Laws governing pastoral communal lands are barely developed in Ethiopia. The Federal Constitution firmly recognizes uninterrupted land use right of pastoralists including for grazing. Federal land laws, however, mention pastoralists’ issues incidentally and are far from being comprehensive frameworks. This research is the review of pillars of federal and regional land laws, examination of their implementation, synergy between state and customary land administration system, and the implication of gaps in accessing land for different programmes in Ethiopian Afar and Somali regional states. The findings revealed that in the absence of any federal laws that effectively regulate communal lands uses, regional laws were found to be precarious, feeble and far from being comprehensive. Ironically, the regional laws offered more protection to crop fields than communal (pastoral) land. It is also shown that customary and state land administration systems that operate simultaneously in the areas lack synergy and created stalemate.
AbbinkJ.AskewK.DoriD. F.FratkinE.GabbertE. C.GalatyJ.… Ivo TurtonD. (2015). Lands of the future: Transforming pastoral lands and livelihoods in Eastern Africa (Working Paper No. 154). Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology. Retrieved from http://www.eth.mpg.de
AbebeM. (2009). Compatibility between rural land tenure and administration policies and implementing laws in Ethiopia. In AbebeM. (Ed.), Land law and policy in Ethiopia since 1991: Continuities and changes. Ethiopian Business Law Series (Vol. 3). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University.
Afar Land (Use) Proclamation. (2009). Afar National Regional State Land Administration and Use Proclamation No. 49/2009. Dinkara Gazetta of Afar National Regional State, Semera, Ethiopia.
6.
AyeleD. S. (2015, January). Large-scale agricultural development and land rights of pastoralists in Ethiopia: The case of Bodi People. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for Masters of Law in Constitutional and Public Law (LLM), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
7.
BamlakuT.TesfayeY.BeyeneF. (2010). Women in conflict and indigenous conflict resolution among the Issa and Gurgura clans of Somali in Eastern Ethiopia. African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 10(1), 85–110.
8.
BehnkeR.KervenC. (2013). Counting the costs: Replacing pastoralism with irrigated agriculture in the Awash Valley. In CatleyA.LindJ.ScoonesI. (Eds.), Pastoralism and development in Africa: Dynamic change at the margins (pp. 57–70). Abingdon and New York, NY: Routledge.
BekeleH.PadmanabhanM. (2008). The transformation of the Afar Commons in Ethiopia (CAPRI Working Paper No. 87). CAPRI, Washington DC, USA.
11.
BelachewY. A. (2013). Expropriation, valuation and compensation practice in Ethiopia: The case of Bahir Dar city and surrounding. Property Management, 31(2), 132–158.
12.
BerihunA. G. (2016). Unsustain the sustainable: An evaluation of the legal and policy interventions for pastoral development in Ethiopia. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 6(2), 1–14.
DanielW. A. (2009, October19–22). Land valuation for expropriation in Ethiopia: Valuation methods and adequacy of compensation. Paper presented at the 7th FIG Regional Conference, Spatial Data Serving People: Land Governance and the Environment—Building the Capacity, Hanoi, Vietnam.
15.
DaviesJ.HatfieldR. (2007). The economics of mobile pastoralism: A global summary. Nomadic Peoples, 11(1), 91–116.
16.
De WitP.VerheyeW. (2003). Land use planning for sustainable development in land use, land cover and soil sciences (Vol. III, VerheyeW., ed.). Oxford: UNESCO–EOLSS Publishers.
17.
DerejeF. (2013). Centering the periphery? The praxis of federalism at the margins of the Ethiopian state. Ethiopian Journal of Federal Studies, 1(1), 155–192.
DessalegnR. (2011). Land to investors: Large-scale land transfers in Ethiopia, land governance for equitable and sustainable development. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Forum for Social Studies.
20.
DresslerW.BüscherB.SchoonM.BrockingtonD.HayesT.KullC.… ShresthaK. (2010). From hope to crisis and back again? A critical history of the global CBNRM narrative. Environmental Conservation: An International Journal of Environmental Science, 37(1), 5–15.
21.
ECA. (2005). Land tenure and land reform: Management of land and natural resources in Africa (pp. 77–98. ECA/SDD/05/09). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Economic Commission for Africa. Retrieved from www1.uneca.org/Portals/sdra/sdra1/chap4.pdf
22.
ELAP (Ethiopia—Strengthening Land Administration Program). (2012). Pastoral and agro-pastoral land tenure and administration study: A consultancy report, September 2012. USAID and MoA. Retrieved from http://www.moa.gov.et/documents/93665/5999721/
23.
ElhadaryY. A. (2010). Challenges facing land tenure system in relation to pastoral livelihood security in Gedarif State, Eastern Sudan. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 3(9), 208–218.
Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation Proclamation No. 455/2005 (2005). Federal Negarit Gazetta No. 43, 15July2005.
26.
FAO. (2016). Improving governance of pastoral lands: Implementing the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (Governance of Tenure Technical Guide No. 6). Rome. Retrieved from www.fao.org/publications
27.
FDRE Constitution. (1995). The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) Proclamation No 1/1995, Federal Negarit Gazetta, No. 1. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
28.
Federal Expropriation Proclamation. (2005). Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation Proclamation No.455/2005, Federal Negarit Gazetta No. 43. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
29.
Federal Rural Land Administration Proclamation No. 456/2005 (2005). Proclamation, Federal Negarit Gazetta 11th Year, No. 44, 15July2005.
30.
FekaduBeyeneTacheBokuTesfayeGadissaJabessaTeshomeMedihanitAbebe. (2015). Assessment of the customary land administration and natural resource management in the pastoral areas of the Oromia Regional State (unpublished).
31.
FennelsL. (2011). Ostrom’s law: Property rights in the Commons. International Journal of the Commons, 5(1), 9–27.
32.
FlintanF. (2010). Sitting at the table: Securing benefits for pastoral women from land tenure reform in Ethiopia. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 4(1), 153–178.
GetachewK. (2001). Resource conflicts among the Afar of the North-East Ethiopia. African Pastoralism: Conflict, Institution and Government. USA: Pluto Press.
35.
GirmaK. K. (2011). Issues of expropriation: The law and the practice in Oromia (LLM Thesis). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University.
LittleP. D.BehnkeR.McPeakJ.GebruG. (2010). Future scenarios for pastoral development in Ethiopia, 2010–2025: Pastoral economic growth and development policy assessment (Report No. 2). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University.
38.
LittleP. D.SmithK.CellariusB. A.CoppockC. B.BarrettC. (2001). Avoiding disaster: Diversification and risk management among East African herders. Development and Change, 32(3), 401–433.
39.
MakkiF. (2014). Development by dispossession: Terra nullius and the social-ecology of new enclosures in Ethiopia. Rural Sociology, 79(1), 79–103.
40.
MassoiL. W. (2015). Land conflicts and the livelihood of Pastoral Maasai Women in Kilosa district of Morogoro, Tanzania. Afrika Focus, 28(2), 107–120.
Rural Development Policy and Strategies. (RDPS). (2003). Ministry of Finance and Economic Development-Economic Policy and Planning DepartmentAddis Ababa.
46.
SamuelT.EnawgawC.LoyaleD. T.EidA.OlibuiO.LaToskyS.… NigatuA. (2017, September). Pastoralists do plan! Community-led land use planning in the pastoral areas of Ethiopia. Rangelands Series 6, Fiona Flintan, ed.). ILC.
47.
SchleeG. (2013). Why states still destroy pastoralism and how they can learn that in their own interest they should not. Nomadic Peoples, 17(2), 6–19.
SolomonB.MulatuA.AbebeG.RothM. (2006). Removing limitations of current Ethiopian rural land policy and land administration. Paper presented at the Workshop on Land Policies & Legal Empowerment of the Poor, The World Bank, Washington, DC.
50.
Somali Land Use Proclamation. (2013). Rural land administration and use Proclamation No.128/2013, Dhool Gazetta of Ethiopia Somali Regions State, Jigjiga, Ethiopia.
51.
StreckerI. (2013, April26–27). Implication of the International Investors Code of Conduct (IICC). The case of the South Ethiopian Rift Valley. Paper presented at the Conference ‘Large Scale Agricultural Investments in Pastoral Lowlands of the Horn of Africa: Implications for minority rights and pastoral conflicts’. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia: IPSS (Institute for Peace and Security Studies).
TewodrosW.LaituribM.EvangelistacP. H. (2016). Assessing the distribution and impacts of Prosopis juliflora through participatory approaches. Applied Geography, 66, 132–140.
