Congenital infections significantly impact neurodevelopment, often leading to long-term neurological deficits. This review explores four major congenital and perinatal infections: congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV), neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV), neonatal enterovirus syndrome, and congenital syphilis. We focus on their epidemiology, clinical presentation, sequelae, diagnosis, treatment, and future directions. Advances in early detection, antiviral and antimicrobial therapies, and vaccine development offer promise for improving outcomes. Future research should focus on enhanced screening, novel therapeutics, and public health interventions to mitigate the lifelong impact of these infections on neurodevelopment.
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