Relationship Between Perceived Parental Support and Subjective Well-Being of Emerging Adults in Indonesia

Abstract

Studies on the relationship between perceived parental support (PPS) and subjective well-being (SWB) were mostly conducted in individualistic countries or cohort of adolescents. This study aims to provide empirical evidence for the relationship between PPS and SWB in emerging adults in Indonesia, which is considered to have a predominantly collectivistic culture. Specifically, the present study identifies the types of PPS (attachment, social integration, opportunity for nurturance, reassurance or worth, reliable alliance, and guidance) that play a significant contribution to emerging adults’ SWB. A total of 315 emerging adults (M_age = 21.18, SD = 1.39, 72.06% female, 81.90% college students, and 18.10% college graduates) participated in this study. The structural equation model showed that PPS is significantly related to SWB. In addition, guidance is the only type of PPS that has a statistically significant association with SWB. Potential explanations in respect to Indonesian collectivistic culture are discussed.

Keywords

emerging adults perceived parental support social provisions social support subjective well-being

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Adilla

Ninin

R. H.

Noer

A. H.

(2021). Rancangan intervensi reentry training pada third culture kids berkewarganegaraan Indonesia. Universitas Padjadjaran.

Afthanorhan

W. M. A. B. W.

Ahmad

(2013). Modelling the multigroup moderator-mediator on motivation among youth in higher education institution towards volunteerism program. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research, 4(7), 91–95.

Akram

A. R.

Abidin

F. A.

Lubis

F. Y.

(2022). Parental autonomy support and psychological well-being in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of autonomy satisfaction. The Open Psychology Journal, 15(1), Article e187435012208100. https://doi.org/10.2174/18743501-v15-e2208100

Aloia

L. S.

(2019). The influence of family relationship schemas, parental support, and parental verbal aggression on mental well-being. Journal of Family Studies, 28(1), 294–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2019.1702578

Amato

P. R.

(1994). Father-child relations, mother-child relations, and offspring psychological well-being in early adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 56(4), 1031. https://doi.org/10.2307/353611

Amini

D. S.

Salim

R. M. A.

(2020). Dukungan orangtua, efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier, dan planned happenstance pada siswa sekolah menengah pertama. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat, 7(1), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu02019-294

Andini

Maryatmi

A. S.

(2020). Hubungan antara harga diri dan prestasi akademik dengan subjective well being pada mahasiswa Jurusan Akuntansi fakultas ekonomi dan Bisnis di Universitas persada Indonesia Y.A.I. Jurnal IKRA-ITH Humaniora, 4(3), 127–134.

Antasari

I. W.

(2017). Dukungan orang tua dalam membangun literasi anak. Edulib, 6(2), 138–146. https://doi.org/10.17509/edulib.v6i2.5025

Arnett

J. J.

(2015). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

10.

Arnett

J. J.

Padilla‐Walker

L. M.

(2015). Brief report: Danish emerging adults’ conceptions of adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 38(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.10.011

11.

Badan Pusat Statistik . (2022). Jumlah penduduk Usia 15 tahun ke atas menurut Golongan Umur 2021-2022. BPS. https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/6/715/1/jumlah-penduduk-usia-15-tahun-ke-atas-menurut-golongan-umur.html

12.

Badan Pusat Statistik . (2023). Penduduk Berumur 15 tahun ke atas menurut jenis kegiatan 2022-2023. BPS. https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/6/529/1/penduduk-berumur-15-tahun-ke-atas-menurut-jenis-kegiatan.html

13.

Brajša-Žganec

Kaliterna Lipovčan

Hanzec

Zagreb Hanzec

University Department of Croatian Studies Zagreb (2018). The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across the Lifespan. Društvena Istraživanja, 27(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.5559/di.27.1.03

14.

Burleson

B. R.

Albrecht

T. L.

Sarason

I. G.

(Eds.). (1994). Communication of social support: Messages, interactions, relationships, and community. Sage Publications, Inc.

15.

Busseri

M. A.

(2014). Toward a resolution of the tripartite structure of subjective well-being: Structure of subjective well-being. Journal of Personality, 83(4), 413–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12116

16.

Busseri

M. A.

(2018). Examining the structure of subjective well-being through meta-analysis of the associations among positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 122, 68–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.003

17.

Busseri

M. A.

Newman

D. B.

(2022). Happy days: Resolving the structure of daily subjective well-being, between and within individuals. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 15(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506221125416

18.

Busseri

M. A.

Sadava

S. W.

(2011). A review of the tripartite structure of subjective well-being: Implications for conceptualization, operationalization, analysis, and synthesis. Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 15(3), 290–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310391271

19.

Carlson

C. L.

(2014). Seeking self-sufficiency: Why emerging adult college students receive and implement parental advice. Emerging Adulthood, 2(4), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696814551785

20.

Compton

W. C.

Hoffman

(2020). Positive psychology (3rd ed.). Sage Publication.

21.

Cripps

Zyromski

(2009). Adolescents’ psychological well-being and perceived parental involvement: Implications for parental involvement in middle schools. RMLE Online, 33(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404476.2009.11462067

22.

Crockett

L. J.

Iturbide

M. I.

Torres Stone

R. A.

McGinley

Raffaelli

Carlo

(2007). Acculturative stress, social support, and coping: Relations to psychological adjustment among Mexican American college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(4), 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.13.4.347

23.

Cutrona

C. E.

(1990). Stress and social support—in search of optimal matching. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1990.9.1.3

24.

Cutrona

C. E.

Cole

Colangelo

Assouline

S. G.

Russell

D. W.

(1994). Perceived parental social support and academic Achievement: An attachment theory perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(2), 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.2.369

25.

Deković

Janssens

J. M.

(1992). Parents’ child-rearing style and child’s sociometric status. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 925–932. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.925

26.

Diener

(2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34

27.

Diener

Emmons

R. A.

Larsen

R. J.

Griffin

(1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13

28.

Diener

Heintzelman

S. J.

Kushlev

Tay

Wirtz

Lutes

L. D.

Oishi

(2016). Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 58(2), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000063

29.

Diener

Scollon

C. N.

Lucas

R. E.

(2003). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. Advances in Cell Aging and Gerontology, 15, 187–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1566-3124(03)15003-1

30.

Diener

Wirtz

Biswas-Diener

Tov

Kim-Prieto

Choi

Oishi

(2009). New measures of well-being. In Diener

(Ed.), Assessing well-being (Vol. 39, pp. 247–266). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_12

31.

Doni

S. R.

(2019). Pengaruh orientasi masa depan dan dukungan orangtua terhadap pengambilan keputusan dalam memilih program studi/kuliah. Psikoborneo: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 7(3), 369–374. https://doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v7i3.4794

32.

Fingerman

Miller

Birditt

Zarit

(2009). Giving to the good and the needy: Parental support of grown children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(5), 1220–1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00665.x

33.

Fingerman

K. L.

Cheng

Y.-P.

Kim

Fung

H. H.

Han

Lang

F. R.

Lee

Wagner

(2014). Parental involvement with college students in Germany, Hong Kong, Korea, and the United States. Journal of Family Issues, 37(10), 1384–1411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14541444

34.

Fingerman

K. L.

Kim

Davis

E. M.

Furstenberg

F. F.

Birditt

K. S.

Zarit

S. H.

(2015). “I’ll give you the world”: Socioeconomic differences in parental support of adult children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(4), 844–865. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12204

35.

Fingerman

K. L.

Yahirun

J. J.

(2014). In Arnett

J. J.

(Ed.), Emerging adulthood in the context of family (Vol. 1, pp. 163–176). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.17

36.

Galambos

N. L.

Fang

Horne

R. M.

Johnson

M. D.

Krahn

H. J.

(2017). Trajectories of perceived support from family, friends, and lovers in the transition to adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(10), 1418–1438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517717360

37.

Goldsmith

(2018). Emerging adults’ relationships with their parents. Family Institute. https://www.family-institute.org/behavioral-health-resources/emerging-adults-relationships-their-parents

38.

Gottlieb

B. H.

Bergen

A. E.

(2010). Social support concepts and measures. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(5), 511–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.10.001

39.

Gülaçtı

(2010). The effect of perceived social support on subjective well-being. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 3844–3849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.602

40.

Helsen

Vollebergh

Meeus

(2000). Social support from parents and friends and emotional problems in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(3), 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005147708827

41.

Hofstede

G. J.

Minkov

(2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.

42.

Hooper

Coughlan

Mullen

M. R.

(2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.

43.

Huang

Tang

Chen

Peng

Zhang

Liang

Wan

Ding

(2022). Perceived parenting style and subjective well-being among Chinese nursing undergraduates: The role of self-efficacy and gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912654

44.

International Day of Happiness, 20 March . (2012). United Nations. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/international-days/international-day-of-happiness.html

45.

Kins

Beyers

Soenens

Vansteenkiste

(2009). Patterns of home leaving and subjective well-being in emerging adulthood: The role of motivational processes and parental autonomy support. Developmental Psychology, 45(5), 1416–1429. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015580

46.

Kumalasari

A. D.

(2021). Happiness as a norm: Its implications for the pursuit of happiness, person judgment, and decision making. Radboud University. https://hdl.handle.net/2066/232250

47.

Kurnia

Y. C.

Lestari

Jurusan Psikologi Universitas Brawijaya Malang Indonesia . (2020). Body dissatisfaction dan Keterkaitannya dengan subjective well-being pada perempuan masa emerging adulthood. Media, 6(2), 86–93. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.mps.2020.006.02.2

48.

Lee

C.-Y. S.

Dik

B. J.

Barbara

L. A.

(2016). Intergenerational solidarity and individual adjustment during emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Issues, 37(10), 1412–1432. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14567957

49.

Liebler

C. A.

Sandefur

G. D.

(2002). Gender differences in the exchange of social support with friends, neighbors, and co-workers at midlife q. Social Science Research, 31(3), 364, 391, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0049-089x(02)00006-6

50.

Lin

L.-C.

Huang

P.-H.

Weng

L.-J.

(2017). Selecting path models in SEM: A comparison of model selection criteria. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 24(6), 855–869. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2017.1363652

51.

Lyubomirsky

King

Diener

(2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803

52.

Marbell‐Pierre

K. N.

Grolnick

W. S.

Stewart

A. L.

Raftery‐Helmer

J. N.

(2019). Parental autonomy support in two cultures: The moderating effects of adolescents’ self‐construals. Child Development, 90(3), 825–845. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12947

53.

Mawaddah

Astuti

N. W.

Wijaya

(2022). Hubungan stres akademik dengan subjective well-being pada mahasiswa selama masa pandemi Covid-19. Prosiding Serina IV, 2022(1), 2.

54.

Metler

S. J.

Busseri

M. A.

(2015). Further evaluation of the tripartite structure of subjective well-being: Evidence from longitudinal and experimental studies. Journal of Personality, 85(2), 192–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12233

55.

Moffatt

(2012). Indonesian cultural profile. Diversicare.

56.

Nelson

L. J.

Padilla-Walker

L. M.

Christensen

K. J.

Evans

C. A.

Carroll

J. S.

(2011). Parenting in emerging adulthood: An examination of parenting clusters and correlates. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(6), 730–743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9584-8

57.

Neve

J.-E. D.

Diener

Tay

Xuereb

(2013). The objective benefits of subjective well-being. In Helliwell

J. F.

Layard

Sachs

(Eds.), World happiness report 2013 (Vol. 2, pp. 54–79). UN Sustainable Network Development Solutions Network.

58.

Novanto

Pali

(2019). Teacher’s life satisfaction in Palopo and Toraja: An analysis study based on demographic factors. Jurnal Sains Psikologi, 8(2), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.17977/um023v8i22019p207

59.

Oishi

Diener

Lucas

R. E.

(2020). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. In Snyder

C. R.

Lopez

S. J.

Edwards

L. M.

Marques

S. C.

(Eds.), The oxford handbook of positive psychology (3rd ed., pp. 255–264). Oxford University Press.

60.

Perera

H. N.

(2016). Construct validity of the social provisions scale: A Bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling approach. Assessment, 23(6), 720–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115589344

61.

Pettit

J. W.

Roberts

R. E.

Lewinsohn

P. M.

Seeley

J. R.

Yaroslavsky

(2011). Developmental relations between perceived social support and depressive symptoms through emerging adulthood: Blood is thicker than water. Journal of Family Psychology: JFP: journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43), 25(1), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022320

62.

Prabowo

C. X.

Dewi

F. I. R.

(2021). The correlation between fear of missing out and subjective well-being among young adulthood. International Conference on Economics, Business, Social, and Humanities (ICEBSH 2021), Jakarta, Indonesia, 08 August, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210805.225

63.

Prevoo

M. J.

Tamis-LeMonda

C. S.

(2017). Parenting and globalization in western countries: Explaining differences in parent–child interactions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.003

64.

Roberts

B. W.

Caspi

Moffitt

T. E.

(2001). The kids are alright: Growth and stability in personality development from adolescence to adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(4), 670–683. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.670

65.

Rosseel

(2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02

66.

RStudio: Integrated development environment for R . (2022). Posit. https://www.posit.co/

67.

Rudy

Grusec

J. E.

(2006). Authoritarian parenting in individualist and collectivist groups: Associations with maternal emotion and cognition and children’s self-esteem. Journal of Family Psychology: JFP: journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43), 20(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.68

68.

Ryan

R. M.

Deci

E. L.

(2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141

69.

Shanti

T. I.

Suryani

A. O.

Ajisuksmo

C. R. P.

(2021). Komunikasi suportif orang Tua: Konsep, pengembangan, dan validasi. Jurnal InterAct, 9(2), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.25170/interact.v9i2.2027

70.

Siedlecki

K. L.

Salthouse

T. A.

Oishi

Jeswani

(2013). The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across age. Social Indicators Research, 117(2), 561–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0361-4

71.

Sinaga

J. D.

(2018). Tingkat dukungan orang tua terhadap belajar siswa. Indonesian Journal of Educational Counseling, 2(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.30653/001.201821.19

72.

Soenens

Vansteenkiste

Beyers

(2019). Parenting adolescents. In Bornstein

M. H.

(Ed.), Handbook of parenting: 3rd edition): Vol. 1: Children and parenting (p. 660). Routledge.

73.

Suyono

T. A.

Kumalasari

A. D.

Fitriana

(2021). Hubungan quarter-life crisis dan subjective well-being pada individu dewasa muda. Jurnal Psikologi, 14(2), 301–322. https://doi.org/10.35760/psi.2021.v14i2.4646

74.

Swartz

T. T.

Kim

Uno

Mortimer

O’Brien

K. B.

(2011). Safety nets and scaffolds: Parental support in the transition to adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(2), 414–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00815.x

75.

Tamis-LeMonda

C. S.

Way

Hughes

Yoshikawa

Kalman

R. K.

Niwa

E. Y.

(2007). Parents’ goals for children: The dynamic coexistence of individualism and collectivism in cultures and individuals. Social Development, 17(1), 183–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00419.x

76.

The Cultural Factor Group . (n.d.). Country comparison tool. Hofstede Insights. https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/

77.

Thohiroh

Novianti

L. E.

Yudiana

(2019). Peranan persepsi dukungan sosial terhadap kesejahteraan subjektif di sekolah pada siswa pondok pesantren modern. Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 6(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v6i2.5323

78.

Tiyas

R. R.

Utami

M. S.

(2021). Online learning saat pandemi covid-19: Stres akademik terhadap subjective well-being dengan adaptive coping sebagai mediator. Gadjah Mada Journal of Psychology (GamaJoP), 7(2), 225. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamajop.64599

79.

Trommsdorff

Kornadt

H.-J.

(2003). Parent-child relations in cross-cultural perspective. In Kuczynski

(Ed.), Handbook of dynamics in parent-child relations (pp. 271–306). Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452229645.n14

80.

Weiss

. (1974). The provisions of social relationships. In Rubin

(Ed.). Doing unto others (pp. 17–26). Prentice Hall.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.10 MB