In the research field of comparative regionalism, divergent positions on how to frame the EU are a major obstacle to constructing a general theory of regionalism. Put simply, this is the issue of whether or not to treat the EU as a model. However, there has been no systemic study on how non- EU regionalisms have subjectively framed the EU in actuality. Have other regions held the EU as a model? This paper elucidates how ASEAN has perceived European integration and what factors have brought changes to that perception by using a variety of sources. Entering the 1990s, ASEAN came to see the EU as a model for its accelerated movement toward economic integration, also perceiving the need to increase institutionalization. This finding suggests that to call for a break with EU-centrism betrays a somewhat distorted view of actual conditions.
AcharyaA (1997) Ideas, identity, and institution-building: From the “ASEAN Way” to “Asia Pacific Way”?Pacific Review10(3): 319–346.
2.
AcharyaA (2016) Regionalism beyond EU-centrism. In: BörzelTARisseT (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3.
AcharyaAJohnstonAI (eds) (2007a) Crafting Cooperation: Regional International Institutions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4.
AcharyaAJohnstonAI (2007b) Conclusion: Institutional features, cooperation effects, and the agenda for further research on comparative regionalism. In: AcharyaAJohnstonAI (eds) Crafting Cooperation: Regional International Institutions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5.
AlagappaM (2003) Institutional framework: Recommendations for change. In: SiddiqueSKumarS (eds) The 2nd ASEAN Reader. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
6.
AllisonL (2015) The EU, ASEAN and Interregionalism: Regionalism Support and Norm Diffusion Between the EU and ASEAN. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
7.
ArisS (2009) A new model of Asian regionalism: Does the Shanghai Cooperation Organization have more potential than ASEAN?Cambridge Review of International Affairs22(3): 451–467.
8.
ASEAN Secretariat (ed) (1987) Statements by the ASEAN Foreign Ministers at ASEAN Ministerial Meetings; 1967–1987. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat.
9.
ASEAN Secretariat (ed) (1990) The Twenty-third ASEAN Ministerial Meeting and Post Ministerial Conferences the Dialogue Partners, 24–29 July 1990. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat.
10.
BörzelTA (2018) Researching the EU (studies) into demise?Journal of European Public Policy25(3): 475–485.
11.
BörzelTARisseT (eds) (2016a) The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12.
BörzelTARisseT (2016b) Introduction: Framework of the handbook and conceptual clarifications. In: BörzelTARisseT (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13.
BreslinSHiggottR (2000) Studying regions: Learning from the old, constructing the new. New Political Economy5(3): 333–352.
14.
ChabanNElgströmOKellySYiLS (2013) Images of the EU beyond its borders: Issue-specific and regional perceptions of European Union power and leadership. Journal of Common Market Studies51(3): 433–451.
15.
CheckelJT (2016) Regional identities and communities. In: BörzelTARisseT (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16.
De LombaerdePSoderbaumFLangenhoveLVBaertF (2010) The problem of comparison in comparative regionalism. Review of International Studies36(4): 731–753.
17.
DoidgeM (2011) The European Union and Interregionalism: Patterns of Engagement. Farnham: Ashgate.
18.
DuinaFLenzT (2016) Regionalism and diffusion revisited: From final design towards stages of decision-making. Review of International Studies42(4): 773–797.
19.
FioramontiLMattheisF (2015) Is Africa really following Europe? An integrated framework for comparative regionalism. Journal of Common Market Studies54(4): 674–690.
20.
GennaGMDe LombaerdeP (2010) The small N methodological challenges of analyzing regional integration. Journal of European Integration, 32(6): 583–595.
21.
GennaGMHiroiT (2004) Power preponderance and domestic politics: Explaining regional economic integration in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1960–1997. International Interactions30(2): 143–164.
22.
HaasEB (1961) International integration: The European Union and the universal process. International Organization15(3): 366–392.
23.
HaasEBSchmitterPC (1964) Economics and differential patterns of political integration: Projections about unity in Latin America. International Organization18(4): 705–737.
24.
HameiriS (2013) Theorising regions through changes in statehood: Rethinking the theory and method of comparative regionalism. Review of International Studies39(2): 313–335.
25.
HawkinsDGLakeDANielsonDLNemethS (2006) Delegation under anarchy: States, international organizations, and principal-agent theory. In: HawkinsDGLakeDANielsonDL (eds) Delegation and Agency in International Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
26.
HettneB (2003) The new regionalism revisited. In: SöderbaumFShawTM (eds) Theories of New Regionalism: A Palgrave Reader. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
27.
HettneBInotaiASunkelO (eds) (1999) Globalism and the New Regionalism. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
28.
HixS (1994) The study of the European Community: The challenge to comparative politics. West European Politics17(1): 1–30.
29.
HoogheLMarksG (2015) Delegation and pooling in international organizations. Review of International Organizations10(3): 305–328.
30.
JetschkeA (2009) Institutionalizing ASEAN: Celebrating Europe through network governance. Cambridge Review of International Affairs22(3): 407–426.
31.
JetschkeAMurrayP (2012) Diffusing regional integration: The EU and southeast Asia. West European Journal35(1): 174–191.
32.
KahlerM (2000) Legalization as strategy: The Asia-Pacific case. International Organization54(3): 549–571.
33.
KatsumataH (2009) ASEAN and human rights: Resisting western pressure or emulating the west. Pacific Review22(5): 619–637.
34.
KeohaneRHoffmannS (1991) Institutional change in Europe in the 1980s. In: KeohaneRHoffmannS (eds) The New European Community: Decisionmaking and Institutional Change. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
35.
KeuleersF (2015) Explaining external perceptions: The EU and China in African public opinion. Journal of Common Market Studies53(4): 803–821.
36.
KohTManaloRGManaloW (eds) (2009) The Making of the ASEAN Charter. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
37.
KrapohlSFinkS (2013) Different paths of regional integration: Trade networks and regional institution-building in Europe, southeast Asia and southern Africa. Journal of Common Market Studies51(3): 472–488.
38.
MannersI (2002) Normative power Europe: A contradiction in terms. Journal of Common Market Studies40(2): 235–248.
39.
MansfieldEDMilnerHV (1999) The new wave of regionalism. International Organization53(3): 589–627.
40.
MattheisF (2017) Repositioning Europe in the study of regions: Comparative regionalism, interregionalism and decentered regionalism. Journal of European Integration39(4): 477–482.
41.
MurrayP (2015) Europe and the world: The problem of the fourth wall in EU–ASEAN norms promotion. Journal of Contemporary European Studies23(2): 238–252.
42.
MurrayPMoxon-BrowneE (2013) The European Union as a template for regional integration? The case of ASEAN and its committee of permanent representatives. Journal of Common Market Studies51(3): 522–537.
43.
NarineS (2009) ASEAN in the twenty-first century: A sceptical review. Cambridge Review of International Affairs22(3): 369–386.
44.
NyeJS (1968) Comparative regional integration: Concept and measurement. International Organization22(4): 855–880.
45.
RisseT (2016) The diffusion of regionalism. In: BörzelTARisseT (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
46.
RosamondB (2009) New theories of European integration. In: CiniMBorraganNPS (eds) European Union Politics: 3rd Revised Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
47.
RülandJBechleK. (2014) Defending state-centric regionalism through mimicry and localisation: Regional parliamentary bodies in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Mercosur. Journal of International Relations and Development17(1): 61–88.
48.
SbragiaA (2008) Comparative regionalism: What might it be. Journal of Common Market Studies46(1): 29–49
49.
SchmitterPC (1970) Central American integration: Spill-over, spill-around or encapsulation?Journal of Common Market Studies9(1), 1–48.
50.
SöderbaumF (2003) Introduction: Theories of new regionalism. In: SöderbaumFShawTM (eds) Theories of New Regionalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
51.
SöderbaumF (2012) Formal and informal regionalism. In: ShawTMGrantJACornelissenS (eds) The Ashgate Research Companion to Regionalisms. Routledge.
52.
Warleigh-LackARosamondB (2010) Across the EU studies–New regionalism frontier: Invitation to a dialogue. Journal of Common Market Studies48(4): 993–1013.
53.
WeatherbeeD (2015) International Relations in Southeast Asia: The Struggle for Autonomy. 3rd edn.Rowman & Littlefield.
54.
WongR (2012) Model power or reference point? The EU and the ASEAN Charter. Cambridge Review of International Affairs25(4): 669–682.
55.
WrightN (2011) The European Union: What kind of international actor?Political Perspectives5(2): 8–32.
