Romantic relationship breakups (RRBs) are one of the most common and stressful life events in emerging adulthood that can lead to the development of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). However, little is known about the risk factors that increase the risk of PTSS after RRBs. We studied the role of romantic perfectionism (as a personality vulnerability) and event centrality and integration of the event (as two key cognitive processes involved in PTSS) in the PTSS severity after RRBs. 525 university students who had experienced at least one RRB in the past two years completed online questionnaires. Results showed that high levels of romantic perfectionism were associated with higher PTSS severity. This relationship was serially mediated by event centrality and integration of the event. The findings highlight the key role of perfectionistic tendencies about romantic relationships and cognitive processing of the event in understanding PTSS after RRBs.
AbdollahiA.AllenK. A. (2021). Psychometric assessment of the Persian translated version of the romantic perfectionism scale among couples. Psychological Reports, 125(6), 3224–3237. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211036026
2.
AbdollahiA.AzadfarZ.BoyleC.AllenK.-A. (2021). Religious perfectionism scale: Assessment of validity and reliability among undergraduate students in Iran. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(4), 3606–3619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01383-7
3.
AndersonJ. C.GerbingD. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
4.
ArnettJ. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
5.
AronA.AronE. (2014). Self and self-expansion in relationships. In Knowledge structures in close relationships (pp. 325–344). Psychology Press.
6.
AronA.AronE.N.NormanC. (2003). Self-expansion Model of Motivation and Cognition in Close Relationships and Beyond. In FletcherG.J.O.ClarkM.S. (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470998557.ch19
7.
AronA. P.MashekD. J.AronE. N. (2004). Closeness as including other in the self. In MashekD. J.AronA. (Eds.), Handbook of closeness and intimacy (pp. 27–42). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
AzadfarZ.BijariA. F.KhosraviZ.AbdollahiA. (2023). Psychometric properties of the full‐form and short‐form versions of the Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale (ISLES) among Iranian university students. Brain and Behavior, 13(3), e2892. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2892
10.
AzadfarZ.KhosraviZ.Farah BijariA.AbdollahiA. (2021). The Persian version of the centrality of event scale (CES): Assessment of validity and reliability among Iranian university students. Brain and Behavior, 12(1), e32448. https://doi.org/10.1002/BRB3.2448
BaxterL. A. (1984). Trajectories of relationship disengagement. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1(1), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407584011003
13.
BelletB. W.NeimeyerR. A.BermanJ. S. (2018). Event centrality and bereavement symptomatology: The moderating role of meaning made. Omega (United States), 78(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222816679659
14.
BeluC. F.LeeB. H.O'SullivanL. F. (2016). It hurts to let you go: Characteristics of romantic relationships, breakups and the aftermath among emerging adults. Journal of Relationships Research, 7, Article e11. https://doi.org/10.1017/jrr.2016.11
15.
BentonS. A.RobertsonJ. M.TsengW. C.NewtonF. B.BentonS. L. (2003). Changes in counseling center client problems across 13 years. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(1), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.34.1.66
16.
BerntsenD.RubinD. C. (2007). When a trauma becomes a key to identity: Enhanced integration of trauma memories predicts posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21(4), 417–431. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1290
17.
BerntsenD.RubinD. C. (2006). The centrality of event scale: A measure of integrating a trauma into one’s identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(2), 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.009
18.
BlevinsC. A.WeathersF. W.DavisM. T.WitteT. K.DominoJ. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059
19.
BoalsA. (2014). Using event centrality to predict depressive symptoms after a romantic conflict: A prospective design. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(2), 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2996
20.
BoalsA.SchuettlerD. (2011). A double-edged sword: Event centrality, PTSD and posttraumatic growth. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 817–822. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1753
21.
BoelenP. A. (2009). The centrality of a loss and its role in emotional problems among bereaved people. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(7), 616–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.03.009
22.
BoelenP. A. (2012). A prospective examination of the association between the centrality of a loss and post-loss psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 137(1–3), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.004
23.
BoelenP. A.ReijntjesA. (2009). Negative cognitions in emotional problems following romantic relationship break-ups. Stress and Health, 25(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1219
24.
BoelenP. A.van den HoutM. A. (2010). Inclusion of other in the self and breakup-related grief following relationship dissolution. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 15(6), 534–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2010.519274
25.
BowlbyJ. (2008). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.
26.
BroadbridgeC. L. (2018). Is the centralization of potentially traumatic events always negative? An expansion of the centrality of events scale. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 32(3), 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3403
27.
BroderickP. C.BlewittP. (2010). The life span: Human development for helping professionals. Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.
28.
BrooksM.Graham-KevanN.LoweM.RobinsonS. (2017). Rumination, event centrality, and perceived control as predictors of post-traumatic growth and distress: The cognitive growth and stress model. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(3), 286–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/BJC.12138
29.
CameronA.PalmK.FolletteV. (2010). Reaction to stressful life events: What predicts symptom severity?Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(6), 645–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.008
30.
CarterK. R.KnoxD.HallS. S. (2018). Romantic breakup: Difficult loss for some but not for others. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 23(8), 698–714. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2018.1502523
31.
ChukwuorjiJ. B. C.IfeagwaziC. M.EzeJ. E. (2019). Event centrality influences posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms via core beliefs in internally displaced older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 23(1), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1396580
32.
ChungM. C.FarmerS.GrantK.NewtonR.PayneS.PerryM.SaundersJ.SmithC.StoneN. (2002). Self-esteem, personality and post traumatic stress symptoms following the dissolution of a dating relationship. Stress and Health, 18(2), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.929
33.
ChungM. C.FarmerS.GrantK.NewtonR.PayneS.PerryM.SaundersJ.SmithC.StoneN. (2003). Coping with post-traumatic stress symptoms following relationship dissolution. Stress and Health, 19(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.956
34.
ChungM. C.ShakraM. (2020). The association between trauma centrality and posttraumatic stress among Syrian refugees: The impact of cognitive distortions and trauma-coping self-efficacy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(3–4), 1852–1877. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520926311
35.
CohenJ. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral Sciences. Academic Press.
36.
ConnollyJ.McIsaacC. (2009). Adolescents’ explanations for romantic dissolutions: A developmental perspective. Journal of Adolescence, 32(5), 1209–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.01.006
ConwayM. A.Pleydell-PearceC. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261–288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.261
39.
ConwayM. A.SingerJ. A.TaginiA. (2004). The self and autobiographical memory: Correspondence and coherence. Social Cognition, 22(5), 491–529. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.22.5.491.50768
40.
CurrierJ. M.HollandJ. M.ChistyK.AllenD. (2011). Meaning made following deployment in Iraq or Afghanistan: Examining unique associations with posttraumatic stress and clinical outcomes. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(6), 691–698. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20691
41.
DavisD.ShaverP. R.VernonM. L. (2003). Physical, emotional, and behavioral reactions to breaking up: The roles of gender, age, emotional involvement, and attachment style. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(7), 871–884. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029007006
42.
Del Palacio-GonzálezA.ClarkD. A.O’SullivanL. F. (2017). Cognitive processing in the aftermath of relationship dissolution: Associations with concurrent and prospective distress and posttraumatic growth. Stress and Health, 33(5), 540–548. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2738
43.
EganS. J.HattawayM.KaneR. T. (2014). The relationship between perfectionism and rumination in post traumatic stress disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42(2), 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465812001129
44.
EganS. J.WadeT. D.ShafranR. (2011). Perfectionism as a transdiagnostic process: A clinical review. Clinical Psychology Clinical Psychology Review, 31(2), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.009
FangS.ChungM. C.WatsonC. (2018). The impact of posttraumatic stress symptoms, posttraumatic stress cognitions and interpersonal dependency on psychological co-morbidities following relationship dissolution among college students. Journal of Mental Health, 27(5), 424–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1437600
FieldT. (2017). Romantic breakup distress, betrayal and heartbreak: A review. International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology, 5(2), 217–225. https://doi.org/10.19070/2332-3000-1700038
49.
FieldT. (2020). Romantic breakup distress in university students: A narrative review. International Journal of Psychological Research and Reviews, 3(30), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.28933/ijprr-2020-01-2406
50.
FieldT.DiegoM.PelaezM.DeedsO.DelgadoJ. (2011). Breakup distress in university students: A review. College Student Journal, 45(3), 461–480. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-24677-002
51.
FisherH. E.BrownL. L.AronA.StrongG.MashekD. (2010). Reward, addiction, and emotion regulation systems associated with rejection in love. Journal of Neurophysiology, 104(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00784.2009
52.
FitzgeraldJ. M.BerntsenD.BroadbridgeC. L. (2016). The influences of event centrality in memory models of PTSD. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(1), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3160
53.
FlemingC. B.WhiteH. R.OesterleS.HaggertyK. P.CatalanoR. F. (2010). Romantic relationship status changes and substance use among 18- to 20-year-olds. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71(6), 847–856. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2010.71.847
54.
FlettG. L.MolnarD. S.HewittP. L. (2016). The traumatized perfectionist: Understanding the role of perfectionism in post-traumatic reactions to stress. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 18(1), 764–765. https://doi.org/10.4172/1522-4821.1000319
55.
FlettG. L.NeponT.HewittP. L. (2016). Perfectionism, Worry, and Rumination in Health and Mental Health: A Review and a Conceptual Framework for a Cognitive Theory of Perfectionism. In SiroisF. M.MolnarD. S. (Eds.), Perfectionism, Health, and Well-Being (pp. 121–155). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18582-8_6
56.
FlettG. L.SawatzkyD. L.HewittP. L. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and goal commitment: A further comparison of two perfectionism measures. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 17(2), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02229013
57.
FrostR. O.MartenP.LahartC.RosenblateR. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967
58.
FungJ.CaiG.WangK. (2023). Personal and family perfectionism among Asian and Latinx youth. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 29(2), 235–246. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cdp0000555
59.
GarrettB. (2015). Brain and behavior: An introduction to biological psychology (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
60.
GehlK.BrassardA.DugalC.LefebvreA.-A.DaigneaultI.FrancoeurA.LecomteT. (2023). Attachment and breakup distress: The mediating role of coping strategies. Emerging Adulthood, 12(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968231209232
61.
GoldS. D.MarxB. P.Soler-BailloJ. M.SloanD. M. (2005). Is life stress more traumatic than traumatic stress?Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(6), 687–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.06.002
62.
GrahamA. R.SherryS. B.StewartS. H.SherryD. L.McGrathD. S.FossumK. M.AllenS. L. (2010). The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms: A short-term, four-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(4), 423–438. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020667
63.
HaaseA. M.PrapavessisH.OwensR. G. (2013). Domain-specificity in perfectionism: Variations across domains of life. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(6), 711–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.025
64.
HairJ. F.HowardM. C.NitzlC. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109(5–6), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069
Hair JrJ. F.HultG. T. M.RingleC. M.SarstedtM. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2th ed.). Sage publications.
67.
HamrickL. A.OwensG. P. (2021). Exploring the potential moderating role of self-compassion on the relationships between event centrality and post-assault psychological outcomes. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(1), 156–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23018
68.
HayesA. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. Guilford Press.
69.
HayesS. C.LuomaJ. B.BondF. W.MasudaA.LillisJ. (2006). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
70.
HayesS. C.PistorelloJ.LevinM. E. (2012). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Unified Model of Behavior Change. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(7), 976–1002. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012460836
71.
HenselerJ.RingleC. M.SarstedtM. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
72.
HeshmatiR.ZemestaniM.VujanovicA. (2022). Associations of childhood maltreatment and attachment styles with romantic breakup grief severity: The role of emotional suppression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(13–14), NP11883–NP11904. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260521997438
73.
HewittP. L.FlettG. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 456–470. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456
74.
HewittP. L.FlettG. L.EdigerE. (1996). Perfectionism and depression: Longitudinal assessment of a specific vulnerability hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(2), 276–280. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.105.2.276
75.
HollandJ. M.CurrierJ. M.ColemanR. A.NeimeyerR. A. (2010). The integration of stressful life experiences scale (ISLES): Development and initial validation of a new measure. International Journal of Stress Management, 17(4), 325–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020892
76.
HuK. S.ChibnallJ. T.SlavinS. J. (2019). Maladaptive perfectionism, impostorism, and cognitive distortions: Threats to the mental health of pre-clinical medical students. Academic Psychiatry: The Journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry, 43(4), 381–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-019-01031-z
77.
Janoff-BulmanR. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7(2), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.113
78.
KazanD.CalearA. L.BatterhamP. J. (2016). The impact of intimate partner relationships on suicidal thoughts and behaviours: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190(3), 585–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.003
79.
Khalajabadi-FarahaniF. (2015). Unmet Needs of Adolescent and Young People’s Sexual and Reproductive Health in Iran. Journal of reproduction & infertility, 16(3), 121–122. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4508349/.
80.
LafontaineM. F.PéloquinK.LevesqueC.AzziS.DaigleM. P.BrassardA. (2019). Beyond the simple association between romantic attachment insecurity and dyadic coping: An examination of romantic perfectionism as a mediator. Journal of Relationships Research, 10, e12. https://doi.org/10.1017/jrr.2019.6
81.
LancasterS. L.CarlsonG. C. (2015). Meaning made, distress, and growth: An examination of the integration of stressful life experiences scale. International Journal of Stress Management, 22(1), 92–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038296
82.
LevineS. L.MilyavskayaM. (2018). Domain-specific perfectionism: An examination of perfectionism beyond the trait-level and its link to well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 74, 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2018.02.002
83.
LewandowskiG. W.AronA.BassisS.KunakJ. (2006). Losing a self-expanding relationship: Implications for the self-concept. Personal Relationships, 13(3), 317–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00120.x
84.
LichtenthalW. G.BurkeL. A.NeimeyerR. A. (2011). Religious coping and meaning-making following the loss of a loved one. Counselling and Spirituality / Counseling et spiritualité, 30(2), 113–135. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-00594-005.
85.
LimburgK.WatsonH. J.HaggerM. S.EganS. J. (2017). The relationship between perfectionism and psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(10), 1301–1326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22435
86.
LiuX.LiuZ.-Z.YangY.JiaC.-X. (2023). Starting a romantic relationship, breakups, and sleep: A longitudinal study of Chinese adolescents. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 1-16(2), 190–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2023.2217973
87.
LongM. E.ElhaiJ. D.SchweinleA.GrayM. J.GrubaughA. L.FruehB. C. (2008). Differences in posttraumatic stress disorder diagnostic rates and symptom severity between Criterion A1 and non-Criterion A1 stressors. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(7), 1255–1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.01.006
88.
LopezF. G.Fons-ScheydA.MorúaW.ChalimanR. (2006). Dyadic perfectionism as a predictor of relationship continuity and distress among college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(4), 543–549. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.543
89.
MaccallumF.BryantR. A. (2010). Impaired autobiographical memory in complicated grief. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(4), 328–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.006
90.
MaccallumF.BryantR. A. (2013). A cognitive attachment model of prolonged grief: Integrating attachments, memory, and identity. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 713–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.001
91.
MachiaL. V.NiehuisS.JoelS. (2023). Breaking-up is hard to study: A review of two decades of dissolution research. Personal Relationships, 30(1), 113–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12437
92.
MatteM.LafontaineM. F. (2012). Assessment of romantic perfectionism: Psychometric properties of the romantic relationship perfectionism scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 45(2), 113–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175611429303
93.
MattinglyB. A.McIntyreK. P.LewandowskiG. W. (2020). Relationship dissolution and self-concept change. In Interpersonal relationships and the self-concept (pp. 145–161). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43747-3_9
MikulincerM.ShaverP. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. Guilford Press.
96.
MolnarD. S.FlettG. L.HewittP. L. (2020). Perfectionism and perceived control in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 2204–2218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00315-y
97.
MordenoI. G.GalelaD. S.NalipayM. J. N.CueM. P. (2018). Centrality of event and mental health outcomes in child and adolescent natural disaster survivors. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 21, Article E61. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2018.58
98.
MotamediM.Merghati-KhoeiE.ShahbaziM.Rahimi-NaghaniS.SalehiM.KarimiM.HajebiA.Khalajabadi-FarahaniF. (2016). Paradoxical attitudes toward premarital dating and sexual encounters in Tehran, Iran: A cross-sectional study. Reproductive Health, 13(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-016-0210-4
99.
NajibA.LorberbaumJ. P.KoseS.BohningD. E.GeorgeM. S. (2004). Regional brain activity in women grieving a romantic relationship breakup. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(12), 2245–2256. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2245
100.
NeimeyerR. A.BaldwinS. A.GilliesJ. (2006). Continuing bonds and reconstructing meaning: Mitigating complications in bereavement. Death Studies, 30(8), 715–738. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180600848322
101.
NeimeyerR. A.ThompsonB. E. (2014). Meaning making and the art of grief therapy. In ThomsponB. E.NeimeyerR. A. (Eds.), Grief and the expressive arts: Practices for creating meaning,(Vol. 37, pp. 3–13). Routledge.
102.
NeterE.GorenS. (2017). Infertility centrality in the woman’s identity and goal adjustment predict psychological adjustment among women in ongoing fertility treatments. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 24(6), 880–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-017-9693-9
103.
NoronaJ. C.OlmsteadS. B.WelshD. P. (2017). Breaking up in emerging adulthood: A developmental perspective of relationship dissolution. Emerging Adulthood, 5(2), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696816658585
104.
OgleC. M.SieglerI. C.BeckhamJ. C.RubinD. C. (2017). Neuroticism increases PTSD symptom severity by amplifying the emotionality, rehearsal, and centrality of trauma memories. Journal of Personality, 85(5), 702–715. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12278
105.
O’SullivanL. F.HughesK.TalbotF.FullerR. (2019). Plenty of fish in the ocean: How do traits reflecting resiliency moderate adjustment after experiencing a romantic breakup in emerging adulthood?Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(5), 949–962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-00985-5
106.
ParkC. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257–301. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0018301
107.
ParkH. jooJeongD. Y. (2016). Moderation effects of perfectionism and meaning in life on depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.073
PlichtaS. B.KelvinE. A. (2013). Munro’s statistical methods for health care research.
110.
PriceL.CentifantiL.SladeP. (2020). Personality factors and vulnerability to post-traumatic stress responses after childbirth. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(4), 480–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12262
111.
QaderzadehO.MohammadiF.MohammadiH. (2017). The youth and premarital relationships: A qualitative study of contexts, Interactions and conse-quences. Strategy for Culture, 10(38), 7–40.
112.
RasmussenA. S.BerntsenD. (2010). Personality traits and autobiographical memory: Openness is positively related to the experience and usage of recollections. Memory (Hove), 18(7), 774–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2010.514270
113.
RhoadesG. K.Kamp DushC. M.AtkinsD. C.StanleyS. M.MarkmanH. J. (2011). Breaking up is hard to do: The impact of unmarried relationship dissolution on mental health and life satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(3), 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023627
RobinaughD. J.McNallyR. J. (2011). Trauma centrality and PTSD symptom severity in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(4), 483–486. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20656
116.
RoudsariR. L.JavadnooriM.HasanpourM.HazaveheiS. M. M.TaghipourA. (2013). Socio-cultural challenges to sexual health education for female adolescents in Iran. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 11(2), 101–110.
117.
RubinD.SieglerI. C. (2004). Facets of personality and the phenomenology of autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18(7), 913–930. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1038
118.
RubinD. C. (2020). Self-concept focus: A tendency to perceive autobiographical events as central to identity. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 9(4), 576–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.001
119.
RubinD. C.BerntsenD.DefflerS. A.BrodarK. (2019). Self-narrative focus in autobiographical events: The effect of time, emotion, and individual differences. Memory & Cognition, 47(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-018-0850-4
120.
RubinD. C.BoalsA.BerntsenD. (2008). Memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: Properties of voluntary and involuntary, traumatic and nontraumatic autobiographical memories in people with and without posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(4), 591–614. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013165
121.
SbarraD. A. (2006). Predicting the onset of emotional recovery following nonmarital relationship dissolution: Survival analyses of sadness and anger. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(3), 298–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205280913
122.
ShulmanS.ConnollyJ. (2013). The challenge of romantic relationships in emerging adulthood: Reconceptualization of the field. Emerging Adulthood, 1(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696812467330
123.
SimonR. W.BarrettA. E. (2010). Nonmarital romantic relationships and mental health in early adulthood: Does the association differ for women and men?Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(2), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510372343
124.
SlotterE. B.GardnerW. L.FinkelE. J. (2010). Who am I without you? The influence of romantic breakup on the self-concept. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209352250
125.
SmithM. M.SherryS. B.HewittP. L.FlettG. L.HallP. A.Lee-BaggleyD. L. (2020). The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Testing a moderated mediation model in community adults using a one-month two-wave longitudinal design. Personality and Individual Differences, 157, Article 109826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109826
126.
SmithM. M.SherryS. B.RayC. M.Lee-BaggleyD.HewittP. L.FlettG. L. (2020). The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Tests of unique contributions and mediating mechanisms in a sample of depressed individuals. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 38(1), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282919877777
127.
SprecherS.FelmleeD.MettsS.FehrB.VanniD. (1998). Factors associated with distress following the breakup of a close relationship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(6), 791–809. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407598156005
128.
StoeberJ.OttoK. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 10(4), 295–319. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2
129.
StoeberJ.StoeberF. S. (2009). Domains of perfectionism: Prevalence and relationships with perfectionism, sex, age, and satisfaction with life. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 530–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.12.006
130.
StovallM. C.FirkinsJ.HansenL.DieckmannN. F.van RynM. (2021). Personality traits and traumatic outcome symptoms in registered nurses in the aftermath of a patient safety incident. Journal of Patient Safety, 17(8), e1652–e1659. https://doi.org/10.1097/pts.0000000000000740
131.
SucherJ.QuenstedtS. R.ParnesM. F.BrownA. D. (2020). Pain centrality mediates pain self-efficacy and symptom severity among individuals reporting chronic pain. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(12), 2222–2231. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23012
132.
SuhH.GnilkaP. B.RiceK. G. (2017). Perfectionism and well-being: A positive psychology framework. Personality and Individual Differences, 111(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.041
133.
SuhH. N.PigottT.RiceK. G.DavisD. E.AndradeA. C. (2023). Meta-analysis of the relationship between self-critical perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Comparison between Asian American and Asian international college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 70(2), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000653
ThimmJ. C.HollandJ. M. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas, meaning making, and complicated grief symptoms after bereavement. International Journal of Stress Management, 24(4), 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000042
UzerT.BeşiroğluL.KarakılıçM. (2020). Event centrality, transitional impact and symptoms of posttraumatic stress in a clinical sample. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 33(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2019.1695252
138.
Van den BergL. J. M.TollenaarM. S.SpinhovenP.PenninxB. W. J. H.ElzingaB. M. (2017). A new perspective on PTSD symptoms after traumatic vs stressful life events and the role of sex. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(1), Article 1380470. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1380470
139.
Van der WattA. S. J.AlbertaS. J.RoosA.Du PlessisS.BuiE.LeschE.SeedatS. (2021). An attachment theory approach to reframing romantic relationship breakups in university students: A narrative review of attachment, neural circuitry, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 21(2), 129–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2021.1908197
140.
Van der WattA. S. J.Du PlessisS.AhmedF.RoosA.LeschE.SeedatS. (2024). Hippocampus, amygdala, and insula activation in response to romantic relationship dissolution stimuli: A case-case-control fMRI study on emerging adult students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 356(4), 604–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.059
141.
Van der WattA. S. J.KiddM.RoosA.LeschE.SeedatS. (2023). Romantic relationship dissolutions are significantly associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms as compared to a DSM-5 Criterion A event: A case-case–control comparison. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 14(2), Article 2238585. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2023.2238585
142.
Van der WattA. S.RoosA.LeschE.SeedatS. (2023). Factors associated with breakup distress following a romantic relationship dissolution among emerging adult students. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 33(2), 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2023.2190232
143.
Van der WattA. S. J.SpiesG.RoosA.LeschE.SeedatS. (2021). Functional neuroimaging of adult-to-adult romantic attachment separation, rejection, and loss: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 28(3), 637–648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-020-09757-x
144.
VarmaghaniH.AshtianiF.-PoursharifiH. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Applied Psychological Research Quarterly, 9(3), 131–142. https://japr.ut.ac.ir/m/article_69707.html?lang=en
145.
VerhallenA. M.RenkenR. J.MarsmanJ.-B. C.Ter HorstG. J. (2019). Romantic relationship breakup: An experimental model to study effects of stress on depression (-like) symptoms. PLoS One, 14(5), Article e0217320. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217320
146.
VermeulenM.SmitsD.BoelenP. A.ClaesL.RaesF.KransJ. (2020). The Dutch version of the centrality of event scale (CES): Associations with negative life events, posttraumatic stress, and depression symptoms in a student population. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 36(2), 361–371. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000517
147.
WaltonG. E.HibbardD. R.CoughlinC.Coyl-ShepherdD. D. (2020). Parenting, personality, and culture as predictors of perfectionism. Current Psychology, 39(2), 681–693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9793-y
148.
WattsJ.LeemanM.O’SullivanD.CastleberryJ.BaniyaG. (2021). Childhood emotional maltreatment and post-traumatic stress disorder in the context of centrality of the event and intrusive rumination. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 64(2), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355220925889
149.
WeathersF. W.LitzB. T.KeaneT. M.PalmieriP. A.MarxB. P.SchnurrP. P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). National Center for PTSD, 5(August), 2002.
150.
WebermannA. R.MaldonadoA.SinghR.TorresS.BusheeS.MurphyC. M. (2019). Centrality of traumatic events and men’s intimate partner violence perpetration. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(2), 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000497
151.
WrapeE. R.JenkinsS. R.CallahanJ. L.NowlinR. B. (2016). Emotional and cognitive coping in relationship dissolution. Journal of College Counseling, 19(2), 110–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12035
152.
ZhouN.YichengW.ClareK.XinX.M.AndreasM.JuzheX.and SmithK. V. (2023). The relationship between social acknowledgment and prolonged grief symptoms: a multiple mediation effect of beliefs about the goodness and controllability of grief-related emotions. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 14(2), 2220633. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2023.2220633
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
