significantly better postoperative functional scores regarding pain, daily activities, and quality of life were reported after combined repair, despite the greater severity of combined injuries and the larger extents of labral repair. Furthermore, several studies^14,25 noted that preoperative functional scores in patients with combined lesions were worse than those scores in patients with isolated lesions, but postoperative scores were not significantly different, which suggests that the combined Bankart/SLAP repair was quite beneficial to treat such serious labral lesions. Because heterogeneity was observed in the comparison between preoperative and postoperative Rowe and Constant scores, several subgroup analyses based on mean age, sex, and duration of immobilization were conducted.

Additionally, compared with isolated Bankart repair, the postoperative functional scores of the combined repair were equally good. Due to the heterogeneous nature of inclusion criteria across the included studies and the limited number of studies, heterogeneity was observed in pooled Constant score in the comparison. We had intended to perform subgroup analyses based on diverse patient variables, but such subgroup analyses were not possible due to variability in the reporting of these factors.

Concerns about limitations in shoulder ROM after multiple-point fixation of the labrum to the glenoid have been mentioned in a few studies.^10,19,32,50 Reduction in postoperative shoulder ROM was found in a variety of operative procedures; specifically, restrictions of external rotation and abduction were noted to occur most commonly after labral repair,^24,47 caused by overstress and stiffness in the glenohumeral joint.^25,29,37,56 Moreover, it has been reported that restriction in shoulder ROM is a common complication after SLAP repair.⁴³ In the current study, one of the most important findings was that the pooled data showed no significant reduction in either external rotation or abduction after arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart/SLAP lesions compared with isolated Bankart repair. The results are in accordance with several studies,^{3,16,19,25,60} indicating that even if more extensive labral injury exists in patients with combined lesions, the combined surgical repair with more anchors used for shoulder stabilization does not necessarily lead to reduction in postoperative external rotation and abduction.

Notably, a significant increase in abduction was observed in the same follow-up period with external rotation, which suggests that the recovery of abduction is better or quicker than that of external rotation after combined repair, as a result of biomechanical parameters and rehabilitation protocols. However, there was still a slight decrease in external rotation after combined repair compared with isolated repair, which needs to be taken into consideration regarding surgical techniques. Of note, 2 studies^10,14 mentioned that although the postoperative ROM at final follow-up was similar in the 2 repair methods, significant differences were observed during the recovery process, which led to a longer recovery period among the patients who underwent combined repair. We could not verify their findings due to the limited data reported across the studies included; however, we surmise that the lengths of recovery reported probably represented a functional adaptation of the shoulder after surgery, which could be different due to various postoperative factors, not only operative factors.

This study has several limitations. First, no study that was included was randomized, and most of the data collected in this systematic review and meta-analysis were derived from retrospective studies, which could cause selective bias and recall bias. Second, few of the studies included had differentiated the outcomes among diverse populations, and the information about surgical findings was limited. Third, sample sizes in some studies were quite small and had uneven distribution over the 2 repair methods, which can cause statistical deviation.

Conclusion

According to the pooled data, patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart/SLAP lesions in treatment of anterior shoulder instability showed a low recurrence rate, favorable functional scores, and no significant restriction in ROM, all of which were not significantly worse than results of isolated Bankart repair. Therefore, combined repair was proven to be a viable option for extensive labral lesions.

Footnotes

Notes

References

Aboalata

Plath

Seppel

Juretzko

Vogt

Imhoff

. Results of arthroscopic Bankart repair for anterior-inferior shoulder instability at 13-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(4):782–787.

Arciero

Wheeler

Ryan

McBride

. Arthroscopic Bankart repair versus nonoperative treatment for acute, initial anterior shoulder dislocations. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22(5):589–594.

Aydin

Unal

Asansu

Tok

. Concomitant SLAP repair does not influence the surgical outcome for arthroscopic Bankart repair of traumatic shoulder dislocations. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2017;25(2):1–6.

Bessiere

Trojani

Carles

Mehta

Boileau

. The open Latarjet procedure is more reliable in terms of shoulder stability than arthroscopic Bankart repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(8):2345–2351.

Boileau

Parratte

Chuinard

Roussanne

Shia

Bicknell

. Arthroscopic treatment of isolated type II SLAP lesions: biceps tenodesis as an alternative to reinsertion. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(5):929–936.

Burkart

Debski

Musahl

McMahon

. Glenohumeral translations are only partially restored after repair of a simulated type II superior labral lesion. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31(1):56–63.

Burkart

Imhoff

. The suspension sling for arthroscopic fixation of SLAP lesions. Arthroscopy. 2002;18(6):e33.

Burkhart

Morgan

. SLAP lesions in the overhead athlete. Orthop Clin North Am. 2001;32(3):431–441.

Chapus

Rochcongar

Pineau

Salle de Chou

Hulet

. Ten-year follow-up of acute arthroscopic Bankart repair for initial anterior shoulder dislocation in young patients. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015;101(8):889–893.

10.

Cho

Lee

Hwang

Suh

Park

. Arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart and SLAP lesions: operative techniques and clinical results. Clin Orthop Surg. 2010;2(1):39–46.

11.

Cooper

Arnoczky

O’Brien

Warren

DiCarlo

Allen

. Anatomy, histology, and vascularity of the glenoid labrum. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74(1):46–52.

12.

DeFroda

Bokshan

Stern

Sullivan

Owens

. Arthroscopic Bankart repair for the management of anterior shoulder instability: indications and outcomes. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2017;10(4):442–451.

13.

Dumont

Russell

Robertson

. Anterior shoulder instability: a review of pathoanatomy, diagnosis and treatment. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2011;4(4):200–207.

14.

Durban

Kim

. Anterior shoulder instability with concomitant superior labrum from anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesion compared to anterior instability without SLAP lesion. Clin Orthop Surg. 2016;8(2):168–174.

15.

Garofalo

Mocci

Moretti

, et al. Arthroscopic treatment of anterior shoulder instability using knotless suture anchors. Arthroscopy. 2005;21(11):1283–1289.

16.

Gartsman

Roddey

Hammerman

. Arthroscopic treatment of anterior-inferior glenohumeral instability: two to five-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82(7):991–1003.

17.

Gaudelli

Hébert-Davies

Balg

, et al. The impact of superior labral anterior to posterior lesions on functional status in shoulder instability: a multicenter cohort study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2014;2(10): 2325967114554195.

18.

Habermeyer

Gleyze

Rickert

. Evolution of lesions of the labrum-ligament complex in posttraumatic anterior shoulder instability: a prospective study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1999;8(1):66–74.

19.

Hantes

Venouziou

Liantsis

Dailiana

Malizos

. Arthroscopic repair for chronic anterior shoulder instability: a comparative study between patients with Bankart lesions and patients with combined Bankart and superior labral anterior posterior lesions. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(6):1093–1098.

20.

Higgins

Thompson

Deeks

Altman

. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–560.

21.

Hong

. Sham surgery versus labral repair or biceps tenodesis for type II SLAP lesions of the shoulder: a three-armed randomised clinical trial. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(24):1780.

22.

Imhoff

Ansah

Tischer

, et al. Arthroscopic repair of anterior-inferior glenohumeral instability using a portal at the 5:30-o’clock position: analysis of the effects of age, fixation method, and concomitant shoulder injury on surgical outcomes. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(9):1795–1803.

23.

Itoi

Kuechle

Newman

Morrey

. Stabilising function of the biceps in stable and unstable shoulders. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75(4):546–550.

24.

Kang

Frank

Nho

, et al. Complications associated with anterior shoulder instability repair. Arthroscopy. 2009;25(8):909–920.

25.

Kim

Kwon

. Relationship between the extent of labral lesions and the frequency of glenohumeral dislocation in shoulder instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21(2):430–437.

26.

Kim

Yoon

. Arthroscopic repair for combined Bankart and superior labral anterior posterior lesions: a comparative study between primary and recurrent anterior dislocation in the shoulder. Int Orthop. 2011;35(8):1187–1195.

27.

Kim

Queale

Cosgarea

McFarland

. Clinical features of the different types of SLAP lesions: an analysis of one hundred and thirty-nine cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85(1):66–71.

28.

Levy

Cole

Bach

Jr . History of surgical intervention of anterior shoulder instability. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016;25:e139–e150.

29.

Burkhart

. Triple labral lesions: pathology and surgical repair technique-report of seven cases. Arthroscopy 2005;21(2):186–193.

30.

Marshall

Vega

Siqueira

Cagle

Gelber

Saluan

. Outcomes after arthroscopic Bankart repair: patients with first-time versus recurrent dislocations. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(8):1776–1782.

31.

Mazzocca

Cote

Solovyova

Rizvi

Mostofi

Arciero

. Traumatic shoulder instability involving anterior, inferior, and posterior labral injury: a prospective clinical evaluation of arthroscopic repair of 270 degrees labral tears. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(8):1687–1696.

32.

McGlynn

Caspari

. Arthroscopic findings in the subluxating shoulder. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;183:173–178.

33.

McMahon

Burkart

Musahl

Debski

. Glenohumeral translations are increased after a type II superior labrum anterior-posterior lesion: a cadaveric study of severity of passive stabilizer injury. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13(1):39–44.

34.

Mihata

McGarry

Tibone

Fitzpatrick

Kinoshita

Lee

. Biomechanical assessment of type II superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions associated with anterior shoulder capsular laxity as seen in throwers: a cadaveric study. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(8):1604–1610.

35.

Milchteim

Tucke

Nye

, et al. Outcomes of Bankart repairs using modern arthroscopic technique in an athletic population. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(7):1263–1270.

36.

O’Brien

Allen

Coleman

Drakos

. The trans-rotator cuff approach to SLAP lesions: technical aspects for repair and a clinical follow-up of 31 patients at a minimum of 2 years. Arthroscopy. 2002;18(4):372–377.

37.

Kim

Lee

Bae

. Trans-rotator cuff portal is safe for arthroscopic superior labral anterior and posterior lesion repair: clinical and radiological analysis of 58 SLAP lesions. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(10):1913–1921.

38.

Onyekwelu

Khatib

Zuckerman

Rokito

Kwon

. The rising incidence of arthroscopic superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) repairs. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21(6):728–731.

39.

Pagnani

Deng

Warren

Torzilli

Altchek

. Effect of lesions of the superior portion of the glenoid labrum on glenohumeral translation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77(7):1003–1010.

40.

Pappas

Goss

Kleinman

. Symptomatic shoulder instability due to lesions of the glenoid labrum. Am J Sports Med. 1983;11:279–288.

41.

Patzer

Habermeyer

Hurschler

, et al. Increased glenohumeral translation and biceps load after SLAP lesions with potential influence on glenohumeral chondral lesions: a biomechanical study on human cadavers. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19(10):1780–1787.

42.

Patzer

Habermeyer

Hurschler

, et al. The influence of superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) repair on restoring baseline glenohumeral translation and increased biceps loading after simulated SLAP tear and the effectiveness of SLAP repair after long head of biceps tenotomy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21(11):1580–1587.

43.

Provencher

McCormick

Dewing

McIntire

Solomon

. A prospective analysis of 179 type 2 superior labrum anterior and posterior repairs: outcomes and factors associated with success and failure. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(4):880–886.

44.

Resch

Golser

Thoeni

Sperner

. Arthroscopic repair of superior glenoid labral detachment (the SLAP lesion). J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1993;2(3):147–155.

45.

Rodosky

Harner

. The role of the long head of the biceps muscle and superior glenoid labrum in anterior stability of the shoulder. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22(1):121–130.

46.

Saper

Milchteim

Zondervan

Andrew

Ostrander

III . Outcomes after arthroscopic Bankart repair in adolescent athletes participating in collision and contact sports. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5(3):2325967117697950.

47.

Shibano

Koishi

Futai

Yoshikawa

Sugamoto

. Effect of Bankart repair on the loss of range of motion and the instability of the shoulder joint for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014;23(6):888–894.

48.

Slim

Nini

Forestier

Kwiatkowski

Panis

Chipponi

. Methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS): development and validation of a new instrument. ANZ J Surg. 2003;73(9):712–716.

49.

Soslowsky

Malicky

Blasier

. Active and passive factors in inferior glenohumeral stabilization: a biomechanical model. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1997;6(4):371–379.

50.

Takase

. Risk of motion loss with combined Bankart and SLAP repairs. Orthopedics. 2009;32(8):556–560.

51.

Tauber

Resch

Forstner

. Reasons for failure after surgical repair of anterior shoulder instability. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13(3):279–285.

52.

Thangarajah

Lambert

. Management of the unstable shoulder. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50:440–447.

53.

Thomazeau

Courage

Barth

, et al. Can we improve the indication for Bankart arthroscopic repair? A preliminary clinical study using the ISIS score. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010;96(suppl 8):S77–S83.

54.

Virk

Arciero

. Superior labrum anterior to posterior tears and glenohumeral instability. Instr Course Lect. 2013;62:501–514.

55.

Wan

Wang

Liu

Tong

. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:135.

56.

Warner

Kann

Marks

. Arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart and superior labral detachment anterior and posterior lesions: technique and preliminary results. Arthroscopy. 1994;10(4):383–391.

57.

Wilk

Arrigo

Andrews

. Current concepts: the stabilizing structures of the glenohumeral joint. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1997;25(6):364–379.

58.

Wilk

Reinold

Dugas

Arrigo

Moser

Andrews

. Current concepts in the recognition and treatment of superior labral (SLAP) and lesions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35(5):273–291.

59.

Yiannakopoulos

Mataragas

Antonogiannakis

. A comparison of the spectrum of intra-articular lesions in acute and chronic anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy. 2007;23:985–990.

60.

Zhu

Chen

Chong

Cheng

PCC

Tjoen

DLT

. Comparative study on clinical results of arthroscopic repair of anteroinferior, superior, and combined glenoid labral tear. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2018;26(1):1–6.

Outcomes for Arthroscopic Repair of Combined Bankart/SLAP Lesions in the Treatment of Anterior Shoulder Instability: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

Background:

Purpose:

Study Design:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Keywords

Methods

Search Strategy

Eligibility Criteria

Quality Evaluation

Data Extraction and Analysis

Statistical Analysis

Results

Study Identification

Study and Patient Characteristics

Clinical Outcomes

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Notes

References