Isolated Posterior Cruciate Reconstruction Results in Improved Functional Outcome but Low Rates of Return to Preinjury Level of Sport: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

Background:

Although isolated posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (PCLR) has become a more frequently performed procedure, reports of functional outcomes and return-to-sport (RTS) rates to support its use are still limited.

Purpose:

To systematically review the literature to determine the rates of RTS and the functional outcomes of patients after isolated PCLR.

Study Design:

Systematic review: Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Two reviewers independently searched 5 databases for patient-based clinical studies with a minimum 2-year follow-up that analyzed functional outcome and RTS following isolated PCLR. Studies with multiligament knee reconstruction were excluded. Risk of bias was performed with a modified Downs and Black checklist. The primary outcomes were Tegner and Lysholm scores, rates of RTS, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scores. Secondary outcomes were IKDC objective scores, instrumented knee laxity assessment, and Telos radiographic analysis. Where feasible, these data were pooled via a random effects meta-analysis model.

Results:

Of the 240 titles identified, 14 studies were included. The median time from injury to surgery was 10.6 months (range, 6 weeks–21 years). The pooled mean postoperative Tegner and Lysholm scores were 5.7 (95% CI, 5.4-6.0) and 87.8 (95% CI, 85.6-90.0), respectively, following isolated PCLR; the pooled effect size between pre- and postoperative values was 2.8 (95% CI, 1.6-4.0) and 3.7 (95% CI, 2.6-4.9), respectively. An RTS rate of 44% (95% CI, 23%-66%) was identified. IKDC subjective scores improved to a pooled mean of 73.5 (95% CI, 62.8-84.1), with an effect size of 3.0 (95% CI, 0.4-5.6). The proportion of patients with postoperative IKDC objective scores of grade A/B was 82%. The pooled postoperative KT-1000/KT-2000 side-to-side difference was 3.4 mm (95% CI, 2.5-4.3 mm), with an effect size of 2.8 (95% CI, 1.1-4.5). The pooled postoperative Telos side-to-side difference measurement was 3.5 mm (95% CI, 2.8-4.3 mm), with an effect size of 3.9 (95% CI, 3.3-4.5).

Conclusion:

The results of this review demonstrate that while isolated PCLR results in a significant improvement in functional outcome scores and improved knee laxity, there is a low rate of return to preinjury level of sport. The prolonged period from injury to surgery might reduce functional improvement and RTS following reconstruction. Therefore, comparison of the outcomes of isolated PCLR and nonoperative treatment is impracticable owing to the potential for selection bias.

Keywords

isolated posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction return to sport systematic review functional outcomes ligament laxity

There is growing interest in the reconstruction of isolated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries. Traditionally, these injuries have been treated nonoperatively with good functional outcomes in the short term and with high return-to-sport (RTS) rates, at least among elite athletes.¹ However, long-term studies have demonstrated that chronic high-grade PCL-deficient knees have a high incidence of articular cartilage degeneration, especially in the medial and patellofemoral compartments, owing to the posterior subluxation of the tibia.^5,14,28,47 As such, the principle of isolated PCL reconstruction (PCLR) to prevent further posterior instability and subsequent chondral and meniscal injury is gaining favor.^19,23 Nevertheless, PCLR is a technically demanding procedure and is not without risk of complications. Therefore, its use needs to be supported by evidence of clinical and functional benefit and translate to a high rate of RTS when performed in athletes.

Many surgical options have been described for reconstruction of the PCL-deficient knee. Most PCLRs are performed in the setting of multiligament injury. However, with improved arthroscopic instruments and techniques, a greater number of isolated PCLRs are being performed.¹⁰ In a comparative cohort study, Owesen et al³⁸ determined that patients undergoing PCLR could expect the same improvements in patient-reported outcome scores as patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Although the improvement is the same, patients with PCL deficiency who are undergoing PCLR have, on average, a lower preoperative score and, therefore, a lower final score when compared with patients undergoing ACL reconstruction.

Much of the literature has focused on biomechanical and functional outcomes when comparing various PCLR techniques.^{7,12,22,31,41,48} However, there is a growing body of information regarding patient function following isolated PCLR, including whether patients can expect RTS following surgery. The aim of this study was to systematically review and synthesize the literature to determine the functional outcome and rate of RTS and activity following isolated PCLR.

Methods

The study was performed as a systematic review of the current literature following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines.³²

Search Criteria

A search for relevant studies was conducted by 2 independent reviewers (R.D. and J.C.) on October 1, 2017, through the electronic databases CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, and PubMed. A search was conducted with the following 2 concepts, combined with the operator “AND,” to obtain the final yield of results.

Concept 1: (“Posterior Cruciate Ligament” OR “PCL”) AND (“reconstruction”)

Concept 2: “outcomes” AND “sport”

Search terms, where possible, were mapped to relevant MeSH terms and subject headings. A supplementary search of the reference list of relevant articles was also conducted. Publication details for the search results were uploaded to EndNote X7.4 (Thomson Reuters).

Selection Criteria

The following inclusion criteria were applied to the final yield:

Isolated PCLR

All techniques and graft types

Postoperative functional activity outcome scores or quantitative RTS scores

Minimum 2-year follow-up

Full texts available in the English language

The exclusion criteria applied for article selection were as follows:

Articles dealing exclusively with multiligament reconstruction. For articles featuring comparative groups of isolated PCLR and multiligament reconstruction, only the data for the isolated PCLR cohort were included

Reports on guidelines, technique articles, reviews, or systematic reviews

Articles for which the full text was unable to be sourced. Contact with authors was attempted, and if this was unsuccessful, the article was excluded

The title and abstract of each study were initially reviewed per the selection criteria. In the cases where it was not clear from the review of the title and abstract whether a study was appropriate for inclusion, the full-text article was examined. Two reviewers (R.D. and J.C.) applied the selection criteria independently. Consensus was used to resolve any disagreements between reviewers, with a third reviewer (B.M.D.) consulted if consensus could not be reached.

Quality Appraisal

The quality of the article was appraised with the modified Downs and Black scoring system, which is appropriate for use in cohort study designs.⁹ This system uses 15 categories to determine the methodological quality of a study. Items are scored 0 or 1, except for 1 item in the Reporting subscale (clearly described distributions of principal confounders), which is scored from 0 to 2. A total score ≤9 is categorized as low quality, 10 and 11 as moderate quality, and ≥12 as high quality, with a maximum possible score of 16.^33,34 Any disagreements regarding the methodological quality assessments were discussed with a consensus achieved by the 2 reviewers. Each article had a level of evidence assigned per the 2011 guidelines of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine.¹⁵

Data Extraction

The 2 independent reviewers used a data extraction form specifically designed for this review. The primary outcomes of interest were Tegner scores, Lysholm scores, RTS rates, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scores. The secondary outcomes included IKDC objective scores, instrumented laxity assessment (KT-1000, KT-2000, and nonspecific laxity arthrometer), and Telos radiographic analysis. Instrumented laxity and Telos data were collected as side-to-side difference (SSD) measured in millimeters. The descriptive data extracted are outlined in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Summary of Extracted Data ^a

		Primary Outcome		Secondary Outcome
Study Details	Surgery Details	Functional	Patient Reported	Objective
Type of study	Time injury to surgery	Tegner	IKDC subjective	IKDC objective
No. of patients	Type of PCLR	Lysholm		KT-1000/KT-2000
Study period	Rehabilitation	Return to sport		Telos
Country
Follow-up

^a IKDC, International Knee Documentation Committee; PCLR, posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Data Synthesis and Analysis

A meta-analysis was performed of the primary and secondary outcome measures when these data were available in the included studies. Summary meta-analysis (based on outcome means and SE values) and proportional meta-analysis (based on frequency values) were conducted with StatsDirect statistical software (StatsDirect Ltd). Where pre- and postsurgery data were available, an effect size meta-analysis was also performed. In all cases, a random effects model was used, and a P value <.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were displayed in several comparative forest plots, with a combined score also calculated.

Results

Search Results

The database search resulted in 240 records being identified. Following removal of duplicates and title screening, 192 articles were excluded (Figure 1). The abstracts for the remaining 48 articles were reviewed, and 32 were removed for not meeting inclusion criteria. Full-text versions were reviewed for the remaining 16 articles. Two articles were excluded for their full text being printed in Mandarin despite displaying English abstracts.^27,51 This resulted in 14 articles being included for analysis (Table 2).^§

Figure 1.

PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Meta-Analyses) flow diagram.

TABLE 2

PCL Studies Outcomes ^a

Study	LOE	Design	N	Country	Study Period	Injury-Surgery, mo, Mean ± SD (Range)	Type of PCLR	Rehabilitation	Follow- up, Mean (Range)	Outcome Measures	Recommendation
Boutefnouchet⁴	4	CS	15	UK	Unknown	15.5 (2-74)	Hamstring 4-stand SB transtibial	CPM 12 h, FWB 24 h, no brace + FROM by 2-3 wk, jog 3 mo, light sport 6 mo, contact sport 9-12 mo	4.1 y (1-9)	Lysholm, Tegner, IKDC, KT-2000	Very good restoration of knee kinematics and function with a majority of patients returned to preinjury level sport.
Chan⁶	4	CS	20	Taiwan	1999-2001	4 (3-12)	Hamstring 4-strand SB transtibial	Functional brace PWB 1 wk, FWB 6 wk, FROM 8 wk, normal activity 3 mo, light sport 6 mo, full sport 9 mo	40 mo (36-50)	Lysholm, Tegner, IKDC, thigh muscle assessment, radiographic assessment, KT-1000	Satisfactory functional outcomes with significant Tegner improvement post surgery. No RTS data.
Garofalo¹³	4	CS	15	Italy	Unknown	10.6 ± 2.5	Patellar tendon–bone and semitendinosus autograft—DB transtibial	Extension 3 wk, PWB 6 wk, FWB 8 wk, 0°-70° ROM 4 wk, RTS 9 mo	3.2 y (2-5)	IKDC, IKDC 2000, Lysholm, Tegner, HSS	Significant improvement in knee scores from DB PCLR, but no patients resumed preinjury level of sporting activities.
Lee²⁴	4	CS	45	Korea	2006-2011	9.4 ± 3.5	45 patients: transtibial SB allograft remnant sparing	Extension 12 wk, TWB 4 wk, FWB 6 wk, light running 12 wk, RTS 6 mo	48.2 ± 16.2 mo	Lysholm, Tegner, IKDC subjective, radiography MRI (n = 34), second-look scope (n = 36), KT-2000, Biodex proprioception	Transtibial remnant-preserving PCLR results in satisfactory clinical, radiologic, and morphologic outcomes. No RTS data.
Li²⁵	3	CC	37	China	2005-2009	Group 1: 8.9 ± 2.4 Group 2: 9.3 ± 2.9	Group 1: 4-strand hamstring SB transtibial Group 2: allograft tibialis anterior tendon transtibial	Extension 4 wk, 12 wk PWB, normal activities 3 mo, light sport 6 mo, full preinjury sport 9-12 mo	Group 1: 2.3 y Group 2: 2.4 y	Lysholm, Tegner, IKDC rating, knee laxity arthrometer	Significant clinical improvements with both hamstring and tibialis anterior PCLR, no significant difference between graft types. No RTS data.
MacGillivray²⁹	3	CC	20	USA	1980-1997	Not stated	Group 1: transtibial (autologous BPTB, allograft BPTB, allograft Achilles) Group 2: tibial inlay (autologous BPTB, allograft BPTB)	Extension 4-6 wk, TWB 4 wk, PWB 2 wk, full activities 9-12 mo	Group 1: 6.3 y (2.4-15) Group 2: 4.7 y (2-7)	Tegner, Lysholm, AAOS knee scale, KT-1000	Significant clinical improvement with PCLR. Majority of patients did not RTS. No significant difference between PCLR techniques.
Mariani³⁰	4	CS	24	Italy	1991-1994	32 (11-192)	Arthroscopic BPTB transtibial PCLR	First 9 patients: ROM 1 wk, NWB 6 wk Last 15 patients: FWB PROM day 2, bicycle 4 wk, swim 8 wk, run 12 wk, RTS 6 mo	26.5 mo (24-53)	Lysholm, Tegner, IKDC, KT-2000	Chronic PCLR significantly results in significant activity improvement with 50% RTS rate.
Mygind-Klavsen³⁵	3	CS	77	Denmark	2002-2010	Not stated	Arthroscopic transtibial hamstring graft DB	NWB 6 wk, HKB 8 wk with gradual ROM	5.9 y (3.1-9.7)	IKDC, KOOS, Tegner, KT-1000	PCLR in isolated PCL injury knees have better outcome scores vs PCLR in multiligamentous injuries with a mean sports and recreation KOOS score of 56.
Noh³⁶	4	CS	28	Korea	2010-2013	2 (1.6-16.5)	Achilles allograft looped transtibial tunnel remnant preserved	PWB day 2, FWB 2 wk, extension 5 wk, light exercise 3 mo, noncontact sport 9 mo, RTS 1 y	27.7 ± 4.8 mo	Lysholm, IKDC, Tegner	Multiple-looping PCLR has satisfactory clinical outcomes. No RTS data.
Osti³⁷	4	CS	39	Austria	2008-2012	20.7 ± 45.6 (0.4-244)	Arthroscopic tibial inlay quads tendon SB	PWB 4 wk, PCL brace with 50° flexion 4 wk, RTS 9-12 mo	45.6 ± 21.6 mo	Lysholm, IKDC, Tegner, VAS, KOOS	Beneficial subjective and objective outcomes in the medium term with a mean sports and recreation KOOS score of 65.35.
Song⁴⁶	3	CC	66	Korea	1990-2001	12.2	Group 1: transtibial hamstring SB Group 2: tibial inlay BPTB	Extension 3 wk, PWB at 8 wk, FWB at 12 wk, low-impact sports 6 mo, contact sports 9 mo	Group 1: 139 ± 27.4 mo Group 2: 144 ± 26.7 mo	Lysholm, IKDC, Tegner, return to preinjury sports, postdraw, laxity Telos, OA development	Significant clinical improvement in both techniques with significant difference. No significant difference in RTS.
Yang⁵²	2	CC	58	Korea	2001-2009	Group 1 = 9.7 mo Group 2 = 9.2 mo	Group 1: transtibial SB mixed tibialis anterior autologous hamstring remnant preserved Group 2: transtibial SB allograft Achilles tendon remnant preserved	Extension 4 wk, PWB 4 wk, FWB 6 wk, return to full activities 9-12 mo	Group 1: 60 ± 21 mo Group 2: 58 ± 18 mo	Lysholm, Tegner, IKDC, Telos, second-look scope: group 1 66.7%, group 2 75%	Satisfactory clinical outcomes in both techniques. Higher intraoperative complication rate with Achilles tendon graft use. No RTS data.
Yoon⁵³	2	RCT	58	Korea	2007-2007	Group 1 = 37 (3-259) Group 2 = 35 (3-131)	Group 1: transtibial SB allograft Achilles remnant preserved Group 2: transtibial DB	Extension NWB 3 wk, FWB 6 wk, return to sports 1 y	Group 1: 31 mo (24-42) Group 2: 33 mo (24-43)	ROM, posterior stress radiography, Tegner, Lysholm, IKDC	DB PCLR resulted in better objective posterior stability than SB PCLR but no difference in clinical outcomes. Both techniques show significant Tegner improvement. No RTS data.
Zayni⁵⁴	4	CS	21	France	2005-2008	28 (0.75-95)	SB transtibial autologous hamstring	Extension 45 d, RTS 7 mo	29 mo (12-48)	IKDC, Tegner, Lysholm, Telos	PCLR resulted in significant improvements in clinical outcomes. A high number of patients had an RTS. Higher preinjury function resulted in better outcomes.

^a AAOS, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; BPTB, bone–patellar tendon–bone; CC, case-control study; CPM, continuous passive motion; CS, case series; DB, double bundle; FROM, functional range of motion; FWB, full weightbearing; HKB, hinged knee brace; HSS, Hospital for Special Surgery; IKDC, International Knee Documentation Committee; Injury-Surgery, time from injury to surgery; KOOS, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; LOE, Level of evidence; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NWB, nonweightbearing; OA, osteoarthritis; PCL, posterior cruciate ligament; PCLR, posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; PWB, partial weightbearing; RCT, randomized controlled trial; ROM, range of motion; RTS, return to sport; SB, single bundle; TWB, touch weightbearing; VAS, visual analog scale.

Quality Assessment

Of the 14 studies included in this review, there was 1 randomized controlled trial, 3 case-control studies, and 10 case series. The Downs and Black scores for the included articles ranged from 9 to 12 out of a maximum of 16 (Table 3). Only 1 study was considered high quality, with a score of 12.²⁵ Eleven studies were deemed moderate quality,^∥ while 2 studies were rated low quality.^6,37 No studies provided information on the possibility of selection bias, with only 3 studies including a blinding process.

TABLE 3

Quality Assessment Tool: Modified Downs and Black ^a

Study	Aim	Patient	Sample	Cmpr	Outcm	Valid	Blind	Find	Rand	Stat	Cnfd	Adj	Smpl Calc	Power	Total	Quality
Li²⁵	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	12	High
Boutefnouchet⁴	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	2	1	0	0	10	Mod
Garofalo¹³	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	10	Mod
Lee²⁴	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	10	Mod
MacGillivray²⁹	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	10	Mod
Mariani³⁰	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	10	Mod
Mygind-Klavsen³⁵	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	10	Mod
Noh³⁶	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	10	Mod
Song⁴⁶	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	10	Mod
Yang⁵²	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	11	Mod
Yoon⁵³	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	2	1	0	0	11	Mod
Zayni⁵⁴	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	10	Mod
Chan⁶	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	9	Low
Osti³⁷	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	Low

^a Scoring system: Adj, adequate adjustment for confounding; Aim, aim of study; Bias, selection bias present; Blind, attempt to blind measurers; Cmpr, comparison group identified; Cnfd, clearly described distributions of principle confounders (score, 0-2); Find, main findings of study; Outcm, clearly described outcomes; Patient, patient characteristics; Power, sufficient power in study; Rand, estimates of random variability; Sample, sample is representative; Smpl calc, reported sample size calculation; Stat, statistical tests used; Valid, measures are valid and reliable.

^b Quality: ≥12, high; 10 or 11, moderate (mod); ≤9, low.

Demographic Characteristics

The 14 included studies reported on 523 patients (392 male, 131 female). The median patient age at surgery was 30.2 years (interquartile range, 5.4 years). There was a wide range in the time from injury to surgery (6 weeks–21 years) with a median time of 10.6 months for the 13 studies including these data.^¶ The mean follow-up was 54.2 months.

Primary Outcomes

Tegner Score

Figure 2 demonstrates the pre- and postoperative Tegner scores. Preoperative Tegner scores were available for 9 studies, while all 14 included studies presented postoperative Tegner scores. The preoperative Tegner scores for Lee et al²⁴ were not included because they were combined with the scores of patients who had undergone PCLR and posterolateral corner reconstruction, while the postoperative scores detailed PCLR in isolation. The pooled mean preoperative Tegner score was 2.5 (95% CI, 2.2-2.8). The pooled mean postoperative Tegner score was 5.7 (95% CI, 5.4-6.0). The pooled effect size between pre- and postoperative scores was 2.8 (95% CI, 1.6-4.0).

Figure 2.

Forest box plots displaying the mean and combined (A) preoperative and (B) postoperative Tegner scores with 95% CIs.

Lysholm Score

Figure 3 demonstrates the pre- and postoperative Lysholm scores. Nine studies presented preoperative Lysholm scores, and 13 studies provided postoperative Lysholm scores. The preoperative Lysholm scores for Lee et al²⁴ were not included because they were combined with the scores of patients who had undergone PCLR and posterolateral corner reconstruction, while the postoperative scores detailed PCLR in isolation. The pooled mean preoperative Lysholm score was 57.0 (95% CI, 51.9-62.1). The pooled mean postoperative Lysholm score was 87.8 (95% CI, 85.6-90.0). The pooled effect size between pre- and postoperative scores was 3.7 (95% CI, 2.6-4.9).

Figure 3.

Forest box plots displaying the mean and combined (A) preoperative and (B) postoperative Lysholm scores with 95% CIs.

Return to Sport

Figure 4A demonstrates the return to preinjury level of sport following isolated PCLR. Only 6 of the 14 included studies provided quantitative RTS data. The pooled return to preinjury level sport rate was 44% (95% CI, 23%-66%). However, Garofalo et al¹³ reported that none of their 15 patients returned to preinjury sporting level following isolated PCLR. If this study is removed, the percentage of variation (I ²) across the studies, which is due to heterogeneity rather than chance, drops from 87.3% to 55.6% (Figure 4B).^16,17 It also results in a mean RTS level of 56% (95% CI, 43%-66%). Song et al,⁴⁶ in a study of 66 patients, reported no difference in return to preinjury sport between patients who had a transtibial PCLR (58.3%) and those who had a tibial inlay PCLR (63.6%). In a series of 21 patients, Zayni et al⁵⁴ found that 95.2% of patients were performing pivot- and contact-type sport activities prior to injury, but only 71.5% returned to these types of sports following PCLR.

Figure 4.

Return-to-sport proportion with 95% CIs: (A) for 6 studies and (B) with removal of the Garofalo et al¹³ study, which reduces the percentage of variation (I ²) from 87.3% to 55.6%.

IKDC Subjective

Figure 5 demonstrates the pre- and postoperative IKDC subjective scores. Two studies provided preoperative IKDC subjective scores, and 5 provided postoperative scores. The mean preoperative IKDC subjective score was 36.7 (95% CI, 35.1-38.3). The mean postoperative IKDC subjective score was 73.5 (95% CI, 62.8-84.1). The pooled effect size between pre- and postoperative scores was 3.0 (95% CI, 0.4-5.6).

Figure 5.

Mean subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores with 95% CIs: (A) preoperative and (B) postoperative.

Secondary Outcomes

IKDC Objective

Figure 6 demonstrates the postoperative IKDC objective scores, as provided by 11 studies. IKDC objective scores were analyzed as the proportion of the cohort classified as grade A and B postoperatively. The mean postoperative grade A and B proportion was 82% (95% CI, 71%-91%).

Figure 6.

Postoperative objective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores with proportion scoring grade A or B with 95% CIs.

KT-1000 and KT-2000

Figure 7 demonstrates the pre- and postoperative KT-1000/KT-2000 measurements of SSD in posterior knee laxity. KT-1000 and KT-2000 scores were combined for meta-analysis. Two studies presented preoperative KT-1000/KT-2000 SSD measurements, whereas 5 provided postoperative measurements. The pooled mean preoperative KT-1000/KT-2000 SSD measurement was 9.1 mm (95% CI, 6.4-11.8 mm), and the pooled mean postoperative KT-1000/KT-2000 SSD measurement was 3.4 mm (95% CI, 2.5-4.3 mm). The pooled effect size between pre- and postoperative measurements was 2.8 (95% CI, 1.1-4.5).

Figure 7.

Mean KT-1000/KT-2000 side-to-side difference measurements with 95% CIs: (A) preoperative and (B) postoperative.

Telos

Figure 8 demonstrates the pre- and postoperative Telos SSD measurements. Six studies presented preoperative Telos SSD measurements, whereas 7 provided postoperative measurements. The pooled mean preoperative Telos SSD measurement was 11.7 mm (95% CI, 10.8-12.6 mm). The pooled mean postoperative Telos SSD measurement was 3.5 mm (95% CI, 2.8-4.3 mm). The pooled effect size between pre- and postoperative measurements was 3.9 (95% CI, 3.3-4.5).

Figure 8.

Mean Telos side-to-side difference measurements with 95% CIs: (A) preoperative and (B) postoperative.

Discussion

The main finding of this systematic review was that isolated PCLR resulted in a significant improvement in functional scores and improved knee stability. Specifically, a statistical difference was found between pre- and postoperative Tegner, Lysholm, and IKDC objective scores, as well as for instrumented knee laxity measurements. However, this translated to only modest levels of activity and, at best, fair RTS rates. These results are important in counseling patients about realistic expectations prior to undergoing PCLR.

There are conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of nonoperative treatment of isolated PCL injuries. Although some studies have reported that patients with PCL deficiency can compensate and function well,^18,20 others suggest that positive early results deteriorate with time and lead to progressive dysfunction and pain.^5,20 Nonetheless, most clinicians recommend nonoperative treatment as the first choice of treatment for patients with an isolated PCL injury.³ Perhaps because of this treatment strategy, PCLR is typically reserved for those patients who fail nonoperative measures. As such, a direct comparison of the outcomes between isolated PCLR and nonoperative management is fraught with difficulty, as there is likely to be a high degree of selection bias.

The effect of using nonoperative treatment as the initial approach is emphasized in a study by Owesen et al,³⁸ which analyzed data from the Norwegian Knee Ligament Registry. The authors found a significantly increased time from injury to surgery for PCLR versus ACL reconstruction (median, 21.5 vs 8 months).² The study also revealed that patients undergoing PCLR had lower preoperative Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) and therefore, despite similar postoperative improvements, lower final scores.³⁸ In the current review, the median time from injury to surgery was 10.6 months. Also, in keeping with the findings of Owesen et al,³⁸ the patients included in the meta-analysis had low presurgery functional levels, with mean Tegner and Lysholm scores of 2.5 and 57.0, respectively. Owesen et al suggested that because of prolonged reduction in preoperative functional capacity, patients may have reduced outcome expectations following surgery.³⁸ In the current study, despite there being a significant improvement in Tegner scores following PCLR, the mean postsurgery score was only 5.7, potentially supporting this hypothesis; such a score equates to a patient being able to participate in heavy labor work, jog only for recreation, and competitively cycle and ski.⁴⁹

Success of ligamentous reconstruction, rightly or wrongly, is often defined by the ability of patients to return to sporting activity. Overall, the reported RTS rates of nonoperative management of isolated PCLR are good to excellent. In a prospective study of 46 consecutive elite athletes with nonoperatively managed isolated high-grade PCL injuries, Agolley et al¹ reported an RTS rate of 91.3% at 2 years, with 86.2% playing competitive sports at 5 years. Shino et al⁴⁵ reported that 73% of 15 athletes returned to the same preinjury level of sport at 51 months following injury, while Fowler and Messieh¹¹ reported a 100% rate of return to preinjury level of sport at 2.6 years among 13 acutely injured athletes. Finally, Shelbourne et al⁴²—in a cohort of 133 patients with an isolated grade 1-2 PCL injury evaluated after a mean of 5.4 years—found that regardless of residual laxity, 50% had returned to the same level of sport or higher and 32% had returned at a lower level, while 16.5% did not return to the same sport and 1.5% did not play sport at all.

The current systematic review identified 6 studies with RTS rates ranging from 0% to 76%, and the results of the current meta-analysis indicated a combined RTS proportion of 44% following isolated PCLR. However, as mentioned earlier, it is difficult to compare these results directly with those from studies reporting on the outcome of nonoperative treatment of PCL injuries because those patients undergoing surgery had probably failed nonoperative management, as indicated by the long time from injury to surgery. Selection bias may also exist in some of the studies of nonoperative management that include elite athletes, who are likely to be highly motivated and invested in their recovery. However, 8 of the 14 studies included in this systematic review did not report RTS rates, which suggests that it was not paramount as an outcome measure or even as a realistic expectation of treatment.

In trying to analyze the differences in RTS rates following nonoperative and operative management of PCL injuries, it is important to consider whether it is possible to predict those who would benefit from PCLR at an early stage. One of the difficulties is the lack of an evidence base and consensus regarding what constitutes appropriate nonoperative treatment. The term conservative is often used to describe nonoperative treatment, and it suggests minimal intervention; however, in those studies reporting superior outcomes, the rehabilitation commenced rapidly and was far from minimal. The majority of these studies reported the use of active rehabilitation, including a PCL brace, and the focus on regaining range of motion, strength, and stability training.⁴² The rationale behind these methods is based on the potential of the PCL to heal, owing to its extrasynovial location.⁸ In a study of 46 athletes with grade 2-3 PCL injury, Agolley et al¹ reported excellent functional outcomes at 5 years after patients underwent of a supervised rehabilitation program within 4 weeks of injury. The authors acknowledged that their findings represented the best-case scenario and may not reflect the findings in a normal population. Patients included in the study were all highly motivated and had access to excellent facilities and physical therapy support, which likely minimized the strain on the healing PCL, potentially allowing it to heal in a less elongated position. However, many of the studies that reported less favorable functional results did not describe the time at which nonoperative treatment commenced.^39,43,44

In cases of PCL deficiency, kinematic studies have revealed that there is a change to not only posterior tibial translation but also tibial rotation,²⁶ which has been reported to result in progressive articular degeneration, especially at the patellofemoral joint and in the medial compartment at flexion angles >70°.⁵⁰ Given that one of the primary aims of PCLR is to reduce laxity, it is important to consider how effective surgery is in this regard. Our meta-analysis of instrumented laxity measurement with the KT-1000 or KT-2000 revealed an improvement of side-to-side laxity from 9.1 mm preoperatively to 3.4 mm postoperatively. Similarly, Telos stress radiography showed that posterior translations reduced from 11.7 mm preoperatively to 3.5 mm postoperatively. It is worth noting that all but one of the studies included in the instrumented laxity measurement meta-analysis used a single-bundle PCLR technique. However, despite the significant reduction in laxity, the final values are, according to IKDC classification, considered only “nearly normal.”⁴⁰ It remains to be seen whether restoring the laxity of the knee to “nearly normal” results in decreased symptoms related to chondral damage or rates of osteoarthritis in the long term.

We acknowledge the limitations of this systematic review. Despite the focus on functional outcomes and the rate of RTS, there was limited information on these variables in the selected studies, particularly in relation to RTS. The quality of the articles was also limited, with only 2 high-quality articles and only 1 randomized controlled trial. All comparative articles, including the randomized controlled trial, focused on comparing various PCLR techniques rather than analyzing nonoperative versus operative techniques for isolated PCLR. This again suggests the need for further high-quality randomized controlled trials of isolated PCLR, especially studies focusing on function and RTS.

Conclusion

The results of this review demonstrate that while isolated PCLR results in a significant improvement in functional outcome scores and improved knee laxity, there is a low rate of return to the preinjury level of sport. With the increasing prevalence of isolated PCLR, it is important to understand the functional outcomes and RTS rates following surgery so as to provide patients with realistic expectations of treatment. The prolonged period from injury to surgery might reduce functional improvement and RTS following reconstruction. Therefore, comparison of the outcomes of isolated PCLR and nonoperative treatment is impracticable owing to the potential for selection bias.

Footnotes

The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest in the authorship and publication of this contribution. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto.

Notes

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