Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2024-3
Contextualizing Bicultural Competence Across Youths’ Adaptation From High School to College: Prospective Associations With Mental Health and Substance Use
Bicultural competence, the ability to navigate bicultural demands, is a salient developmental competency for youths of color linked with positive adjustment. In this study, we investigated how discrimination experiences informed developmental trajectories of behavioral and affective bicultural competence across youths’ adaptation from high school to college and how these biculturalism trajectories predicted later adjustment (i.e., internalizing symptoms and binge drinking). Data were collected between 2016 and 2020 and included 206 U.S. Latino youths (mean age = 17.59 years, 64% female, 85% Mexican origin, 11% first-generation immigrants, and 62% second-generation immigrants). Linear latent growth analyses revealed that youths who experienced greater time-varying discrimination demonstrated lower concurrent behavioral and affective bicultural competence. Higher behavioral bicultural competence intercepts were associated with fewer internalizing symptoms in the third college year. No other significant associations emerged for internalizing symptoms or binge drinking. These findings have implications for mental-health equity among Latino youths during a critical period of psychopathology onset.
AguirreA. (2012). Arizona’s SB1070, Latino immigrants and the framing of anti-immigrant policies. Latino Studies, 10(3), 385–394. https://doi.org/10.1057/LST.2012.28
2.
AlegríaM.Cruz-GonzalezM.AlvarezK.CaninoG.DuarteC.BirdH.Ramos-OlazagastiM.Lapatin MarkleS.O’MalleyI.VilaD.ShroutP. E. (2022). How ethnic minority context alters the risk for developing mental health disorders and psychological distress for Latinx young adults. The Milbank Quarterly, 100(2), 424–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12552
AntonyM. M.BeilingP. J.CoxB. J.EnnsM. W.SwinsonR. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176
7.
Arizona State University (2021). Facts at a glance. Institutional Analysis. https://uoia.asu.edu/
ArnettJ. J.ŽukauskienėR.SugimuraK. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18-29 years: Implications for mental health. Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7
10.
ArterberryB. J.BoydC. J.WestB. T.SchepisT. S.MccabeS. E. (2020). DSM-5 substance use disorders among college-age young adults in the United States: Prevalence, remission and treatment. Journal of American College Health, 68(6), 650–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1590368
11.
ArthurM. W.HawkinsJ. D.CaetanoR. F.PollardJ. A. (2015). Student survey of risk and protective factors and prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, & other drugs use. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268184233
12.
AyalaM. I.ChalupaD. (2016). Beyond the Latino essentialist experience: Racial and ethnic self-identifications, gender, and college attainment. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 38(3), 378–394.
13.
BasilioC. D.KnightG. P.O’DonnellM.RoosaM. W.GonzalezN.Umaña-TaylorA. J.TorresM. (2014). The Mexican American Biculturalism Scale: Bicultural comfort, facility, and advantages for adolescents and adults. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 539–554. https://doi.org/doi:10.1037/a0035951
14.
Benet-MartínezV.HaritatosJ. (2005). Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and psychosocial antecedents. Journal of Personality, 73(4), 1015–1050. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-6494.2005.00337.X
15.
Benet-MartínezV.LeeF.ChengC.-Y. (2021). Bicultural identity integration: Components, psychosocial antecedents, and outcomes. In GelfandM. J.ChiuC.-y.HongY.-y. (Eds.), Handbook of advances in culture and psychology (pp. 244–284). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190079741.003.0006
16.
BennerA. D.GrahamS. (2013). The antecedents and consequences of racial/ethnic discrimination during adolescence: Does the source of discrimination matter?Developmental Psychology, 49(8), 1602–1613. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030557
17.
BerryJ. W. (1974). Psychological aspects of cultural pluralism: Unity and identity reconsidered. Topics in Culture Learning, 2, 17–22.
18.
BoskiP. (2008). Five meanings of integration in acculturation research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(2), 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.01.005
19.
CabreraN. L.PadillaA. M. (2004). Entering and succeeding in the “culture of college”: The story of two Mexican heritage students. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26(2), 152–170.
20.
CaetanoR.VaethP. A. C.ChartierK. G.MillsB. A. (2014). Epidemiology of drinking, alcohol use disorders, and related problems in US ethnic minority groups. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 125, 629–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-62619-6.00037-9
21.
CanoM. Á.de DiosM. A.CastroY.VaughanE. L.CastilloL. G.Lorenzo-BlancoE. I.Piña-WatsonB.Berger CardosoJ.OjedaL.CruzR. A.Correa-FernandezV.IbañezG.AufR.MolledaL. M. (2015). Alcohol use severity and depressive symptoms among late adolescent Hispanics: Testing associations of acculturation and enculturation in a bicultural transaction model. Addictive Behaviors, 49, 78–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADDBEH.2015.06.002
22.
CanoM. Á.SánchezM.De La RosaM.RojasP.Ramírez-OrtizD.BursacZ.MecaA.SchwartzS. J.Lorenzo-BlancoE. I.ZamboangaB. L.GarciniL. M.RoncancioA. M.ArbonaC.SheehanD. M.de DiosM. A. (2020). Alcohol use severity among hispanic emerging adults: Examining the roles of bicultural self-efficacy and acculturation. Addictive Behaviors, 108, Article 106442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106442
23.
CarbajalS.ToroR. I. (2021). Filial responsibility, bicultural competence, and socioemotional well-being among Latina college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27(4), 758–768. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000467
24.
CarbajalS.ZeidersK. H.LandorA. M. (2022). Unpacking the benefits of bicultural competence: Latina/x/o college students’ academic and psychosocial adjustment. Emerging Adulthood, 10(4), 910–922. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968211034309
25.
CarloG.BasilioC. D.KnightG. P. (2016). The associations of biculturalism to prosocial tendencies and positive self evaluations. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 4(4), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000058
26.
CarreraS. G.WeiM. (2014). Bicultural competence, acculturative family distancing, and future depression in Latino/a college students: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(3), 427–436. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000023
27.
CastroS. A.SasserJ.SillsJ.DoaneL. D. (2022). Reciprocal associations of perceived discrimination, internalizing symptoms, and academic achievement in Latino students across the college transition. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000528
28.
CausadiasJ. M. (2013). A roadmap for the integration of culture into developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4 PART 2), 1375–1398. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579413000679
29.
Center for Collegiate Mental Health. (2016). 2015 annual report (Publication No. STA 15–108, ED572760).
30.
ChartierK.CaetanoR. (2010). Ethnicity and health disparities in alcohol research. Alcohol Research and Health, 33(1–2), 152–160.
31.
CicchettiD.RogoschF. A. (2002). A developmental psychopathology perspective on adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 6–20. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.70.1.6
32.
ColbyS. L.OrtmanJ. M. (2014). Projections of the size and composition of the U.S. population: 2014 to 2060 (Current Population Reports, P25-1143). U.S. Census Bureau.
33.
CookB.AlegriaM.LinJ. Y.GuoJ. (2009). Pathways and correlates connecting Latinos’ Mental health with exposure to the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 99(12), 2247–2254. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137091
34.
DavidE. J. R.OkazakiS.SawA. (2009). Bicultural self-efficacy among college students: Initial scale development and mental health correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(2), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015419
35.
DazaP.NovyD. M.StanleyM. A.AverillP. (2002). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21: Spanish translation and validation with a Hispanic sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24(3), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016014818163
36.
de BreyC.MusuL.McFarlandJ.Wilkinson-FlickerS.DilibertiM.ZhangA.BranstetterC.WangX. (2019). Status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups 2018. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
37.
Del ToroJ.HughesD. (2020). Trajectories of discrimination across the college years: Associations with academic, psychological, and physical adjustment outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence49, 772–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01147-3
38.
deOnísC. M. (2017). What’s in an “x”?: An Exchange about the Politics of “Latinx.”Chiricú Journal: Latina/o Literatures, Arts, and Cultures, 1(2), 78–91. https://doi.org/10.2979/chiricu.1.2.07
39.
DimidjianS.ArchJ. J.SchneiderR. L.DesormeauP.FelderJ. N.SegalZ. V. (2016). Considering meta-analysis, meaning, and metaphor: A systematic review and critical examination of “third wave” cognitive and behavioral therapies. Behavior Therapy, 47(6), 886–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BETH.2016.07.002
40.
DoaneL. D.SladekM. R.BreitensteinR. S.ParkH. J.CastroS. A.KennedyJ. L. (2018). Cultural neurobiology and the family: Evidence from the daily lives of Latino adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 30(5), 1779–1796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.040
41.
DriscollM. W.TorresL. (2013). Acculturative stress and Latino depression: the mediating role of behavioral and cognitive resources. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(4), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0032821
42.
EisenbergN.CumberlandA.SpinradT. L.FabesR. A.ShepardS. A.ReiserM.MurphyB. C.LosoyaS. H.GuthrieI. K. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children’s externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development, 72, 1112–1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00337
43.
EndersC. K. (2010). Applied missing data analyses. The Guilford Press.
44.
EvansA. C.BufkaL.F. (2020). The critical need for a population health approach: Addressing the nation’s behavioral health during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Preventing Chronic Disease, 17, Article e79. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200261
45.
FindlingM. G.BleichS. N.CaseyL. S.BlendonR. J.BensonJ. M.SaydeJ. M.MillerC. (2019). Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Latinos. Health Services Research, 54(S2), 1409–1418. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13216
46.
GarciaM. A.HomanP. A.GarcíaC.BrownT. H. (2021). The color of COVID-19: Structural racism and the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on older Black and Latinx adults. The Journals of Gerontology, 76(3), e75–e80. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa114
47.
García CollC.AkermanA.CicchettiD. (2000). Cultural influences on developmental processes and outcomes: Implications for the study of development and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 33–356. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400003059
48.
García CollC.LambertyG.JenkinsR.McAdooH. P.CrnicK.WasikB. H.GarcíaH. V. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01834.x
49.
GonzalesN. A.KnightG. P.Morgan-LopezA. A.SaenzD.SirolliA. (2002). Acculturation and the mental health of Latino youths: An integration and critique of the literature. In ContrerasJ. M.KernsK. A.Neal-BarnettA. M. (Eds.), Latino children and families in the U.S.: Current research and future directions. (pp. 45–74). Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
50.
GonzalezL. M.SteinG. L.KiangL.CupitoA. M. (2014). The impact of discrimination and support on developmental competencies in Latino adolescents. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 2, 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000014
51.
GusmanM. S.GrimmK. J.CohenA. B.DoaneL. D. (2021). Stress and sleep across the onset of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Impact of distance learning on US college students’ health trajectories. Sleep, 44(12), Article zsab193. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab193
52.
HahnR. A.TrumanB. I. (2015). Is the welfare state effective? Education improves public health and promotes health equity. International Journal of Health Services, 45(4), 657–678. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731415585986
53.
HartungC. M.LeflerE. K. (2019). Sex and gender in psychopathology: DSM-5 and beyond. Psychological Bulletin, 145(4), 390–409. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000183.supp
54.
HaywoodJ. M. (2017). “Latino spaces have always been the most violent”: Afro-Latino collegians’ perceptions of colorism and Latino intragroup marginalization, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 30(8), 759–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2017.1350298
55.
HongY.-Y.MorrisM. W.ChiuC.-Y.Benet-MartfnezV. (2000). Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55(7), 709–720. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.7.709
56.
HuL. T.BentlerP. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
KesslerR. C.BerglundP.DemlerO.JinR.MerikangasK. R.WaltersE. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
59.
Ketchen LipsonS.KernA.EisenbergD.Breland-NobleA. M. (2018). Mental health disparities among college students of Color. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(3), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.04.014
60.
Ketchen LipsonS.LattieE. G.EisenbergD. (2019). Increased rates of mental health service utilization by U.S. college students: 10-year population-level trends (2007–2017). Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 60–63. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332
61.
KlineR. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (5th ed.). The Guilford Press.
62.
KnightG. P.SafaM. D.WhiteR. M. B. (2018). Advancing the assessment of cultural orientation: A developmental and contextual framework of multiple psychological dimensions and social identities. Development and Psychopathology, 30(5), 1867–1888. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941800113X
63.
LaFromboiseT.ColemanH. L. K.GertonJ. (1993). Psychological impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 114(3), 395–412. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.395
64.
LittleT. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
65.
LovibondP. F.LovibondS. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour & Information Technology, 33(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/0005-7967(94)00075-1
66.
LuiP. P.ZamboangaB. L. (2018). A critical review and meta-analysis of the associations between acculturation and alcohol use outcomes among Hispanic Americans. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 42(10), 1841–1862. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13845
67.
MarínG.MarínB. V. (1991). Research with Hispanic populations. Sage.
68.
MartinF.OliverT. (2019). Behavioral activation for children and adolescents: A systematic review of progress and promise. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 427–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1126-z
69.
MenjívarC. (2016). Immigrant criminalization in law and the media: Effects on Latino immigrant workers’ identities in Arizona. American Behavioral Scientist, 60, 5–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764216632836
70.
MerikangasK. R.HeJ.BursteinM.SwansonS. A.AvenevoliS.CuiL.BenjetC.GeorgiadesK.SwendsenJ. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Study-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017
71.
MolinaK. M.AlegríaM.MahalingamR. (2013). A multiple-group path analysis of the role of everyday discrimination on self-rated physical health among Latina/os in the USA. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 45(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12160-012-9421-2
72.
MoonK. J.MontielG. I.CanteroP. J.NawazS. (2021). Addressing emotional wellness during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of promotores in delivering integrated mental health care and social services. Preventing Chronic Disease, 18, Article E53. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd18.200656
73.
MuthénL. K.MuthénB. O. (2018). Mplus: Statistical Analysis with Latent Variables: User’s Guide (Version 8) [Computer software].
74.
National Center for Education Statistics. (2018). Table 312.40. Enrollment and degrees conferred in Hispanic-serving institutions, by institution level and control, percentage Hispanic, degree level, and other selected characteristics: Fall 2018 and 2017-18. Digest of Education Statistics. U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d19/tables/dt19_312.40.asp?current=yes
75.
NewcomerS. N. (2020). “Who we are today”: Latinx youth perspectives on the possibilities of being bilingual and bicultural. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 19(3), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2019.1655426
76.
NguyenA. M. T. D.Benet-MartínezV. (2007). Biculturalism unpacked: Components, measurement, individual differences, and outcomes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00029.x
77.
NguyenA. M. T. D.Benet-MartínezV. (2013). Biculturalism and adjustment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(1), 122–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111435097
78.
OppedalB.ToppelbergC. (2016). Culture competence: A developmental task of acculturation. In BerryJ. W.SamD. L. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (Rev. ed., pp. 71–92). Cambridge Univeristy Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316219218.006
79.
ParkH.SasserJ.DoaneL. D. (2021). Latino adolescents’ academic trajectories over the transition to higher education: Variation by school and neighborhood contexts and familism. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50, 1824–1838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01475-3
80.
PhamS.LuiP. P. (2021). Acculturation profiles and alcohol use among Hispanic Americans. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 20(4), 594–613.
81.
PohR. Y.ZhuangS.OngX. L.HongR. Y. (2021). Evaluating structural models of cognitive vulnerabilities: Transdiagnostic and specific pathways to internalizing symptoms. Assessment, 28(6), 1635–1655. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191120915287
82.
PorcheM. V.FortunaL. R.Tolou-ShamsM. (2022). Unpacking the layers: Dismantling inequities in substance use services and outcomes for racially minoritized adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(2), 223–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2021.11.002
83.
PortesA.RumbautR. G. (2001). Legacies: The story of the immigrant second generation. University of California Press.
RastogiM.Massey-HastingsN.WielingE. (2012). Barriers to seeking mental health services in the Latino/a Community: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 31(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1521/JSYT.2012.31.4.1
86.
Rivas-DrakeD.MooneyM. (2009). Neither colorblind nor oppositional: Perceived minority status and trajectories of academic adjustment among Latinos in elite higher education. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 642–651. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014135
87.
RomeroA. J.RobertsR. E. (2003). Stress within a bicultural context for adolescents of Mexican descent. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 9(2), 171–184. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.9.2.171
88.
SafaM. D.GusmanM.DoaneL. D. (2022). Bicultural competence and academic adjustment across Latino youth adaptation from high school to college. Child Development, 93(6), 1663–1679. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13810
89.
SafaM. D.Umaña-TaylorA. J. (2021). Biculturalism and adjustment among U.S. Latinos: A review of four decades of empirical findings. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 61, 73–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2021.05.002
90.
SafaM. D.WhiteR. M. B.KnightG. P. (2020a). Family contextual influences on bicultural competence development among U.S. Mexican-origin youths. Developmental Psychology, 56(8), 1596–1609. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001022
91.
SafaM. D.WhiteR. M. B.KnightG. P. (2020b). A family stress model investigation of bicultural competence among U.S. Mexican-origin youth. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27(3), 320–331. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000424
92.
SafaM. D.WhiteR. M.KnightG. P. (2021). The Influence of Ethnic-Racial Identity Developmental Processes on Global Bicultural Competence Development. Child Development, 92(6), e1211–e1227. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13632
93.
SafaM. D.WhiteR. M. B.MahrerN. E.KnightG. P.GonzalesN. A.PascoM. C. (2019). U.S. Mexican-origin adolescents’ bicultural competence and mental health in context. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 25(2), 299–310. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000231
94.
SamD. L.BerryJ. W. (Eds.). (2006). The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology. Cambridge University Press.
95.
SchulenbergJ. E.SameroffA. J.CicchettiD. (2004). The transition to adulthood as a critical juncture in the course of psychopathology and mental health. Development and Psychopathology, 16(4), 799–806. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579404040015
96.
SchwartzS. J. (2016). Turning point for a turning point: Advancing emerging adulthood theory and research. Emerging Adulthood, 4(5), 307–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815624640
97.
SchwartzS. J.UngerJ. B. (2010). Biculturalism and context: What is biculturalism, and when is it adaptive?Human Development, 53(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000268137
98.
SchwartzS. J.UngerJ. B.ZamboangaB. L.SzapocznikJ. (2010). Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research. American Psychologist, 65(4), 237.
SteinG. L.GonzalesR. G.García CollC.PrandoniJ. I. (2016). Latinos in rural, new immigrant destinations: A modification of the integrative model of child development. In CrockettL.CarloG. (Eds.), Rural ethnic minority youth and families in the United States (pp. 37–56). Springer.
101.
StinchfieldR. (1997). Measurements, instruments, scales, and tests: Reliability of adolescent self-reported pretreatment alcohol and other drug use. Substance Use & Misuse, 32(4), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826089709039363
102.
Suárez-OrozcoC.Abo-ZenaM. M.MarksA. K. (Eds.). (2015). Transitions: The development of children of immigrants. New York University Press.
103.
Suárez-OrozcoC.Motti-StefanidiF.MarksA.KatsiaficasD. (2018). An integrative risk and resilience model for understanding the adaptation of immigrant-origin children and youth. American Psychologist, 73(6), 781–796. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000265
104.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2018). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2017-nsduh-annual-national-report.
105.
TadmorC. T.TetlockP. E. (2006). Biculturalism: A model of the effects of second-culture exposure on acculturation and integrative complexity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 173–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105284495
106.
Umaña-TaylorA. J.YazedjianA.Bámaca-GómezM. (2004). Developing the Ethnic Identity Scale using Eriksonian and social identity perspectives. Identity, 4(1), 9–38. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532706xid0401_2
VargasN. (2015). Latinoa/o Whitening?: Which Latina/os self-classify as White and report being perceived as White by other Americans?Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 12(1), 119–136. doi:10.1017/S1742058X14000241
109.
Vasquez-SalgadoY.GreenfieldP. M.Burgos-CienfuegosR. (2015). Exploring home-school value conflicts: Implications for academic achievement and well-being among Latino first-generation college students. Journal of Adolescent Research, 30(3), 271–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558414561297
110.
Vélez-AgostoN. M.Soto-CrespoJ. G.Vizcarrondo-OppenheimerM.Vega-MolinaS.García CollC. (2017). Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory revision: Moving culture from the macro into the micro. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(5), 900–910. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617704397
111.
VillatoroA. P.MoralesE. S.MaysV. M. (2014). Family culture in mental health help-seeking and utilization in a nationally representative sample of Latinos in the United States: The NLAAS. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(4), 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099844
112.
WagnerK. D.Ritt-OlsonA.SotoD. W.RodriguezY. L.Baezconde-GarbanatiL.UngerJ. B. (2008). The role of acculturation, parenting, and family in Hispanic/Latino adolescent substance use: Findings from a qualitative analysis. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 7(3), 304–327.
113.
WhiteR. M. B.NairR. L.BradleyR. H. (2018). Theorizing the benefits and costs of adaptive cultures for development.American Psychologist, 73, 727–739. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000237
114.
WilliamsD. R.YuY.JacksonJ. S.AndersonN. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2(3), 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539700200305
115.
ZamboangaB. L.LuiP. P.PhamS. (2020). Acculturation, enculturation, and bicultural orientations: Conceptualizations and links to alcohol use. In Nagayama HallG. C. (Ed.), Mental and behavioral health of immigrants in the United States (pp. 45–69). Academic Press.
116.
ZemoreS. E. (2007). Acculturation and alcohol among Latino adults in the United States: A comprehensive review. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(12), 1968–1990. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1530-0277.2007.00532.X
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
