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Abstract

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Objectives:

To continue the line of a previous publication using steroid for acute spinal cord injury (SCI) by spine surgeons from Latin America (LA) and assess the current status of methylprednisolone (MP) prescription in Europe (EU), Asia Pacific (AP), North America (NA), and Middle East (ME) to determine targets for educational activities suitable for each region.

Methods:

The English version of a previously published questionnaire was used to evaluate opinions about MP administration in acute SCI in LA, EU, AP, NA, and ME. This Internet-based survey was conducted by members of AOSpine. The questionnaire asked about demographic features, background with management of spine trauma patients, routine administration of MP in acute SCI, and reasons for MP administration.

Results:

A total of 2659 responses were obtained for the electronic questionnaire from LA, EU, AP, NA, and ME. The number of spine surgeons that treat SCI was 2206 (83%). The steroid was used by 1198 (52.9%) surgeons. The uses of MP were based predominantly on the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study III study (n = 595, 50%). The answers were most frequently given by spine surgeons from AP, ME, and LA. These regions presented a statistically significant difference from North America (P < .001). The number of SCI patients treated per year inversely influenced the use of MP. The higher the number of patients treated, the lower the administration rates of MP observed.

Conclusions:

The study identified potential targets for educational campaigns, aiming to reduce inappropriate practices of MP administration.

Keywords

spinal cord injury treatment corticosteroid survey

Introduction

There has always been great interest in discovering effective treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI), since it is a debilitating pathology with considerable socioeconomic consequences.^1

–4 Over the years, publications involving the use of methylprednisolone (MP) after acute SCI have described conflicting results. While some articles demonstrated efficacy^5

–8 others showed no benefits.^9,10

Currently, routine use of MP for SCI is not recommended because of a higher incidence of complications and no evident efficacy.^11

–14 Nevertheless, MP is still used worldwide to treat acute SCI.^14,15 A recent publication about the use of MP by Latin American spine surgeons showed that surgeons reported using MP for acute SCI, mainly because of a belief in clinical benefits, fear of litigation, and because it was a protocol in the hospital.¹³ During the past years, several countries have evaluated patterns of clinical practices in patients with SCI through national surveys.^{4,12

–23}

The objective of this study was to continue the line of a previous publication involving spine surgeons from Latin America (LA) and assess the current status of worldwide MP prescription for acute SCI in Europe (EU), Asia Pacific (AP), North America (NA), and Middle East (ME). The worldwide overview on the use of MP, its reasons, and beliefs of different regions will provide a guide for educational activities.

Methods

Population Studied

E-mails were sent to AOSpine members from LA, EU, AP, NA, and ME with a cover letter explaining the objective and importance of this study and an attached link to SurveyMonkey. AOSpine is an internationally recognized professional community with 6403 members in LA (n = 1445), EU (n = 1528), AP (n = 2263), NA (n = 530), and ME (n = 637) with clinical and research interest in spine care (as of April 2017). The Portuguese-language and Spanish-language versions were applied to LA members and the English-language version to the other regions. The link was available for 15 days, and reminders were sent 3 times during this period. The LA results were reported in 2016.¹³

Assessment

The Hurlbert and Hamilton¹⁶ questionnaire was used to evaluate attitudes and thoughts of spine surgeons worldwide about MP administration after acute SCI. The electronic questionnaire contained topics regarding demographic features of participants, experience in spine trauma, routine administration of MP in acute SCI, reasons for MP administration, knowledge about the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (NASCIS) results, and if their opinion about MP had changed in the past 5 years. The average time to complete the questionnaire was 5 minutes.

Statistical Analyses

Categorical data was presented as counts and percentages and were compared using χ² test followed by Bonferroni adjustments for pairwise comparisons. Additionally, crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using multivariable logistic regression. There was no specific variable selection procedure. All variables of interest (region, specialty, time in practice, number of patients treated annually, and critical evaluation of NASCIS studies) were included in the model. Significance level was set at P < .05. Data was processed and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0.

Results

Contributions by Regions

A total of 2659 AOSpine members from LA, EU, AP, NA, and ME answered the electronic questionnaire (Figure 1). Table 1 lists the contributions by region and the 5 countries from which more answers were obtained. The majority of the answers came from surgeons of LA (n = 972, 36.6%) and EU (n = 718, 27%), and the country with the most questionnaires answered was Brazil (n = 252), followed by the United States and Mexico, both with 167 participants (Table 1).

Figure 1.

Percentage of respondents in each region based on number of AOSpine members.

Table 1.

List of the Top 5 Countries That Contributed to the Survey in Each Region.

Regions (n, %)	Countries (n, %)
Latin America (972, 36.6%)	1. Brazil (252, 26.0%) 2. Mexico (167, 17.1%) 3. Argentina (138, 14.2%) 4. Colombia (79, 8.1%) 5. Chile (54, 5.5%)
Europe (718, 27.0%)	1. Italy (105, 14.6%) 2. United Kingdom (71, 9.8%) 3. Germany (62, 8.6%) 4. Spain (56, 7.8%) 5. Turkey (45, 6.2%)
Asia Pacific (529, 19.9%)	1. India (122, 23.0%) 2. Japan (74, 14.0%) 3. Korea (52, 9.8%) 4. China (39, 7.3%) 5. Taiwan (32, 6.0%)
North America (228, 8.6%)	1. USA (167, 73.2%) 2. Canada (48, 21.0%)
Middle East (212, 8.0%)	1. Iraq (19, 9.0%) 2. Iran (18, 8.5%) 3. Pakistan (14, 6.6%) 4. Egypt (13, 6.1%) 5. Jordan (10, 4.7%)
Total (2,659, 100.0%)

Baseline Characteristics

The number of spine surgeons that treat SCI was 2206 (83%), and steroid therapy was used by 1198 (52.9%) surgeons (Table 2, Figure 2). The uses of MP were based predominantly on the NASCIS III study (n = 595, 50%), mainly to improve patient recovery (n = 716, 49.3%; Table 2). Steroid therapy was considered a recommendation by 18.9% of spine surgeons and as an optional therapy by 40.7% (Table 2).

Table 2.

Baseline Characteristics of the Spinal Surgeons^a.

Characteristics	Total (n = 2659)
Specialty
Orthopedic	1532 (57.6)
Neurosurgery	1127 (42.4)
Practice in spine surgery
<10 years	1247 (46.9)
10-20 years	819 (30.8)
>20 years	593 (22.3)
Yearly treatment of patients with traumatic SCI
I don’t treat SCI	453 (17.0)
<10	796 (29.9)
10-20	744 (27.9)
20-40	392 (14.7)
>40	273 (10.2)
MP administration after SCI
I don’t use MP	1008 (47.1)
NASCIS I study	88 (4.0)
NASCIS II study	357 (15.8)
NASCIS III study	595 (26.0)
Different MP administration	158 (7.1)
Reasons for MP administration
Improve patient recovery	716 (33.3)
Avoid legal problems	336 (15.8)
Protocol in the department	303 (14.3)
No adverse effects on patient	87 (4.1)
MP therapy is considered
Its use is not advised	675 (27.1)
Conventional	188 (7.6)
Recommended	470 (18.9)
Optional	1013 (40.7)
Experimental	141 (5.3)

Abbreviations: SCI, spinal cord injury; MP, methylprednisolone; NASCIS, National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study.

^aData is presented as counts (percentages).

Figure 2.

Percentage of methylprednisolone use per region.

Administration of Steroid Therapy Among Regions

Data of the routine administration of steroid therapy by spinal surgeons from different regions is provided in Table 3. MP administration to improve patient recovery was a common reason for the administration of the steroid by spinal surgeons from AP, ME, and LA but not from NA (P < .001; Figure 3). The justification for administration of MP in order to avoid legal problems was similar in all regions except in NA, where the percentage was lower (P = .001). Spinal surgeons from ME (26.1%), AP (21.0%), and LA (20.9%) usually classify MP therapy as recommended therapy, significantly different from NA (P < .001), where the recommendation rate was 4.7% and who usually labeled it as optional therapy (Table 3, Figure 4). The majority of surgeons modified their routine use of MP due to scientific publications and congresses (n = 1296, 62.9%).

Table 3.

Experience of Spinal Surgeons With Steroid Therapy in Different Regions*.

Characteristics	Total (n = 2125)	LA (n = 814)	EU (n = 546)	NA (n = 192)	ME (n = 164)	AP (n = 409)	P
Reasons for MP administration
Improve patient recovery	708 (33.3)	257 (31.6)^a	166 (30.3)^a,b	39 (20.3)^b	65 (39.6)^a	181 (44.3)^a	<.001
Avoid legal problems	336 (15.8)	135 (16.6)^a	86 (15.8)^a	10 (5.2)^b	29 (17.7)^a	76 (18.7)^a	.001
Protocol in the department	303 (14.3)	123 (15.1)^a	74 (13.6)^a	9 (4.7)^b	29 (17.7)^a	68 (16.6)^a	.001
No adverse effects to patient	87 (4.1)	16 (2.0)^a	24 (4.4)^a,b	6 (3.1)^a,b	10 (6.1)^b	31 (7.6)^b	<.001
MP administration according to age							<.001
Young patient	298 (27.1)	138 (30.7)^a	51 (20.5)^b	27 (58.7)^c	24 (23.5)^a,b	59 (22.7)^a,b
Young and older patients	803 (73.1)	312 (69.4)^a	196 (79.5)^b	19 (41.3)^c	78 (76.5)^a,b	198 (77.1)^a,b
Awareness of critical evaluation of NASCIS studies	1652 (80.7)	649 (81.5)^a	438 (83.6)^a	179 (93.7)^b	89 (58.6)^c	297 (77.4)^a	<.001
MP therapy is considered							<.001
Its use is not advised	589 (28.6)	228 (28.5)^a,b	183 (34.7)^b,c	76 (39.7)^c	29 (18.4)^a,d	73 (19.0)^d
Conventional	146 (7.1)	47 (5.9)^a,b,c	38 (7.3)^c,d	2 (1.0)^b	18 (11.5)^a,c,d	41 (10.6)^d
Recommended	377 (18.3)	166 (20.9)^a,b	80 (15.4)^b	9 (4.7)^c	41 (26.1)^a	81 (21.0)^a,b
Optional	830 (40.3)	317 (39.7)^a,b	191 (36.2)^b	96 (50.3)^a	57 (36.3)^a,b	169 (43.9)^a,b
Experimental	117 (5.7)	41 (5.1)^a	35 (6.7)^a	8 (4.2)^a	12 (7.6)^a	21 (5.5)^a
In the last 5 years my MP indication has							<.001
Not changed	759 (36.9)	219 (27.5)^a	221 (41.9)^b	100 (52.4)^b	64 (41.3)^b	155 (40.4)^b
Changed by update from articles	851 (41.2)	409 (51.3)^a	206 (39.1)^b	5663 (29.3)^b	56 (36.1)^b	124 (32.3)^b
Changed by update from Congress and colleagues	445 (21.7)	170 (21.3)^a,b	100 (19.0)^b	35 (18.3)^a,b	35 (22.6)^a,b	105 (27.3)^a

Abbreviations: LA, Latin America; EU, European Union; NA, North America; ME, Middle East; AP, Asia Pacific; MP, methylprednisolone; NASCIS, National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study.

*Data is presented as counts (percentages).

^aDifferent letters indicate significant differences between groups (P < .05).

^bDifferent letters indicate significant differences between groups (P < .05).

^cDifferent letters indicate significant differences between groups (P < .05).

Figure 3.

Reasons to administer methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury according to country.

Figure 4.

Methylprednisolone therapy indication by region.

A multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with routine administration of MP in different regions of the world is presented in Table 4. The LA, EU, AP, and ME regions had 2.63 to 5.56 more chances to use MP than NA. No difference was observed between specialties (P = .53). The use of steroid was not related to the time of practice. The number of patients treated annually between 10 and 20 (adjusted OR= 0.73, 95% CI = 0.56-0.96, P = .026) and between 20 and 40 (adjusted OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.49-0.89, P = .007) had a reduction of MP administration having as reference the number of patients treated annually were more than 40 (Table 4, Figure 5). Critical reading of the NASCIS studies showed avoidance of the use of MP and showed a significant association in crude analyses (P = .001) that disappears after adjustment of the risk factors (P = .067).

Table 4.

Logistic Regression Analysis With Factors Associated With Routine Administration of Methylprednisolone in Different Regions of the World.

Characteristics	Use MP (%), n = 1122	Crude OR (95% CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P
Regions
Latin America	56.0	4.06 (2.84-5.82)	<.001	4.08 (2.83-5.89)	<.001
Europe	46.9	2.80 (1.93-4.06)	<.001	2.63 (1.80-3.85)	<.001
Asia Pacific	64.1	5.68 (3.85-8.37)	<.001	5.56 (3.73-8.28)	<.001
Middle East	62.2	5.22 (3.30-8.25)	<.001	5.31 (3.28-8.61)	<.001
North America	24.0	Ref.	Ref.	Ref	Ref.
Specialty
Orthopedic	54.6	1.17 (0.99-1.39)	.064	1.05 (0.88-1.27)	.539
Neurosurgery	50.7	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Practice in spine surgery
<10 years	51.7	1.13 (0.93-1.38)	.209	1.21 (0.98-1.49)	.075
10-20 years	54.3	1.09 (0.87-1.36)	.425	1.12 (0.88-1.41)	.338
>20 years	53.5	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Number of patients with traumatic SCI treated annually
<10	55.8	0.86 (0.70-1.06)	.170	0.89 (0.71-1.11)	.311
10-20	52.4	0.81 (0.63-1.04)	.110	0.73 (0.56-0.96)	.026
20-40	50.8	0.69 (0.52-0.91)	.010	0.66 (0.49-0.89)	.007
>40	47.1	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Critical evaluation of NASCIS studies
Yes	50.8	0.69 (0.55-0.86)	.001	0.80 (0.63-1.01)	.067
No	60.0	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.

Abbreviations: MP, methylprednisolone; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SCI, spinal cord injury; NASCIS, National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study.

Figure 5.

Significant influence of the number of patients treated with methylprednisolone administration in traumatic spinal cord injury patients.

Risk Factors Associated With Litigation

A multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with litigation as an indication to use MP in order to avoid litigation is presented in Table 5. All regions had a significant increase of MP administration to avoid lawsuits, taking NA as reference (P < .001 for all regions except for ME where it was P = .001). Orthopedists use more MP to avoid legal problems when compared to neurosurgeons (adjusted OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.20-1.99, P < .001). The increasing numbers of years of practice and the number of patients treated annually had no association with the indication of MP to avoid lawsuits in the multiple regression analysis. However, a tendency to use less MP to avoid legal problems was observed in spinal surgeons who treat less than 10 and more than 10, 20, and 40 patients per year (55.8%, 52.4%, 50.8%, 47.1%, respectively). The use of MP to avoid litigation was more often observed in spine surgeons who did not critically evaluate the NASCIS studies (19.7%) when compared with those that critically evaluate the literature (14.8%) but without statistical significance.

Table 5.

Logistic Regression Analysis With Factors Associated With Litigation as Indication to Use Methylprednisolone in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

Characteristics	Litigation (%), n = 336	Crude OR (95% CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P
Regions
Latin America	16.6	3.54 (1.83-6.85)	<.001	3.52 (1.80-6.86)	<.001
Europe	15.8	3.00 (1.53-5.88)	.001	3.39 (1.71-6.71)	<.001
Asia Pacific	18.6	3.77 (1.91-7.42)	<.001	3.95 (1.98-7.89)	<.001
Middle East	17.7	3.59 (1.71-7.54)	.001	3.70 (1.71-8.02)	.001
North America	5.2	Ref.	Ref.	Ref	Ref.
Specialty
Orthopedic	19.0	1.36 (1.08-1.73)	.009	1.55 (1.20-1.99)	.001
Neurosurgery	12.3	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Practice in spine surgery
<10 years	15.8	1.04 (0.80-1.36)	.741	0.99 (0.74-1.31)	.957
10-20 years	15.2	1.14 (0.85-1.52)	.368	1.04 (0.76-1.41)	.793
>20 years	16.8	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Number of patients with traumatic SCI treated annually
<10	18.6	0.81 (0.61-1.06)	.131	0.89 (0.67-1.18)	.437
10-20	15.4	0.70 (0.49-0.99)	.049	0.74 (0.52-1.07	.118
20-40	13.4	0.62 (0.42-0.93)	.023	0.71 (0.47-1.08)	.115
>40	12.5	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Critical evaluation of NASCIS studies
Yes	14.8	0.88 (0.67-1.16)	.388	0.79 (0.59-1.06)	.121
No	19.7	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.

Abbreviations: MP, methylprednisolone; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SCI, spinal cord injury; NASCIS, National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study.

Discussion

SCI is an extremely debilitating condition, leading to high rates of morbidity, decreased life expectancy, and socioeconomic problems.^4,17,18 Different modalities of therapy were studied to change the morbidity and mortality that includes early spinal cord decompression, hypothermia, stem cell transplantation, hyperbaric therapy, and steroids.^{7,19,20,24

–30} The use of MP in SCI was standardized worldwide^19,20,28 based on the NASCIS.^7,29,30 Despite concerns about weak evidence regarding MP administration, the 2002 AANS/CNS guideline recommended MP as an option for the treatment of acute SCI.³¹ The present study shows that the steroid was used by 1198 (52.9%) of surgeons who treat SCI. The main justification for MP administration was to improve patient recovery (n = 716, 49.3%), and it was based predominantly on the NASCIS III study (n = 595, 50%).

Contrary evidence for MP administration after acute SCI was published in the 2012 AANS/CNS guideline.^11,12 The authors concluded that besides the fact that there was no Class I or Class II evidence supporting any clinical benefit, there was sufficient Class I, Class II, and Class III evidence showing harmful complications including death caused by MP administration. Finally, it was highlighted that the US Food and Drug Administration had not approved MP for use in acute SCI.^11,12 Those statements were criticized in light of the absence of an injury heterogeneity assessment and a possible synergistic neuroprotective effect with the combination of steroids and early surgery observed in STASCIS results.³² The Canadian multicenter Spinal Cord Injury Registry showed no difference in motor recovery with the use of NASCIS-II MP compared with a matched-cohort controlled by age, time of neurological exam, neurological level, and baseline severity of injury, but a difference was encountered in the complications rate, which was significantly higher in the MP group (61% vs 36%; P = .02).³³ This data supports current guidelines against the use of high-dose corticosteroids in acute SCI due to its inefficacy and potential harmful side effects. The present study showed that spine surgeons still have a higher index of recommendation of MP after acute SCI mainly because they believe that the steroid administration improves patient outcome (n = 716, 33.3%). Factors independently associated with the use of MP were the following: not being from North America, treating less than 20 patients annually, and not performing a critical evaluation of NASCIS studies.

International surveys have demonstrated progressive changes in patterns of practice in many countries according to information from the literature (Figure 6). For example, the proportion of specialists that reported routine use of MP in Canada was reduced from 76% in 2001¹⁵ to 24% in 2006.¹⁶ In the United Kingdom, this proportion decreased from 68% in 2004²⁰ to 19% in 2012.²³ In Switzerland, this proportion decreased from 96% in 2001 to 2003 to 23% in 2008 to 2010.²⁸ The reduction of MP administration was related to the scientific publication of the critical analysis of NASCIS studies and new high level of evidence publications showing the potential harmful side effects of steroids and the inefficacy or controversial benefits. The literature can support the spine surgeon’s decision to not use MP. Despite that, the present study showed that the surgeons still recommend the use of steroid because of fear of lawsuit (n = 336, 15.8%). In other international surveys, fear of lawsuit is reported by 25% to 48%.^{14
–16,19,21,22} The factors independently associated with litigation in this study were the following: not being from North America, being an orthopedist, and treating less than 10 patients annually. This scenario was more evident in spine surgeons that did not critically evaluate the NASCIS studies (19.7%) when compared with those that critically evaluate the literature (14.8%).

Figure 6.

Percentage of steroid administration after acute spinal cord injury in international surveys.

The present study demonstrated that regions with less critical awareness of NASCIS studies such as LA, ME, and AP presented a greater tendency for administering MP to SCI when compared to NA. NA was the region with the highest percentage of critical awareness of the NASCIS studies (93.7%). It is noticeable that critical analysis of the literature leads to practices based on a more scientific background and reducing the influence of external factors, such as fear of litigation.

In the present study, all regions demonstrated the same response pattern of prescribing MP for both young and elderly patients, except for NA. Whenever surgeons from NA prescribe corticosteroids they have an inclination to prescribe it more for younger patients (58.7%).

Another factor that seemed to influence surgeons was that the use of MP for SCI is a protocol in some departments. The regions that were more influenced by this were ME (17.7%) and AP (16.6%). The fact that administration of MP is still a protocol in the service leads to its greater prescription.

Educational activities and clinical guidelines could help reduce the routine use of MP. There would be a greater impact and it would be more effective if these guidelines could be performed and consented to by the local entities.²¹ In the present study, the regions and the target population for educational campaigns were the independent factors associated with the use of MP: not being from NA treating less than 20 patients annually and not performing a critical evaluation of NASCIS studies.

It is recognized that this article has limitations. Even with a considerable number of questionnaire responses, this data may not represent the opinion of all orthopedists and neurosurgeons who deal with SCI in their regions. Furthermore, some countries were not covered or had very few responses. Despite those limitations, the methodology applied was similar to studies that were able to demonstrate changes in corticoid administration in SCI over the years.¹⁶ Therefore, our study will serve as a basis for future comparisons. This data will be important to AOSpine, a world-renowned organization that is constantly developing educational projects in spine care, in order to promote educational projects worldwide to reduce the routine use of MP.

Conclusion

This study found that more than half of the physicians who completed the questionnaires reported using MP for SCI (n = 1198, 52.9%). Factors independently associated with the use of MP were the following: not being from North America, treating less than 20 patients annually, and not performing a critical evaluation of NASCIS studies. The justification for administration of MP in order to avoid legal problems was observed in 15.8% of the surgeons with similar findings in the regions except in North America, where the lowest percentage was observed. The study identified potential targets for educational campaigns, aiming to reduce inappropriate practices of MP administration.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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Worldwide Steroid Prescription for Acute Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract

Study Design:

Objectives:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusions:

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Population Studied

Assessment

Statistical Analyses

Results

Contributions by Regions

Baseline Characteristics

Administration of Steroid Therapy Among Regions

Risk Factors Associated With Litigation

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

References