Abstract
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a recognized cause of morbidity and mortality in cirrhotic patients. Enterobacteriaceae have been isolated from the majority of peritonitis cases and the gram negative aerobe Escherichia coli is the most commonly isolated organism. Anaerobic organisms are rarely isolated because of the high oxygen tension in ascetic fluid. We report a patient with a history of alcoholic cirrhosis who developed SBP and concurrent bacteremia with the anaerobe Clostridium tertium. The patient was successfully treated with intravenous antibiotics and was discharged home on oral ciprofloxacin. This case report is unique in that it is the fourth documented Clostridium tertium SBP case, utilized MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for organism identification, and susceptibility testing for select antibiotics was performed.
Introduction
Primary spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a recognized cause of morbidity and mortality in cirrhotic patients. SBP is an acute bacterial infection of the ascites fluid and is known to affect patients with cirrhosis from any cause, including alcoholic cirrhosis.1,2 The pathophysiology of bacterial introduction in the ascitic fluid is not known; however, cirrhosis predisposes the development of gastrointestinal bacterial overgrowth and increased intestinal permeability.3,4 Enterobacteriaceae have been isolated from the majority of peritonitis cases, and the gram-negative aerobe Escherichia coli is the most commonly isolated organism.3,4 While Enterobacteriaceae are commonly encountered, gram-positive organisms such as streptocococi and enterococci are sometimes found. Anaerobic organisms are rare because of the high oxygen tension in ascetic fluid.3-5 However, there are reports of anaerobic SBP infections. We report the case of a patient with a history of alcoholic cirrhosis who developed SBP and concurrent bacteremia with the anaerobe Clostridium tertium.
Case Report
A 60-year-old man was admitted with worsening abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and grossly extended abdomen accompanied by 1+ bilateral lower extremity edema. His symptoms had been ongoing for 1 week. Contributory medical history was significant for alcoholic cirrhosis and umbilical hernia surgery approximately 2 months prior to current admission. Temperature on admission was 102.2°F, otherwise his vitals were stable with no signs of sepsis or hemodynamic instability. Abdominal exam revealed diffuse tenderness and positive fluid thrill. His only subjective complaint was pain. Laboratory findings on admission are listed in Table 1, with abnormalities including serum white blood cell count and albumin. The patient’s cirrhosis severity was rated as a Child-Pugh Class B. Initial paracentesis fluid study results are listed in Table 2. The patient’s urinalysis was negative and nondiagnostic. Empiric antibiotic therapy was initiated with intravenous (IV) cefotaxime. The antibiotics were subsequently changed to IV vancomycin and meropenem due to persistent fever and abdominal pain. A repeat ultrasound-guided paracentesis was conducted on day 4 of admission, with 2 liters of fluid removed. Ascitic fluid cultures grew out anaerobic gram-positive rods. On day 5, the organism was identified as C tertium by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Following isolation of the anaerobic organism, ciprofloxacin and metronidazole were added to the vancomycin pending susceptibility testing and meropenem was discontinued. Over the next 24 hours, the patient improved clinically, with defervescence and leukocytosis resolution. Repeat cultures on day 7 were negative. Susceptibility testing was conducted using E-test, which showed that the C tertium was sensitive to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, meropenem, and clindamycin. IV antibiotics were continued until repeat cultures were finalized as negative, and the patient was discharged on oral ciprofloxacin.
Laboratory Results Upon Admission.
Paracentesis Fluid Studies.
Discussion
Clostridium tertium is a ubiquitous gram-positive bacillus isolated in soil and the gastrointestinal tract. C tertium distinguishes itself among the clostridia as a non–toxin-producing, aerotolerant species. 5 Typically, C tertium does not have pathogenic potential, and its role as a human pathogen is uncertain.6,7 Infection with the organism has been rare after initial description in 1917. However, C tertium has documented cases of SBP, intraabdominal infection, enterocolitis, meningitis, septic arthritis, pneumonia, and necrotizing fasciitis.5-13 Case reports have identified neutropenia, mucosal injury, β-lactam antibiotics (third-generation cephalosporins), cytotoxic chemotherapy, and severe liver disease as predisposing factors for C tertium infection. 5 While scare, case reports document that C tertium is a cause of SBP. Our case report of a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis adds to the literature regarding C tertium SBP. Previously published case reports include the following:
Butler and Pitt reported a case of C tertium SBP in a 42-year-old female with a history of cirrhosis. 8 The patient was admitted for management of hepatic encephalopathy with subsequent development of peritonitis. Clinical and microbiological cure was achieved with the cephamycin antibiotic cefoxitin.
Miller et al reported 32 cases of C tertium bacteremia over a 7-year span. 5 All 32 patients presented with fever, 59% had one or more abdominal symptoms, 9 had diarrhea (including 5 with a positive test for Clostridium difficile toxin), 9 had abdominal pain, 5 had nausea, and 1 had constipation. Twenty-nine of the 32 cases involved neutropenic patients, all of which were status post chemotherapy within 9 to 21 days before the onset of C tertium bacteremia. The 3 nonneutropenic patients had underlying host factors disposing them to C tertium infection: (1) chronic alcoholism and end-stage liver disease, (2) systemic lupus erythematosus receiving high-dose corticosteroids and recent placement of a percutaneous gastrostomy tube, and (3) Crohn’s disease. Four patients died within 1 week after the isolation of C tertium, including the patient with SBP. The patient with SBP was a 43-year-old patient with end-stage liver disease with concurrent bacteremia.
Victor and Opal reported 43 patients with SBP during a 5-year period. 10 Alcoholic liver disease was the underlying cause in 72% of the cases, and Enterobacteriaceae accounted for 66% of the cases. There were 2 cases of anaerobic infections (one patient had C tertium SBP with concurrent bacteremia). The overall mortality rate was 65% (mortality rates were not discussed regarding individual cases).
These case reports demonstrate that C tertium is a rare cause of SBP. However, C tertium is often mistaken for Bacillus or Lactobacillus species because of its micromorphology and growth pattern (Figure 1), which could lead to underdiagnoses.14-16 Therefore, thorough identification of this species is critical. Unfortunately, traditional identification of anaerobes is time-consuming and cumbersome. New methods based on mass spectrometry such as MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, which have been developed for the rapid identification of bacterial strains, can offer new possibilities for identification.15,16 Our case report is unique as we identified C tertium by MALDI-TOF. The appropriate identification of the organism allowed for early identification and susceptibility tests to be ordered. Ultimately, the bacterial identification allowed for targeted antibiotic therapy. Targeted therapy is critical for C tertium because in contrast to other clostridial species, treatment can be a challenge.5,15,16 Although studies evaluating sufficient numbers of strains are lacking, C tertium exhibits resistance to various antibiotics including third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. Additionally, our article is unique in that we performed e-testing to evaluate the susceptibility of C tertium to select antibiotics. The organism was susceptible to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, meropenem, and clindamycin (Figure 2).
Gram stain of Clostridium tertium, which is an anaerobic, motile, gram-positive bacterium. It is easily decolorized in gram-stained smears and can be mistaken for a gram-negative organism.
E-test of select antibiotics tested against Clostridium tertium. E-testing was performed to evaluate the susceptibility of C tertium to select antibiotics. The organism was susceptible to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, meropenem, and clindamycin.
Clostridium tertium’s sporadic presence as an infectious pathogen in SBP can make treatment decisions difficult and lead to inappropriate antibiotics. Four characteristics of C tertium make it a clinically important bacterium worthy of consideration in evaluating SBP patients: (1) antibiotic resistance, (2) aerotolerant nature and difficulty in identification, (3) human commensal, and (4) potential to cause mortality. C tertium exhibits resistance to several antibiotics including antibiotics recommended for empiric therapy for SBP. 5 C tertium is often resistant to clindamycin, metronidazole, and cephalosporins; however, the C tertium identified in our case report was susceptible to clindamycin. For SBP patients empirically treated with guideline-recommended antibiotics, clinical monitoring is highly recommended to suspect alternative etiologic organisms. 17 In our patient, antibiotics were selected based on expected etiology (eg, Escherichia coli); however, once our patient did not respond clinically, antibiotics were adjusted. Second, C tertium is aerotolerant, allowing the bacterium to survive the oxygen-rich environment of the ascitic fluid.5,10 It also provides C tertium the ability to grow morphologically distinct features under aerobic versus anaerobic conditions.15,16 When cultured under aerobic conditions, C tertium was initially identified as a Lactobacillus species in a case report, and only under careful anaerobic conditions was the proper bacterium identified. 14 This oftentimes leads to false identification and delay in proper antibiotic treatment. The introduction of MALDI-TOF for the rapid identification of bacterial pathogens may be particularly helpful in this group of organisms. Third is C tertium’s presence as a normal commensal of the gastrointestinal tract. This, coupled with gastrointestinal abnormalities or immunosuppression, may set the stage for potential overgrowth and infection. 5 Finally, C tertium is associated with mortality. Of the 4 case reports currently existing of C tertium SBP, one patient had died, two responded to therapy, and one is unknown. C tertium causing other types of infections has also demonstrated a mortality potential. While the majority of C tertium cases are associated with patients with neutropenia, there are cases demonstrating that C tertium is an important cause in a non-neutropenic patient.5,8,10,13
Conclusion
This is a unique case of C tertium SBP and bacteremia in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis. The patient was successfully treated with intravenous antibiotics and was discharged home on oral ciprofloxacin. The goal of this case report is to draw attention to the infectious potential of C tertium. Additionally, this case report is unique in that it is the fourth documented C tertium SBP case, utilized MALDI-TOF for identification, and susceptibility testing for select antibiotics was performed.
Footnotes
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Ethics Approval
Our institution does not require ethical approval for reporting individual cases or case series.
Informed Consent
Informed consent for patient information to be published in this article was not obtained because our institution does not require it for the type of data published.