The purpose of this study was to develop the School Counselor Transgender Intersex Advocacy Competence Scale (SCTIACS). The SCTIACS is a training tool to use in teaching school counselors and other school stakeholders to advocate for gender minority students. Development of the SCTIACS involved a three-step process: generating items, reducing items, and gathering data from school counselors to conduct principal component analysis and test validity and reliability.
BidellM. P. (2005). The Sexual Orientation Counselor Competency Scale: Assessing attitudes, skills, and knowledge of counselors working with lesbian/gay/bisexual clients. Counselor Education and Supervision, 44, 267–279. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2005.tb01755.x
6.
BiegelS. (2010). The right to be out: Sexual orientation and gender identity in America’s public schools. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
7.
BodenhornN.SkaggsG. (2005). Development of the school counselor self-efficacy scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 38, 14–28. doi:10.1080/07481756.2005.11909766
8.
BrownJ. D. (2000). What issues affect Likert-scale questionnaire formats?JALT Testing & Evaluation SIG Newsletter, 4, 27–30.
9.
CaseK. A.MeierS. C. (2014). Developing allies to transgender and gender-nonconforming youth: Training for counselors and educators. Journal of LGBT Youth, 11, 62–82. doi:10.1080/19361653.2014.840764
10.
CattellR. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10;
11.
Chen-HayesS. F. (2001). Counseling and advocacy with transgendered and gender-variant persons in schools and families. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education, and Development, 40, 34–49. doi:10.1002/j.2164-490X.2001.tb00100.x
12.
CornuC. (2016). Preventing and addressing homophobic and transphobic bullying in education: A human rights-based approach using the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Journal of LGBT Youth, 13, 6–17. doi:10.1080/19361653.2015.1087932
13.
FisherE. S.Komosa-HawinsK.SaldanaE.ThomasG. M.HsiaoC.RauldM.MillerD. (2008). Promoting school success for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and questioning students: Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and intervention strategies. The California School Psychologist, 13, 79–91. doi:10.1007/BF03340944
GreenwaldA. G.FarnhamS. D. (2000). Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022–1038. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.6.1022
17.
HarrisP. A.TaylorR.ThielkaR.PayneJ.GonzalezN.CondeJ. G. (2009). Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 42, 377–381.
18.
HerekG. M.McLemoreK. A. (2011). The attitudes toward lesbians and gay men (ATLG) scale. In FisherT.DavisC. M.YarberW. L.DavisS. L. (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality-related measures (pp. 415–417). Oxford, England: Taylor & Francis.
JonesT.SmithE.WardR.DixonJ.HillierJ.MitchellA. (2016). School experiences of transgender and gender diverse students in Australia. Sex Education, 16, 156–171. doi:10.1080/14681811.2015.1080678
21.
JosephS.LinleyP. A.HarwoodJ.LewisC. A.McCollamP. (2004). Rapid assessment of well-being: The Short Depression-Happiness Scale (SDHS). Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 77, 463–478. doi:10.1348/1476083042555406
22.
KeuroghlianA. S.ShtaselD.BassukE. L. (2014). Out on the street: A public health and policy agenda for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth who are homeless. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84, 66–72. doi:10.1037/h0098852
23.
KonA. (2014). Transgender children and adults. American Journal of Bioethics, 14, 48–50. doi:10.1080/15265161.2014.862410
LawsheC. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28, 563–575. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
26.
Lloyd-HazlettJ.FosterV. A. (2013). Enhancing school counselor preparation for work with LGBTQ students: Developmental strategies and interventions. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 7, 323–338. doi:10.1080/15538605.2013.839338
27.
LounsburyJ. W.GibsonL. W.SaudargasR. A. (2006). Scale development. In LeongF. T. L.AustinJ. T. (Eds.), The psychology research handbook (pp. 125–146). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
LukeM. M.GoodrichK. M.ScarboroughJ. L. (2011). Integration of the K-12 LGBTQI student population in school counselor education curricula: The current state of affairs. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 5, 80–101. doi:10.1080/15538605.2011.574530
30.
McGuireJ. K.AndersonC. R.ToomeyR. B.RussellS. T. (2010). School climate for transgender youth: A mixed method investigation of student experiences and school responses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1175–1188. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9540-7
31.
O’HaraC.DispenzaF.BrackG.BloodR. A. (2013). The preparedness of counselors in training to work with transgender clients: A mixed methods investigation. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 7, 236–256. doi:10.1080/15538605.2013.812929
PonterottoJ. G.PotereJ. C. (2003). The multicultural counseling knowledge and awareness scale (MCKAS): Validity, reliability, and user guidelines. In Pope-DavisD. P.ColemanH. L. K.LiuW. M.ToporekR. (Eds), Handbook of multicultural competencies in counseling and psychology (pp. 137–153). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781452231693.n9
34.
PonterottoJ. G.SanchezC. M.MagidsD. M. (1996). Development and initial validation of the Multicultural Counseling Awareness Scale. In SodowskyG. R.ImparaJ. C. (Eds.), Multicultural assessment in counseling and clinical psychology. Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements.
35.
RattsM. J.HutchinsA. M. (2011). ACA advocacy competencies: Social justice advocacy at the client/student level. Journal of Counseling & Development, 87, 269–275. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2009.tb00106.x
RiggsD. W.BartholomaeusC. (2015). The role of school counsellors and psychologists in supporting transgender people. Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 32, 158–170. doi:10.1017/edp.2015.19
38.
RobertsG.AllanC.WellsK. (2007). Understanding gender identity in K-12 schools. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 4, 119–129. doi:10.1300/J367v04n04_08
39.
SchlomerG. L.BaumanS.CardN. A. (2010). Best practices for missing data management in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 1–10. doi:10.1037/a0018082
40.
ShroutP. E.FleissJ. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420–428. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420
41.
SimonsJ. D. (2018). School Counselor Sexual Minority Advocacy Competence Scale (SCSMACS): Development, validity, and reliability. Professional School Counseling, 21. doi:10.1177/2156759X18761900
42.
SimonsJ. D. (2019). Middle and high school counselor advocates for sexual minority students. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling. doi:10.1080/15538605.2018.1488231
43.
SimonsJ. D.BeckM. J.AsplundN. R.ChanC. D.ByrdR. (2018). Advocacy for gender minority students: Recommendations for school counsellors. Sex Education, 18, 464–478. doi:10.1080/14681811.2017.1421531
44.
SimonsJ. D.ChanC. D.BeckM. J.AsplundN. R. (2019). Emancipatory communitarian approach and ASCA model school counseling: Improving school counselor advocacy for all students. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services. doi:10.1080/10538720.2019.1642279
45.
SimonsJ. D.CuadradoM. (2019). Narratives of school counselors regarding advocacy for LGBTQ students. Professional School Counseling, 22. doi:10.1177/2156759X19861529
46.
SimonsJ. D.GonzalezJ. M.RamdasM. (2019). Supporting intersex: Effective academic and career counseling. (Unpublished manuscript). Dobbs Ferry, NY: School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Mercy College.
47.
SimonsJ. D.GrantL.RodasJ. (2019). Transgender people of color: Making meaning of self-advocacy, identity development, and K-12 education. Unpublished manuscript.
48.
SimonsJ. D.HutchisonB.BahrM. (2017). School counselor advocacy for lesbian, gay, and bisexual students: Intentions and practice. Professional School Counseling, 20, 29–37. doi:10.5330/1096-2409-20.1a.29
49.
SinghA. A.BurnesT. (2009). Creating developmentally appropriate, safe counseling environments for transgender youth: The critical role of school counselors. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 3, 215–234. doi:10.1080/15538600903379457
50.
SlatenC. D.BaskinT. W. (2014). Contextual school counseling: A framework for training with implications for curriculum, supervision, practice, and future research. The Counseling Psychologist, 42, 97–123. doi:10.1177/0011000012473952
51.
SteensmaT. D.van der EndeJ.VerhulstF. C.Cohen-KettenisP. T. (2013). Gender variance in childhood and sexual orientation in adulthood: A prospective study. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10, 2723–2733. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02701.x
52.
TaherdoostH. (2016). Validity and reliability of the research instrument; how to test the validation of a questionnaire/survey in a research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 5, 28–36. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3205040
WorthingtonR. L.NavarroR. L.SavoyH. B.HamptonD. (2008). Development, reliability, and validity of the Measure of Sexual Identity Exploration and Commitment (MoSIEC). Developmental Psychology, 44, 22–33. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.22