Interpersonal Relationships and Callous-Unemotional Traits During Adolescence and Young Adulthood: An Investigation of Bidirectional Effects in Parent,Peer,and Romantic Relationships

Abstract

Callous-unemotional (CU) traits, or limited prosocial emotions, designate an important subgroup of individuals with conduct problems. These traits are associated with low quality of interpersonal relationships, but limited research has investigated the direction of these effects. In the present study, we investigated the longitudinal associations between CU traits and warmth with parents, friends, and romantic partners over a 5-year span in a sample of justice-involved adolescent and young-adult males. Random intercept cross-lagged panel analyses indicated that CU traits predicted reductions in parental warmth throughout adolescence and young adulthood. Negative bidirectional associations between CU traits and romantic warmth were present during young adulthood. However, although individuals with higher CU traits had less warm friendships, there were no within-individuals predictive associations over time. Findings indicate that CU traits are predictive of problematic interpersonal relationships, and these relationships need to be considered in intervention, including focusing on improving romantic warmth in young adulthood.

Keywords

callous-unemotional traits interpersonal relationships parental warmth peer relationships romantic relationships

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Amato

P. R.

(1990). Personality and social network involvement as predictors of helping behavior in everyday life. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53(1), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786867

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Backman

Laajasalo

Jokela

Aronen

E. T.

(2018). Interpersonal relationships as protective and risk factors for psychopathy: A follow-up study in adolescent offenders. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(5), 1022–1036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0745-x

Bagwell

C. L.

Coie

J. D.

(2004). The best friendships of aggressive boys: Relationship quality, conflict management, and rule-breaking behavior. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88(1), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2003.11.004

Berry

Willoughby

M. T.

(2017). On the practical interpretability of cross-lagged panel models: Rethinking a developmental workhorse. Child Development, 88(4), 1186–1206. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12660

Boele

Graaff

Wied

Valk

I. E.

Crocetti

Branje

(2019). Linking parent–child and peer relationship quality to empathy in adolescence: A multilevel meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(6), 1033–1055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-00993-5

Buhrmester

(1990). Intimacy of friendship, interpersonal competence, and adjustment during preadolescence and adolescence. Child Development, 61(4), 1101–1111. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130878

Caiozzo

C. N.

Houston

Grych

(2016). Predicting aggression in late adolescent romantic relationships: A short-term longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 53, 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.10.012

Cardinale

E. M.

Marsh

A. A.

(2020). The reliability and validity of the Inventory of Callous Unemotional Traits: A meta-analytic review. Assessment, 27(1), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191117747392

10.

Cauffman

Beardslee

Fine

Frick

P. J.

Steinberg

(2021). Crossroads in juvenile justice: The impact of initial processing decision on youth five years after first arrest. Development and Psychopathology, 33(2), 700–713. http://doi.org/10.1017/S095457942000200X

11.

Chen

F. F.

(2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834

12.

Clark

J. E.

Frick

P. J.

(2018). Positive parenting and callous-unemotional traits: Their association with school behavior problems in young children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 47(Suppl. 1), S242–S254. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1253016

13.

Conger

R. D.

Elder

G. H.

Lorenz

F. O.

Simons

R. L.

(1994). Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of adolescents. Child Development, 65(2), 541–561. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131401

14.

Crass

S. L.

Terranova

A. M.

(2018). Extradyadic involvement, narcissism, and callousness in college students. College Student Journal, 52(2), 205–214.

15.

Crick

N. R.

Murray-Close

Marks

P. E. L.

Mohajeri-Nelson

(2009). Aggression and peer relationships in school-age children: Relational and physical aggression in group and dyadic contexts. In Rubin

K. H.

Bukowski

W. M.

Laursen

(Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 287–302). The Guilford Press.

16.

Crum

K. I.

Waschbusch

D. A.

Bagner

D. M.

Coxe

(2015). Effects of callous-unemotional traits on the association between parenting and child conduct problems. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 46(6), 967–980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0535-1

17.

Dijkstra

J. K.

Berger

(2018). Friendship selection and influence processes for physical aggression and prosociality: Differences between single-sex and mixed-sex contexts. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 78(9), 625–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0818-z

18.

Fanti

K. A.

Colins

O. F.

Andershed

Sikki

(2017). Stability and change in callous-unemotional traits: Longitudinal associations with potential individual and contextual risk and protective factors. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(1), 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000143

19.

Fortuin

van Geel

Vedder

(2015). Peer influences on internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents: A longitudinal social network analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(4), 887–897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0168-x

20.

Fraley

R. C.

Davis

K. E.

(1997). Attachment formation and transfer in young adults’ close friendships and romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 4(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00135.x

21.

Frick

P. J.

Kemp

E. C.

(2021). Conduct disorders and empathy development. Annual Review in Clinical Psychology, 17, 391–416. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-105809

22.

Frick

P. J.

Ray

J. V.

(2015). Evaluating callous-unemotional traits as a personality construct. Journal of Personality, 83(6), 710–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12114

23.

Frick

P. J.

Ray

J. V.

Thornton

L. C.

Kahn

R. E.

(2014). Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 1–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033076

24.

Frick

P. J.

Stickle

T. R.

Dandreaux

D. M.

Farrell

J. M.

Kimonis

E. R.

(2005). Callous-unemotional traits in predicting the severity and stability of conduct problems and delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(4), 471–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-005-5728-9

25.

Furman

(2002). The emerging field of adolescent romantic relationships. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 177–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00195

26.

Furman

Buhrmester

(1992). Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Development, 63(1), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130905

27.

Furman

Collins

W. A.

(2009). Adolescent romantic relationships and experiences. In Rubin

K. H.

Bukowski

W. M.

Laursen

(Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 341–360). The Guilford Press.

28.

Golmaryami

F. N.

Vaughan

E. P.

Frick

P. J.

(2021). Callous-unemotional traits and romantic relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, Article 110408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110408

29.

Gómez-López

Viejo

Ortega-Ruiz

(2019). Psychological well-being during adolescence: Stability and association with romantic relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1772. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01772

30.

Goodnight

J. A.

Bates

J. E.

Holtzworth-Munroe

Pettit

G. S.

Ballard

R. H.

Iskander

J. M.

Swanson

Dodge

K. A.

Lansford

J. E.

(2017). Dispositional, demographic, and social predictors of trajectories of intimate partner aggression in early adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(10), 950–965. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000226

31.

Goulter

McMahon

R. J.

Pasalich

D. S.

Dodge

K. A.

(2020). Indirect effects of early parenting on adult antisocial outcomes via adolescent conduct disorder symptoms and callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 49(6), 930–942. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2019.1613999

32.

Gross

J. T.

Stern

J. A.

Brett

B. E.

Cassidy

(2017). The multifaceted nature of prosocial behavior in children: Links with attachment theory and research. Social Development, 26(4), 661–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12242

33.

Haas

S. M.

Becker

S. P.

Epstein

J. N.

Frick

P. J.

(2018). Callous-unemotional traits are uniquely associated with poorer peer functioning in school-aged children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(4), 781–793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0330-5

34.

Hamaker

E. L.

Kuiper

R. M.

Grasman

(2015). A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychological Methods, 20(1), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038889

35.

Hawes

D. J.

Dadds

M. R.

Frost

A. D. J.

Hasking

P. A.

(2011). Do childhood callous-unemotional traits drive change in parenting practices? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40(4), 507–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.581624

36.

Hawes

D. J.

Price

M. J.

Dadds

M. R.

(2014). Callous-unemotional traits and the treatment of conduct problems in childhood and adolescence: A comprehensive review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17(3), 248–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1056-014-0167-1

37.

Hipwell

Keenan

Kasza

Loeber

Stouthamer-Loeber

Bean

(2008). Reciprocal influences between girls’ conduct problems and depression, and parental punishment and warmth: A six year prospective analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(5), 663–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9206-4

38.

Bentler

P. M.

(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

39.

Johnson

H. D.

(2004). Gender, grade and relationship differences in emotional closeness within adolescent friendships. Adolescence, 39(154), 243–255.

40.

Jones

D. N.

Weiser

D. A.

(2014). Differential infidelity patterns among the Dark Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 57, 20–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.007

41.

Kansky

(2018). What’s love got to do with it? Romantic relationships and well-being. In Diener

Oishi

Tay

(Eds.), Handbook of well-being. DEF Publishers. https://www.nobascholar.com/chapters/10

42.

Kerr

Van Zalk

Stattin

(2012). Psychopathic traits moderate peer influence on adolescent delinquency. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(8), 826–835. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02492.x

43.

Kimonis

E. R.

Fleming

Briggs

Brouwer-French

Frick

P. J.

Hawes

D. J.

Bagner

D. M.

Thomas

Dadds

(2019). Parent-child interaction therapy adapted for preschoolers with callous-unemotional traits: An open trial pilot study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 48(Suppl. 1), S347–S361. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2018.1479966

44.

Kimonis

E. R.

Frick

P. J.

Barry

C. T.

(2004). Callous-unemotional traits and delinquent peer affiliation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.6.956

45.

Kimonis

E. R.

Frick

P. J.

McMahon

R. J.

(2014). Conduct and oppositional defiant disorders. In Mash

E. J.

Barkley

R. A.

(Eds.), Child psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 145–179). The Guilford Press.

46.

Kimonis

E. R.

Frick

P. J.

Skeem

J. L.

Marsee

M. A.

Cruise

Munoz

L. C.

Aucoin

K. J.

Morris

A. S.

(2008). Assessing callous-unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: Validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31(3), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.04.002

47.

Kliem

Lohmann

Neumann

Glaubitz

Haselbach

Bergmann

M. C.

Baier

(2020). Factor structure of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in a representative sample of German 9th grade students. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/s10802-019-00590-x

48.

Kochanska

(1997). Mutually responsive orientation between mothers and their young children: Implications for early socialization. Child Development, 68(1), 94–112. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131928

49.

Koutsogiorgi

C. C.

Lordos

Fanti

K. A.

Michaelides

M. P.

(2021). Factorial structure and nomological network of the inventory of callous-unemotional traits accounting for item keying variance. Journal of Personality Assessment, 103(3), 312–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2020.1769112

50.

Lawing

Frick

P. J.

Cruise

K. R.

(2010). Differences in offending patterns between adolescent sex offenders high or low in callous-unemotional traits. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018707

51.

Leistico

A. R.

Salekin

R. T.

DeCoster

Rogers

(2008). A large-scale meta-analysis relating the Hare measures of psychopathy to antisocial conduct. Law and Human Behavior, 32(1), 28–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-007-9096-6

52.

MacDonald

(1992). Warmth as a developmental construct: An evolutionary analysis. Child Development, 63(4), 753–773. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131231

53.

Mager

K. L.

Bresin

Verona

(2014). Gender, psychopathy factors, and intimate partner violence. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(3), 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000072

54.

Manders

W. A.

Deković

Asscher

J. J.

van der Laan

P. H.

Prins

P. J. M.

(2013). Psychopathy as predictor and moderator of multisystemic therapy outcomes among adolescents treated for antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(7), 1121–1132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9749-5

55.

Marsee

M. A.

Frick

P. J.

(2007). Exploring the cognitive and emotional correlates to proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of detained girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(6), 969–981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9147-y

56.

Matlasz

T. M.

Frick

P. J.

Clark

J. E.

(2022). Understanding the social relationships of youth with callous-unemotional traits using peer nominations. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 51(4), 530–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2020.1823847

57.

McMahon

R. J.

Witkiewitz

Kotler

J. S.

, & The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2010). Predictive validity of callous–unemotional traits measured in early adolescence with respect to multiple antisocial outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(4), 752–763. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020796

58.

Miron

C. D.

Satlof-Bedrick

Waller

(2020). Longitudinal association between callous-unemotional traits and friendship quality among adjudicated adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 81, 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.03.010

59.

Monahan

K. C.

Dmitrieva

Cauffman

(2014). Bad romance: Sex differences in the longitudinal association between romantic relationships and deviant behavior. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(1), 12–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12019

60.

Mulder

J. D.

Hamaker

E. L.

(2021). Three extensions of the random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Structural Equation Modeling, 28(4), 638–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2020.1784738

61.

Muñoz

L. C.

Kerr

Bešić

(2008). The peer relationships of youths with psychopathic personality traits: A matter of perspective. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(2), 212–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854807310159

62.

Muñoz

L. C.

Khan

Cordwell

(2011). Sexually coercive tactics used by university students: A clear role for primary psychopathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(1), 28–40. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2011.25.1.28

63.

Muratori

Lochman

J. E.

Lai

Milone

Nocentini

Pisano

Righini

Masi

(2016). Which dimension of parenting predicts the change of callous unemotional traits in children with disruptive behavior disorder? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 69, 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.06.002

64.

Muthén

L. K.

Muthén

B. O.

(2002). How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(4), 599–620. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0904_8

65.

Muthén

L. K.

Muthén

B. O.

(2005). Chi-square difference testing using the Satorra–Bentler scaled chi-square. https://www.statmodel.com/chidiff.shtml

66.

Odgers

C. L.

Caspi

Broadbent

J. M.

Dickson

Hancox

R. J.

Harrington

Poulton

Sears

M. R.

Thomson

W. M.

Moffitt

T. E.

(2007). Prediction of differential adult health burden by conduct problem subtypes in males. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(4), 476–484. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.4.476

67.

Orue

Calvete

(2011). Reciprocal relationships between sociometric indices of social status and aggressive behavior in children: Gender differences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(7), 963–982. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510397982

68.

Padilla-Walker

L. M.

Fraser

A. M.

Black

B. B.

Bean

R. A.

(2015). Associations between friendship, sympathy, and prosocial behavior toward friends. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12108

69.

Pardini

(2011). Perceptions of social conflicts among incarcerated adolescents with callous-unemotional traits: “You’re going to pay. It’s going to hurt, but I don’t care.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(3), 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02336.x

70.

Patterson

G. R.

DeBaryshe

B. D.

Ramsey

(1989). A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 44(2), 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.329

71.

Pinquart

(2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 53(5), 873–932. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000295.supp

72.

Putnick

D. L.

Bornstein

M. H.

(2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review, 41, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004

73.

Ray

J. V.

Frick

P. J.

(2020). Assessing callous-unemotional traits using the total score from the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 49(2), 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2018.1504297

74.

Ray

J. V.

Frick

P. J.

Thornton

L. C.

Steinberg

Cauffman

(2016). Positive and negative item wording and its influence on the assessment of callous-unemotional traits. Psychological Assessment, 28(4), 394–404. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000183

75.

Rutkowski

Svetina

(2014). Assessing the hypothesis of measurement invariance in the context of large-scale international surveys. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 74(1), 31–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164413498257

76.

Savard

Sabourin

Lussier

(2006). Male sub-threshold psychopathic traits and couple distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(5), 931–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.10.001

77.

Savard

Sabourin

Lussier

(2011). Correlates of psychopathic personality traits in community couples. Personality and Mental Health, 5(3), 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.159

78.

Schwarz

Mayer

Trommsdorff

Ben-Arieh

Friedlmeier

Lubiewska

Mishra

Peltzer

(2012). Does the importance of parent and peer relationships for adolescents’ life satisfaction vary across cultures? The Journal of Early Adolescence, 32(1), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431611419508

79.

Shaw

D. S.

Bell

R. Q.

(1993). Developmental theories of parental contributors to antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(5), 493–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00916316

80.

Shin

Ryan

A. M.

North

(2019). Friendship processes around prosocial and aggressive behaviors: The role of teacher–student relatedness and differences between elementary-school and middle-school classrooms. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 65(2), 232–263. https://doi.org/10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.65.2.0232

81.

Stern

J. A.

Cassidy

(2018). Empathy from infancy to adolescence: An attachment perspective on the development of individual differences. Developmental Review, 47, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2017.09.002

82.

Swogger

M. T.

Walsh

Kosson

D. S.

(2007). Domestic violence and psychopathic traits: Distinguishing the antisocial batterer from other antisocial offenders. Aggressive Behavior, 33(3), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20185

83.

Thornton

L. C.

Frick

P. J.

Shulman

E. P.

Ray

J. V.

Steinberg

Cauffman

(2015). Callous-unemotional traits and adolescents’ role in group crime. Law and Human Behavior, 39(4), 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000124

84.

Usami

Murayama

Hamaker

E. L.

(2019). A unified framework of longitudinal models to examine reciprocal relations. Psychological Methods, 24(5), 637–657. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000210.supp

85.

Vaughan

C. A.

Foshee

V. A.

Ennett

S. T.

(2010). Protective effects of maternal and peer support on depressive symptoms during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(2), 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9362-9

86.

Viding

McCrory

(2019). Towards understanding atypical social affiliation in psychopathy. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(5), 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30049-5

87.

Wagner

N. J.

Bowker

J. C.

Rubin

K. H.

(2020). Associations between callous-unemotional traits and peer-rated social-behavioral outcomes in elementary and middle school. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48(6), 757–769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00636-5

88.

Waller

Gardner

Hyde

L. W.

(2013). What are the associations between parenting, callous-unemotional traits, and antisocial behavior in youth? A systematic review of evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(4), 593–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.03.001

89.

Waller

Gardner

Viding

Shaw

D. S.

Dishion

T. J.

Wilson

M. N.

Hyde

L. W.

(2014). Bidirectional associations between parental warmth, callous unemotional behavior, and behavior problems in high-risk preschoolers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(8), 1275–1285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9871-z

90.

Waller

Hyde

L. W.

Baskin-Sommers

A. R.

Olson

S. L.

(2017). Interactions between callous unemotional behaviors and executive function in early childhood predict later aggression and lower peer-liking in late-childhood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45(3), 597–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0184-2

91.

Waller

Hyde

L. W.

Klump

K. L.

Burt

S. A.

(2018). Parenting is an environmental predictor of callous-unemotional traits and aggression: A monozygotic twin differences study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(12), 955–963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.882

92.

Waller

Wagner

N. J.

Barstead

M. G.

Subar

Petersen

J. L.

Hyde

J. S.

Hyde

L. W.

(2020). A meta-analysis of the associations between callous-unemotional traits and empathy, prosociality, and guilt. Clinical Psychology Review, 75, Article 101809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101809

93.

Weiss

Lavner

J. A.

Miller

J. D.

(2018). Self- and partner-reported psychopathic traits’ relations with couples’ communication, marital satisfaction trajectories, and divorce in a longitudinal sample. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(3), 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000233.supp

94.

White

S. F.

Frick

P. J.

Lawing

Bauer

(2013). Callous-unemotional traits and response to Functional Family Therapy in adolescent offenders. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 31(2), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2041

95.

Wilkinson

Waller

Viding

(2016). Practitioner review: Involving young people with callous unemotional traits in treatment—Does it work? A systematic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(5), 552–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12494

96.

Williams

L. R.

Steinberg

(2011). Reciprocal relations between parenting and adjustment in a sample of juvenile offenders. Child Development, 82(2), 633–645. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01523.x

97.

Woodward

L. J.

Fergusson

D. M.

Horwood

L. J.

(2002). Romantic relationships of young people with childhood and adolescent onset antisocial behavior problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(3), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015150728887

98.

Wootton

J. M.

Frick

P. J.

Shelton

K. K.

Silverthorn

(1997). Ineffective parenting and childhood conduct problems: The moderating role of callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(2), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.65.2.292.b

99.

World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.03 MB

0.01 MB

0.03 MB