Abstract
Background:
The quality of data from clinical trials has received a great deal of attention in recent years. Of central importance is the need to protect the well-being of study participants and maintain the integrity of final analysis results. However, traditional approaches to assess data quality have come under increased scrutiny as providing little benefit for the substantial cost. Numerous regulatory guidance documents and industry position papers have described risk-based approaches to identify quality and safety issues. In particular, the position paper of TransCelerate BioPharma recommends defining risk thresholds to assess safety and quality risks based on past clinical experience. This exercise can be extremely time-consuming, and the resulting thresholds may only be relevant to a particular therapeutic area, patient or clinical site population. In addition, predefined thresholds cannot account for safety or quality issues where the underlying rate of observing a particular problem may change over the course of a clinical trial, and often do not consider varying patient exposure.
Methods:
In this manuscript, we appropriate rules commonly utilized for funnel plots to define a traffic-light system for risk indicators based on statistical criteria that consider the duration of patient follow-up. Further, we describe how these methods can be adapted to assess changing risk over time. Finally, we illustrate numerous graphical approaches to summarize and communicate risk, and discuss hybrid clinical-statistical approaches to allow for the assessment of risk at sites with low patient enrollment.
Results:
We illustrate the aforementioned methodologies for a clinical trial in patients with schizophrenia.
Conclusions:
Funnel plots are a flexible graphical technique that can form the basis for a risk-based strategy to assess data integrity, while considering site sample size, patient exposure, and changing risk across time.
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