Resilience and social support are important for emerging adults and especially those with chronic health conditions (CHC). We examined associations among resilience, social support, and health in those with and without a CHC. 132 emerging adults with a CHC and matched healthy participants completed questionnaires. Two-group, measuredvariable path analysis and mediational models were conducted. Those with a CHC had poorer resilience and health but equivalent social support. Resilience significantly predicted general health and emotional well-being. Resilience mediated the relationships between coping and health for healthy participants and between coping and emotional wellbeing in those with a CHC. Satisfaction with social support was significantly correlated with health, mediating the influence of network size on emotional well-being for those without a CHC and both physical functioning and emotional well-being for healthy participants. These results indicate the importance of resilience and social support for emerging adults, especially those with a CHC.
ArnettJ. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
2.
ArnettJ. J. (2014). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford University Press.
3.
BalgiuB. A. (2017). Self-esteem, personality and resilience. Study of a students emerging adults group. Journal of Educational Sciences and Psychology, 7(1), 93–99
4.
BoyceW. T.LevittP.MartinezF. D.McEwenB. S.ShonkoffJ. P. (2021). Genes, environments, and time: The biology of adversity and resilience. Pediatrics, 147(2), e20201651. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1651
5.
BrannanD.Biswas-DienerR.MohrC. D.MortazaviS.SteinN. (2013). Friends and family: A cross-cultural investigation of social support and subjective well-being among college students. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(1), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.743573
6.
CalS. F.de SáL. R.GlustakM. E.SantiagoM. B. (2015). Resilience in chronic diseases: A systematic review. Cogent Psychology, 2(1), 1024928. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2015.1024928
7.
CarpentierM. Y.MullinsL. L.Van PeltJ. C. (2007). Psychological, academic, and work functioning in college students with childhood-onset asthma. Journal of Asthma, 44(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770900601182418
8.
CarverC. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’too long: Consider the brief cope. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
9.
ChectonM. G.GreeneK. (2012). Beyond initial disclosure: The role of prognosis and symptom uncertainty in patterns of disclosure in relationships. Journal of Health Communication, 27(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.571755
10.
CompasB. E.JaserS. S.BettisA. H.WatsonK. H.GruhnM. A.DunbarJ. P.WilliamsE.ThigpenJ. C. (2017). Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 143(9), 939–991. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000110
11.
DavisA. M.BrownR. F.TaylorJ. L.EpsteinR. A.McPheetersM. L. (2014). Transition care for children with special health care needs. Pediatrics, 134(5), 900–908. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1909
DeNiscoS. (2011). Exploring the relationship between resilience and diabetes outcomes in African Americans. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 23(11), 602–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2011.00648.x
14.
FerroM. A.GorterJ. W.BoyleM. H. (2015). Trajectories of depressive symptoms during the transition to young adulthood: The role of chronic illness. Journal of Affective Disorders, 174(15), 594–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.014
15.
FortierM. (2002) The nature of adult vulnerability history and definitions. In Vulnerability to Psychopathology: Risk Across the Lifespan. (pp. 39–53). The Guilford Press.
16.
GalambosN. L.BarkerE. T.KrahnH. J. (2006). Depression, self-esteem, and anger in emerging adulthood: Seven-year trajectories. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.350
17.
GariepyG.HonkaniemiH.Quesnel-ValleeA. (2016). Social support and protection from depression: Systematic review of current findings in western countries. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(4), 284–293. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.169094
18.
GheshlaghR. G.SayehmiriK.EbadiA.DalvandiA.DalvandS.TabriziK. N. (2016). Resilience of patients with chronic physical diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 18(7), https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.38562
19.
GreeneK.Magsamen-ConradK.VenetisM. K.ChectonM. G.BagdasarovZ.BanerjeeS. C. (2012). Assessing health diagnosis disclosure decisions in relationships: Testing the disclosure decision-making model. Journal of Health Communication, 27(4), 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.586988
HemingtonK. S.RogachovA.ChengJ. C.BosmaR. L.KimJ. A.OsborneN. R.InmanR. D.DavisK. D. (2018). Patients with chronic pain exhibit a complex relationship triad between pain, resilience, and within-and cross-network functional connectivity of the default mode network. Pain, 159(8), 1621–1630. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001252
23.
HertsK. L.WallisE.MaslowG. (2014). College freshmen with chronic illness: A comparison with healthy first-year students. Journal of College Student Development, 55(5), 475–480. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2014.0052
24.
HoumanK. M.StapleyJ. C. (2013). The college experience for students with chronic illness: Implications for academic advising. NACADA Journal, 33(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.12930/nacada-13-227
25.
HuL. T.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
26.
JenzerT.ReadJ. P.Naragon GaineyK.PrinceM. A. (2019). Coping trajectories in emerging adulthood: The influence of temperament and gender. Journal of Personality, 87(3), 607–619. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12419
27.
JohansenC. B.RothmannM. J.AndersenA.Beck NielsenH.PouwerF. (2020). The role of parental support for emerging adults with type 1 diabetes: A scoping review. Pediatric Diabetes, 21(6), 995–1030. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13022
28.
KammrathL. K.ArmstrongB. F.IIILaneS. P.FrancisM. K.CliftonM.McNabK. M.BaumgartenO. M. (2020). What predicts who we approach for social support? Tests of the attachment figure and strong ties hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(3), 481–500. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000189
29.
Kashikar-ZuckS.CunninghamN.PeughJ.BlackW. R.NelsonS.Lynch-JordanA. M.PfeifferM.TranS. T.TingT. V.ArnoldL. M.CarleA.NollJ.PowersS. W.LovellD. J. (2019). Long-term outcomes of adolescents with juvenile-onset fibromyalgia into adulthood, and impact of depressive symptoms on functioning over time. Pain, 160(2), 433–441. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001415
30.
KimH. S.ShermanD. K.TaylorS. E. (2008). Culture and social support. American Psychologist, 63(6), 518–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x
31.
KralikD.van LoonA.VisentinK. (2006). Resilience in the chronic illness experience. Educational Action Research, 14(2), 187–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650790600718035
32.
LambertV.KeoghD. (2015). Striving to live a normal life: A review of children and young people’s experience of feeling different when living with a long term condition. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 30(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2014.09.016
33.
LaneJ. A.FinkR. S. (2015). Attachment, social support satisfaction, and well-being during life transition in emerging adulthood. The Counseling Psychologist, 43(7), 1034–1058. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000015592184
34.
LangA. C.GreenleyR. N.DaviesW. H. (2020). Impact of perceived health competence on the quality of life of emerging adults with chronic health conditions. Emerging Adulthood, 10(3), 702–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696820938647
35.
LeeC. Y. S.DikB. J. (2017). Associations among stress, gender, sources of social support, and health in emerging adults. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 33(4), 378–388. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2722
36.
LeppinA. L.BoraP. R.TilburtJ. C.GionfriddoM. R.Zeballos-PalaciosC.DuloheryM. M.SoodA.ErwinP. J.BritoJ. P.BoehmerK. R.MontoriV. M. (2014). The efficacy of resiliency training programs: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Plos One, 9(10), e111420. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111420
37.
MaguireR.HanlyP.MaguireP. (2021). Living well with chronic illness: How social support, loneliness and psychological appraisals relate to well-being in a population-based European sample. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(10), 1494–1507. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105319883923
38.
MartzE.LivnehH. (2016). Psychosocial adaptation to disability within the context of positive psychology: Findings from the literature. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 26(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-015-9598-x
39.
MaslowG. R.HaydonA.McReeA. L.FordC. A.HalpernC. T. (2011). Growing up with a chronic illness: Social success, educational/vocational distress. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(2), 206–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.12.001
McCarthyM. M.GreyM. (2018). Type 1 diabetes self-management from emerging adulthood through older adulthood. Diabetes Care, 41(8), 1608–1614. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-2597
42.
MurphyK. A.BlusteinD. L.BohligA. J.PlattM. G. (2010). The college to career transition: An exploration of emerging adulthood. Journal of Counseling & Development, 88(2), 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00006.x
43.
MuthénL. K.MuthénB. O. (2017). Mplus: Statistical Analysis with Latent Variables: User’s Guide (Version8). Los Angeles, CA.
44.
Newton-JohnT. R.MasonC.HunterM. (2014). The role of resilience in adjustment and coping with chronic pain. Rehabilitation Psychology, 59(3), 360–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037023
45.
NishimiK. M.KoenenK. C.CoullB. A.KubzanskyL. D. (2022). Association of psychological resilience with healthy lifestyle and body weight in young adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(2), 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.08.006
46.
NoblesA. L.CurtisB. A.NgoD. A.VardellE.HolstegeC. P. (2019). Health insurance literacy: A mixed methods study of college students. Journal of American College Health, 67(5), 469–478. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1486844
OzbayF.FitterlingH.CharneyD.SouthwickS. (2008). Social support and resilience to stress across the life span: A neurobiologic framework. Current Psychiatry Reports, 10(4), 304–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-008-0049-7
49.
PaiA. L. H.OstendorfH. M. (2011). Treatment adherence in adolescents and young adults affected by chronic illness during the health care transition from pediatric to adult health care: A literature review. Children’s Health Care, 40(1), 16–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/02739615.2011.537934
50.
RamasubramanianS. (2017). Mindfulness, stress coping and everyday resilience among emerging youth in a university setting: A mixed methods approach. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(3), 308–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1175361
51.
RosenbergA. R.BradfordM. C.McCauleyE.CurtisJ. R.WolfeJ.BakerK. S.Yi FrazierJ. P. (2018). Promoting resilience in adolescents and young adults with cancer: Results from the PRISM randomized controlled trial. Cancer, 124(19), 3909–3917. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31666
52.
SarasonI. G.SarasonB. R.ShearinE. N.PierceG. R. (1987). A brief measure of social support: Practical and theoretical implications. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4(4), 497–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407587044007
53.
SchulenbergJ. E.SameroffA. J.CicchettiD. (2004). The transition to adulthood as a critical juncture in the course of psychopathology and mental health. Development and Psychopathology, 16(4), 799–806. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579404040015
54.
SchwartzL.DrotarD. (2006). Defining the nature and impact of goals in children and adolescents with a chronic health condition: A review of research and a theoretical framework. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 13(4), 390–402.
55.
SellsD.SledgeW. H.WielandM.WaldenD.FlanaganE.MillerR.DavidsonL. (2009). Cascading crises, resilience and social support within the onset and development of multiple chronic conditions. Chronic Illness, 5(2), 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395309104166
56.
SharkeyC. M.BakulaD. M.BaraldiA. N.PerezM. N.SuorsaK. I.ChaneyJ. M.MullinsL. L. (2017). Grit, illness-related distress, and psychosocial outcomes in college students with a chronic medical condition: A path analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 43(5), 552–560. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsx145
57.
SilverN. C.DunlapW. P. (1987). Averaging correlation coefficients: Should Fisher's z transformation be used?Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(1), 146–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.72.1.146
58.
SmithB. W.DalenJ.WigginsK.TooleyE.ChristopherP.BernardJ. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
59.
SteinR. E.BaumanL. J.EpsteinS. G.GardnerJ. D.WalkerD. K. (2000). How well does the questionnaire for identifying children with chronic conditions identify individual children who have chronic conditions?Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 154(5), 447–452. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.154.5.447
60.
SteinR. E. K.JessopD. J. (1989). What diagnosis does not tell: The case for a noncategorical approach to chronic illness in childhood. Social Science and Medicine, 29(6), 769–778. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(89)90157-3
61.
VermaT.RohanJ. (2020). Examination of transition readiness, medication adherence, and resilience in pediatric chronic illness populations: A pilot study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 1905. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061905
62.
WareJ. E (1993). SF-36 health survey: Manual and interpretation guide. Health Institute.
63.
WestC.StewartL.FosterK.UsherK. (2012). The meaning of resilience to persons living with chronic pain: An interpretive qualitative inquiry. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(9–10), 1284–1292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.04005.x
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
