Pediatric obesity is associated with co-occurring psychosocial conditions, which may be impacted by obesity treatment. Past systematic reviews have shown positive effects for specific psychosocial outcomes following behavioral interventions. This review aimed to extend these findings by mapping patterns of change for the totality of psychosocial outcomes reported.
Methods:
We conducted a scoping review following published guidelines. We searched 11 databases to identify behavioral intervention trials for children and adolescents living with overweight or obesity that measured at least one psychosocial outcome pre–post. Outcomes were grouped into categories thematically, and data were synthesized based on the timepoint (post-intervention, latest follow-up), intervention arm (active, no-intervention control), and type of change reported (difference between arms, change over time).
Results:
Of 1172 articles screened, 197 articles (169 trials) met the inclusion criteria, with a combined sample of 18,694 children and adolescents. A total of 372 outcomes were identified and grouped into eight constructs. Across all outcomes and timepoints, many trials reported no difference or a difference favoring the active intervention arm over the no-intervention control arm. Likewise, most active intervention arms showed improvements or no change over time, though five of 169 trials reported worsening in a psychosocial outcome at post-intervention. Most no-intervention control arms showed no change over time.
Conclusions:
Behavioral interventions are associated with improvements or no change in psychosocial health across a broad range of outcomes assessed. Consensus on core psychosocial outcomes is needed to reduce heterogeneity and ensure outcomes are relevant to children and adolescents living with obesity.
ZhangX, LiuJ, NiY, et al.Global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr, 2024; 178(8):800–813.
2.
JebeileH, CardelMI, KyleTK, JastreboffAM. Addressing psychosocial health in the treatment and care of adolescents with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2021; 29(9):1413–1422.
3.
GriffithsLJ, ParsonsTJ, HillAJ. Self-esteem and quality of life in obese children and adolescents: A systematic review. Int J Pediatr Obes, 2010; 5(4):282–304.
4.
SutariaS, DevakumarD, YasudaSS, et al.Is obesity associated with depression in children? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child, 2019; 104(1):64–74.
5.
PuderJJ, MunschS. Psychological correlates of childhood obesity. Int J Obes (Lond), 2010; 34 (Suppl 2)(S2):S37–S43.
6.
GoldschmidtAB, AspenVP, SintonMM, et al.Disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in overweight youth. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2008; 16(2):257–264.
7.
Tanofsky-KraffM, YanovskiSZ, WilfleyDE, et al.Eating-disordered behaviors, body fat, and psychopathology in overweight and normal-weight children. J Consult Clin Psychol, 2004; 72(1):53–61.
8.
van GeelM, VedderP, TanilonJ. Are overweight and obese youths more often bullied by their peers? A meta-analysis on the correlation between weight status and bullying. Int J Obes (Lond), 2014; 38(10):1263–1267.
9.
WarnickJL, DarlingKE, WestCE, et al.Weight stigma and mental health in youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Psychol, 2022; 47(3):237–255.
10.
PuhlRM, PetersonJL, LuedickeJ. Weight-based victimization: Bullying experiences of weight loss treatment–seeking youth. Pediatrics, 2013; 131(1):e1–e9.
11.
ListerNB, BaurLA, FelixJF, et al.Child and adolescent obesity. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2023; 9(1):24.
12.
JebeileH, KellyAS, O’MalleyG, BaurLA. Obesity in children and adolescents: Epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2022; 10(5):351–365.
13.
BallGDC, MerdadR, BirkenCS, et al.Managing obesity in children: A clinical practice guideline. CMAJ, 2025; 197(14):E372–E389.
14.
HamplSE, HassinkSG, SkinnerAC, et al.Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics, 2023; 151(2):e2022060641.
15.
Al‐KhudairyL, LovemanE, ColquittJL, et al.Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017; 2017(6).
16.
MeadE, BrownT, ReesK, et al.Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese children from the age of 6 to 11 years. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017; 2017(6).
17.
SkinnerAC, StaianoAE, ArmstrongSC, et al.Appraisal of clinical care practices for child obesity treatment. Part I: Interventions. Pediatrics, 2023; 151(2):e2022060642.
18.
JebeileH, GowML, BaurLA, et al.Treatment of obesity, with a dietary component, and eating disorder risk in children and adolescents: A systematic review with meta‐analysis. Obes Rev, 2019; 20(9):1287–1298.
19.
JebeileH, GowML, BaurLA, et al.Association of pediatric obesity treatment, including a dietary component, with change in depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr, 2019; 173(11):e192841.
20.
MurrayM, PearsonJL, DordevicAL, BonhamMP. The impact of multicomponent weight management interventions on quality of life in adolescents affected by overweight or obesity: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev, 2018; 20(2):278–289.
21.
GowML, TeeMSY, GarnettSP, et al.Pediatric obesity treatment, self-esteem, and body image: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Pediatr Obes, 2020; 15(3):e12600.
22.
SteeleRG, GayesLA, DaltonWTIII,et al.Change in health-related quality of life in the context of pediatric obesity interventions: A meta-analytic review. Health Psychol, 2016; 35(10):1097–1109.
23.
CampbellMK. Biological, environmental, and social influences on childhood obesity. Pediatr Res, 2016; 79(1–2):205–211.
MunnZ, PetersMDJ, SternC, et al.Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol, 2018; 18(1):143.
26.
ArkseyH, O’MalleyL. Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol, 2005; 8(1):19–32.
27.
TriccoAC, LillieE, ZarinW, et al.PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med, 2018; 169(7):467–473.
28.
SaccoS, BooijL, KwokC, et al.Psychosocial Outcomes Reported in Randomized Behavioral Intervention Trials for Children and Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity: A Scoping Review. Childhood Obesity. 2026 Jan 27. doi: 10.1177/21532176251408689
29.
HarrisPA, TaylorR, ThielkeR, et al.Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform, 2009; 42(2):377–381.
30.
HarrisPA, TaylorR, MinorBL, et al.; REDCap Consortium. The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform, 2019; 95:103208.
31.
JohnsonF, PrattM, WardleJ. Dietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior. Int J Obes (Lond), 2012; 36(5):665–674.
32.
FedeleDA, JanickeDM, McQuaidEL, et al.A behavioral family intervention for children with overweight and asthma. Clin Pract Pediatr Psychol, 2018; 6(3):259–269.
33.
PallanM, HurleyKL, GriffinT, et al.A cluster-randomised feasibility trial of a children’s weight management programme: The Child Weight Management for Ethnically diverse communities (CHANGE) study. Pilot Feasibility Stud, 2018; 4(1):175.
34.
ChristieD, HudsonLD, KinraS, et al.A community-based motivational personalised lifestyle intervention to reduce BMI in obese adolescents: Results from the Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Programme (HELP) randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child, 2017; 102(8):695–701.
35.
Kitzman-UlrichH, WilsonDK, St. GeorgeSM, et al.A preliminary test of a motivational and parenting weight loss program targeting low-income and minority adolescents. Childhood Obesity, 2011; 7(5):379–384.
36.
TylerDO, HornerSD. A primary care intervention to improve weight in obese children: A feasibility study. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract, 2016; 28(2):98–106.
37.
DeBarLL, StevensVJ, PerrinN, et al.A primary care–based, multicomponent lifestyle intervention for overweight adolescent females. Pediatrics, 2012; 129(3):e611–e620.
38.
ShomakerLB, Tanofsky-KraffM, MatherneCE, et al.A randomized, comparative pilot trial of family-based interpersonal psychotherapy for reducing psychosocial symptoms, disordered-eating, and excess weight gain in at-risk preadolescents with loss-of-control-eating. Int J Eat Disord, 2017; 50(9):1084–1094.
39.
HidayantyH, BardosonoS, KhusunH, et al.A social cognitive theory-based programme for eating patterns and sedentary activity among overweight adolescents in Makassar, South Sulawesi: A cluster randomised controlled trial. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2016; 25,(Suppl 1):S83–S92.
40.
TaylorRW, CoxA, KnightL, et al.A tailored family-based obesity intervention: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 2015; 136(2):281–289.
41.
GesellSB, ScottTA, BarkinSL. Accuracy of perception of body size among overweight latino preadolescents after a 6-month physical activity skills building intervention. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 2010; 49(4):323–329.
42.
ElnaggarRK, ShendyMA. Aerobic interval exercises versus dietary control induced changes of adipokines levels, lipid profile and quality of life in overweight or obese children. International Journal of Physiotherapy, 2016; 3(5):537–543.
43.
FidelixY, Lofrano-PradoMC, FortesLS, et al.Aerobic training performed at ventilatory threshold improves psychological outcomes in adolescents with obesity. J Phys Act Health, 2019; 16(10):851–856.
44.
Kitzman-UlrichH, HampsonR, WilsonDK, et al.An adolescent weight-loss program integrating family variables reduces energy intake. J Am Diet Assoc, 2009; 109(3):491–496.
45.
EstabrooksPA, ShoupJA, GattshallM, et al.Automated telephone counseling for parents of overweight children: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med, 2009; 36(1):35–42.
46.
SaelensBE, SallisJF, WilfleyDE, et al.Behavioral weight control for overweight adolescents initiated in primary care. Obes Res, 2002; 10(1):22–32.
47.
CohenTR, HazellTJ, VanstoneCA, et al.Changes in eating behavior and plasma leptin in children with obesity participating in a family-centered lifestyle intervention. Appetite, 2018; 125:81–89.
48.
KirkS, WooJG, BrehmB, et al.Changes in eating behaviors of children with obesity in response to carbohydrate-modified and portion-controlled diets. Child Obes, 2017; 13(5):377–383.
49.
JelalianE, JandasekB, WolffJC, et al.Cognitive-behavioral therapy plus healthy lifestyle enhancement for depressed, overweight/obese adolescents: Results of a pilot trial. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 2019; 48(sup1):S24–S33.
50.
WilfleyDE, SaelensBE, SteinRI, et al.Dose, content, and mediators of family-based treatment for childhood obesity: A multisite randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr, 2017; 171(12):1151–1159.
51.
Aguilar-CorderoMJ, León RíosXA, Rojas-CarvajalAM, et al.Effects of physical activity on quality of life in overweight and obese children. Nutr Hosp, 2021; 38(4):736–741.
52.
HofsteengeGH, WeijsPJ, Delemarre-van de WaalHA, et al.Effect of the Go4it multidisciplinary group treatment for obese adolescents on health related quality of life: A randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 2013; 13:939.
53.
FonsecaH, PriosteA, SousaP, et al.Effectiveness analysis of an internet-based intervention for overweight adolescents: Next steps for researchers and clinicians. BMC Obes, 2016; 3:15.
54.
KhanalS, WelsbyD, LloydB, et al.Effectiveness of a once per week delivery of a family-based childhood obesity intervention: A cluster randomised controlled trial. Pediatr Obes, 2016; 11(6):475–483.
55.
MiriSF, JavadiM, LinCY, et al.Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on nutrition improvement and weight of overweight and obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2019; 13(3):2190–2197.
56.
StasinakiA, BuchterD, ShihCI, et al.Effects of a novel mobile health intervention compared to a multi-component behaviour changing program on body mass index, physical capacities and stress parameters in adolescents with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr, 2021; 21(1):308.
57.
JelalianE, HadleyW, SatoA, et al.Adolescent weight control: An intervention targeting parent communication and modeling compared with minimal parental involvement. J Pediatr Psychol, 2015; 40(2):203–213.
58.
HadleyW, McCulloughMB, RancourtD, et al.Shaking up the system: The role of change in maternal-adolescent communication quality and adolescent weight loss. J Pediatr Psychol, 2015; 40(1):121–131.
59.
AnnesiJJ. Effects of a standardized curriculum on physical activity and body composition in after-school program participants with BMI scores above the 90th percentile: Assessing theory-based predictors. Psychosocial Intervention, 2019; 28(2):83–90.
60.
EpsteinLH, WingRR, WoodallK, et al.Effects of family-based behavioral treatment on obese 5-to-8-year-old children. Behav Ther, 1985; 16(2):205–212.
61.
KirschenbaumDS, HarrisES, TomarkenAJ. Effects of parental involvement in behavioral weight loss therapy for preadolescents. Behav Ther, 1984; 15(5):485–500.
62.
BanosRM, OliverE, NavarroJ, et al.Efficacy of a cognitive and behavioral treatment for childhood obesity supported by the ETIOBE web platform. Psychol Health Med, 2019; 24(6):703–713.
63.
ButteNF, HoelscherDM, BarlowSE, et al.Efficacy of a community- versus primary care-centered program for childhood obesity: TX CORD RCT. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2017; 25(9):1584–1593.
64.
PatsopoulouA, TsimtsiouZ, KatsioulisA, et al.Evaluating the efficacy of the feeding exercise randomized trial in overweight and obese adolescents. Child Obes, 2017; 13(2):128–137.
65.
ChewCSE, OhJY, RajasegaranK, et al.Evaluation of a group family-based intervention programme for adolescent obesity: The LITE randomised controlled pilot trial. Singapore Med J, 2021; 62(1):39–47.
66.
DaleyAJ, CopelandRJ, WrightNP, et al.Exercise therapy as a treatment for psychopathologic conditions in obese and morbidly obese adolescents: A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 2006; 118(5):2126–2134.
67.
ChristisonAL, EvansTA, BleessBB, et al.Exergaming for health: A randomized study of community-based exergaming curriculum in pediatric weight management. Games Health J, 2016; 5(6):413–421.
68.
KumarS, CroghanIT, BiggsBK, et al.Family-based mindful eating intervention in adolescents with obesity: A pilot randomized clinical trial. Children (Basel), 2018; 5(7):93.
69.
KalarchianMA, LevineMD, ArslanianSA, et al.Family-based treatment of severe pediatric obesity: Randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 2009; 124(4):1060–1068.
70.
SepúlvedaAR, SolanoS, BlancoM, et al.Feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a multidisciplinary intervention in childhood obesity from primary care: Nutrition, physical activity, emotional regulation, and family. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 2020; 28(2):184–198.
71.
JensenCD, DuraccioKM, BarnettKA, et al.Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of an adaptive text messaging intervention for adolescent weight control in primary care. Clin Pract Pediatr Psychol, 2019; 7(1):57–67.
72.
JanickeDM, LimCS, PerriMG, et al.Featured article: Behavior interventions addressing obesity in rural settings: The E-FLIP for kids trial. J Pediatr Psychol, 2019; 44(8):889–901.
73.
HuangJS, DillonL, TerronesL, et al.Fit4Life: A weight loss intervention for children who have survived childhood leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2014; 61(5):894–900.
74.
FaudeO, KerperO, MulthauptM, et al.Football to tackle overweight in children. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2010; 20 (Suppl 1):103–110.
75.
KokkvollA, GrimsgaardS, SteinsbekkS, et al.Health in overweight children: 2-year follow-up of Finnmark Activity School–a randomised trial. Arch Dis Child, 2015; 100(5):441–448.
76.
BenestadB, KarlsenTI, SmastuenMC, et al.Health-related quality of life after camp-based family obesity treatment: An RCT. BMJ Paediatr Open, 2019; 3(1):e000413.
77.
WeigensbergMJ, LaneCJ, ÁvilaQ, et al.Imagine HEALTH: Results from a randomized pilot lifestyle intervention for obese Latino adolescents using Interactive Guided ImagerySM. BMC Complement Altern Med, 2014; 14(1):28.
78.
YuHJ, LiF, HuYF, et al.Improving the metabolic and mental health of children with obesity: A school-based nutrition education and physical activity intervention in Wuhan, China. Nutrients, 2020; 12(1):194.
79.
NjardvikU, GunnarsdottirT, OlafsdottirAS, et al.Incorporating appetite awareness training within family-based behavioral treatment of pediatric obesity: A randomized controlled pilot study. J Pediatr Psychol, 2018; 43(9):1017–1027.
80.
Yackobovitch-GavanM, NagelbergN, DemolS, et al.Influence of weight-loss diets with different macronutrient compositions on health-related quality of life in obese youth. Appetite, 2008; 51(3):697–703.
81.
WatsonPM, McKinnonA, SantinoN, et al.Integrating needs-supportive delivery into a laboratory-based randomised controlled trial for adolescent girls with overweight and obesity: Theoretical underpinning and 12-week psychological outcomes. J Sports Sci, 2021; 39(21):2434–2443.
82.
AbrahamAA, ChowW-C, SoH-K, et al.Lifestyle intervention using an internet-based curriculum with cell phone reminders for obese Chinese teens: A randomized controlled study. PLoS One, 2015; 10(5):e0125673.
83.
WarschburgerP, KrollerK. Loss to follow-up in a randomized controlled trial study for pediatric weight management (EPOC). BMC Pediatr, 2016; 16(1):184.
84.
WarschburgerP, KroellerK, HaertingJ, et al.Empowering parents of obese children (EPOC): A randomized controlled trial on additional long-term weight effects of parent training. Appetite, 2016; 103:148–156.
85.
GourlanM, SarrazinP, TrouilloudD. Motivational interviewing as a way to promote physical activity in obese adolescents: A randomised-controlled trial using self-determination theory as an explanatory framework. Psychol Health, 2013; 28(11):1265–1286.
86.
WalpoleB, DettmerE, MorrongielloBA, et al.Motivational interviewing to enhance self-efficacy and promote weight loss in overweight and obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Psychol, 2013; 38(9):944–953.
87.
PakpourAH, GellertP, DombrowskiSU, FridlundB. Motivational interviewing with parents for obesity: An RCT. Pediatrics, 2015; 135(3):e644–e652.
88.
PatrickK, NormanGJ, DavilaEP, et al.Outcomes of a 12-month technology-based intervention to promote weight loss in adolescents at risk for type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2013; 7(3):759–770.
89.
Chirita-EmandiA, PuiuM. Outcomes of neurofeedback training in childhood obesity management: A pilot study. J Altern Complement Med, 2014; 20(11):831–837.
90.
DaltonWT3rd, SchetzinaKE, McBeeMT, et al.Parent report of child’s health-related quality of life after a primary-care-based weight management program. Child Obes, 2013; 9(6):501–508.
91.
SandvikP, EkA, EliK, et al.Picky eating in an obesity intervention for preschool-aged children - what role does it play, and does the measurement instrument matter? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 2019; 16(1):76.
92.
GreyM, BerryD, DavidsonM, et al.Preliminary testing of a program to prevent type 2 diabetes among high-risk youth. J Sch Health, 2004; 74(1):10–15.
93.
TaylorJH, XuY, LiF, et al.Psychosocial predictors and moderators of weight management programme outcomes in ethnically diverse obese youth. Pediatr Obes, 2017; 12(6):453–461.
94.
HughesAR, StewartL, ChappleJ, et al.Randomized, controlled trial of a best-practice individualized behavioral program for treatment of childhood overweight: Scottish Childhood Overweight Treatment Trial (SCOTT). Pediatrics, 2008; 121(3):e539–e546.
95.
DuckworthLC, GatelyPJ, RadleyD, et al.RCT of a high-protein diet on hunger motivation and weight-loss in obese children: An extension and replication. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2009; 17(9):1808–1810.
96.
DoyleAC, GoldschmidtA, HuangC, et al.Reduction of overweight and eating disorder symptoms via the internet in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. J Adolesc Health, 2008; 43(2):172–179.
97.
KubikMY, LeeJ, FulkersonJA, et al.School-based secondary obesity prevention for eight- to twelve-year-olds: Results from the students, nurses, and parents seeking healthy options together randomized trial. Child Obes, 2021; 17(3):185–195.
98.
ChenJL, GuedesCM, LungAE. Smartphone-based healthy weight management intervention for Chinese American adolescents: Short-term efficacy and factors associated with decreased weight. J Adolesc Health, 2019; 64(4):443–449.
99.
BrancoBHM, MarianoIR, de OliveiraLP, et al.Sports and functional training improve a subset of obesity-related health parameters in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol, 2020; 11:589554.
100.
WeintraubDL, TirumalaiEC, HaydelKF, et al.Team sports for overweight children: The stanford sports to prevent obesity randomized trial (SPORT). Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2008; 162(3):232–237.
101.
de NietJ, TimmanR, BauerS, et al.The effect of a short message service maintenance treatment on body mass index and psychological well-being in overweight and obese children: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Obes, 2012; 7(3):205–219.
102.
YuCCW, SungRYT, HauKT, et al.The effect of diet and strength training on obese children’s physical self-concept. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2008; 48(1):76–82.
103.
BudianaD, ArifDN, MudjihartonoA. The effect of endurance and strength physical activity program and nutrition education to obesity children life satisfaction. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng, 2017; 180:012194.
104.
LochrieAS, WysockiT, HossainJ, et al.The effects of a family-based intervention (FBI) for overweight/obese children on health and psychological functioning. Clin Pract Pediatr Psychol, 2013; 1(2):159–170.
105.
KangH-S, RyuM-H, ParkS. The effects of a weight loss program focusing on maternal education on childhood obesity. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci), 2008; 2(3):150–158.
106.
EllisDA, JanisseH, Naar-KingS, et al.The effects of multisystemic therapy on family support for weight loss among obese African-American adolescents: Findings from a randomized controlled trial. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 2010; 31(6):461–468.
107.
HamOK, SungKM, LeeBG, et al.Transtheoretical model based exercise counseling combined with music skipping rope exercise on childhood obesity. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci), 2016; 10(2):116–122.
108.
DavisAM, SampiloM, GallagherKS, et al.Treating rural pediatric obesity through telemedicine: Outcomes from a small randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Psychol, 2013; 38(9):932–943.
109.
DavisAM, SampiloM, GallagherKS, et al.Treating rural paediatric obesity through telemedicine vs. telephone: Outcomes from a cluster randomized controlled trial. J Telemed Telecare, 2016; 22(2):86–95.
110.
GoldschmidtAB, SteinRI, SaelensBE, et al.Importance of early weight change in a pediatric weight management trial. Pediatrics, 2011; 128(1):e33–e39.
111.
TheimKR, SintonMM, GoldschmidtAB, et al.Adherence to behavioral targets and treatment attendance during a pediatric weight control trial. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2013; 21(2):394–397.
112.
WilfleyDE, SteinRI, SaelensBE, et al.Efficacy of maintenance treatment approaches for childhood overweighta randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2007; 298(14):1661–1673.
113.
JelalianE, MehlenbeckR, Lloyd-RichardsonEE, et al.‘Adventure therapy’ combined with cognitive-behavioral treatment for overweight adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond), 2006; 30(1):31–39.
114.
JelalianE, HartCN, MehlenbeckRS, et al.Predictors of attrition and weight loss in an adolescent weight control program. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2008; 16(6):1318–1323.
115.
MehlenbeckRS, JelalianE, Lloyd-RichardsonEE, HartCN. Effects of behavioral weight control intervention on binge eating symptoms among overweight adolescents. Psychol Sch, 2009; 46(8):776–786.
116.
JelalianE, Lloyd-RichardsonEE, MehlenbeckRS, et al.Behavioral weight control treatment with supervised exercise or peer-enhanced adventure for overweight adolescents. J Pediatr, 2010; 157(6):923–928.e921.
117.
JelalianE, SatoA, HartCN. The effect of group-based weight control intervention on adolescent psychosocial outcomes: Perceived peer rejection, social anxiety and self-concept. Child Health Care, 2011; 40(3):197–211.
118.
Lloyd-RichardsonEE, JelalianE, SatoAF, et al.Two-year follow-up of an adolescent behavioral weight control intervention. Pediatrics, 2012; 130(2):e281–e288.
119.
SolteroEG, OlsonML, WilliamsAN, et al.Effects of a community-based diabetes prevention program for Latino youth with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2018; 26(12):1856–1865.
120.
SolteroEG, AyersSL, AvalosMA, et al.Theoretical mediators of diabetes risk and quality of life following a diabetes prevention program for Latino youth with obesity. Am J Health Promot, 2021; 35(7):939–947.
121.
TaverasEM, MarshallR, SharifiM, et al.Comparative effectiveness of clinical-Community childhood obesity interventions: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr, 2017; 171(8):e171325.
122.
HuangT, LarsenKT, JepsenJR, et al.Effects of an obesity intervention program on cognitive function in children: A randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2015; 23(10):2101–2108.
123.
ShalitinS, Ashkenazi-HoffnungL, Yackobovitch-GavanM, et al.Effects of a twelve-week randomized intervention of exercise and/or diet on weight loss and weight maintenance, and other metabolic parameters in obese preadolescent children. Horm Res, 2009; 72(5):287–301.
124.
Yackobovitch-GavanM, NagelbergN, PhillipM, et al.The influence of diet and/or exercise and parental compliance on health-related quality of life in obese children. Nutr Res, 2009; 29(6):397–404.
125.
RobertsonW, FlemingJ, KamalA, et al.Randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the ‘Families for Health’ programme to reduce obesity in children. Arch Dis Child, 2017; 102(5):416–426.
126.
GoldfieldGS, KennyGP, AlbergaAS, et al.Effects of aerobic or resistance training or both on health-related quality of life in youth with obesity: The HEARTY Trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 2017; 42(4):361–370.
127.
GoldfieldGS, KennyGP, AlbergaAS, et al.Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on psychological health in adolescents with obesity: The HEARTY randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol, 2015; 83(6):1123–1135.
128.
AlbergaAS, EdacheIY, SigalRJ, et al.Effects of the HEARTY exercise randomized controlled trial on eating behaviors in adolescents with obesity. Obes Sci Pract, 2023; 9(2):158–171.
129.
CliffDP, OkelyAD, MorganPJ, et al.Movement skills and physical activity in obese children: Randomized controlled trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2011; 43(1):90–100.
130.
WhiteMA, MartinPD, NewtonRL, et al.Mediators of weight loss in a family-based intervention presented over the internet. Obes Res, 2004; 12(7):1050–1059.
131.
WilliamsonDA, WaldenHM, WhiteMA, et al.Two-year internet-based randomized controlled trial for weight loss in African-American girls. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2006; 14(7):1231–1243.
132.
WilliamsonDA, Davis MartinP, WhiteMA, et al.Efficacy of an internet-based behavioral weight loss program for overweight adolescent African-American girls. Eat Weight Disord, 2005; 10(3):193–203.
133.
ZoellnerJM, YouW, HillJL, et al.Comparing two different family-based childhood obesity treatment programmes in a medically underserved region: Effectiveness, engagement and implementation outcomes from a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Obes, 2022; 17(1):e12840.
134.
DarlingKE, RancourtD, EvansEW, et al.Adolescent weight management intervention in a nonclinical setting: Changes in eating-related cognitions and depressive symptoms. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 2021; 42(7):579–587.
135.
JelalianE, EvansEW, RancourtD, et al.JOIN for ME: Testing a scalable weight control intervention for adolescents. Child Obes, 2020; 16(3):192–203.
136.
ShrewsburyVA, NguyenB, O’ConnorJ, et al.Short-term outcomes of community-based adolescent weight management: The Loozit® Study. BMC Pediatr, 2011; 11(1):13.
137.
NguyenB, ShrewsburyVA, O’ConnorJ, et al.Twelve-month outcomes of the Loozit randomized controlled trial: A community-based healthy lifestyle program for overweight and obese adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2012; 166(2):170–177.
138.
NguyenB, ShrewsburyVA, O’ConnorJ, et al.Two-year outcomes of an adjunctive telephone coaching and electronic contact intervention for adolescent weight-loss maintenance: The Loozit randomized controlled trial. Int J Obes (Lond), 2013; 37(3):468–472.
139.
MazzeoSE, KellyNR, SternM, et al.Parent skills training to enhance weight loss in overweight children: Evaluation of NOURISH. Eat Behav, 2014; 15(2):225–229.
140.
SteeleRG, AylwardBS, JensenCD, et al.Comparison of a family-based group intervention for youths with obesity to a brief individual family intervention: A practical clinical trial of positively fit. J Pediatr Psychol, 2012; 37(1):53–63.
141.
BanksJ, SharpDJ, HuntLP, ShieldJP. Evaluating the transferability of a hospital-based childhood obesity clinic to primary care: A randomised controlled trial. Br J Gen Pract, 2012; 62(594):e6–e12.
142.
FordAL, BerghC, SöderstenP, et al.Treatment of childhood obesity by retraining eating behaviour: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 2009; 340:b5388.
143.
HoM, GowM, HalimJ, et al.Effect of a prescriptive dietary intervention on psychological dimensions of eating behavior in obese adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 2013; 10(1):119.
144.
GowML, BaurLA, HoM, et al.Can early weight loss, eating behaviors and socioeconomic factors predict successful weight loss at 12- and 24-months in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance participating in a randomised controlled trial? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 2016; 13:43.
145.
BagherniyaM, SharmaM, Mostafavi DaraniF, et al.School-based nutrition education intervention using social cognitive theory for overweight and obese Iranian adolescent girls: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Int Q Community Health Educ, 2017; 38(1):37–45.
146.
BagherniyaM, Mostafavi DaraniF, SharmaM, et al.Assessment of the efficacy of physical activity level and lifestyle behavior interventions applying social cognitive theory for overweight and obese girl adolescents. J Res Health Sci, 2018; 18(2):e00409.
147.
RobinsonTN, MathesonD, WilsonDM, et al.A community-based, multi-level, multi-setting, multi-component intervention to reduce weight gain among low socioeconomic status Latinx children with overweight or obesity: The Stanford GOALS randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2021; 9(6):336–349.
148.
EmmanouilCC, PervanidouP, CharmandariE, et al.The effectiveness of a health promotion and stress-management intervention program in a sample of obese children and adolescents. Hormones (Athens), 2018; 17(3):405–413.
149.
WildCEK, WynterLE, TriggsCM, et al.Five‐year follow‐up of a family‐based multidisciplinary program for children with obesity. Obesity, 2021; 29(9):1458–1468.
150.
AndersonYC, WynterLE, GrantCC, et al.A novel home-based intervention for child and adolescent obesity: The results of the Whānau Pakari randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2017; 25(11):1965–1973.
151.
StavrouS, NicolaidesNC, PapageorgiouI, et al.The effectiveness of a stress-management intervention program in the management of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence. J Mol Biochem, 2016; 5(2):63–70.
152.
VidmarAP, YamashitaN, FoxDS, et al.Can a behavioral weight-loss intervention change adolescents’ food addiction severity? Child Obes, 2022; 18(3):206–212.
153.
VidmarAP, SalvySJ, WeeCP, et al.An addiction-based digital weight loss intervention: A multi-centre randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Obes, 2023; 18(3):e12990.
154.
WeinstockM, ThorntonLM, RaynorHA, et al.Parent involvement approach and changes in eating pathology within an adolescent obesity intervention. Eat Behav, 2023; 51:101807.
155.
BeanMK, LaRoseJG, RaynorHA, et al.The role of parents in adolescent obesity treatment: Results of the TEENS+ randomized clinical pilot trial. Pediatr Obes, 2022; 17(3):e12858.
156.
LeeSY, KimJ, OhS, et al.A 24-week intervention based on nutrition care process improves diet quality, body mass index, and motivation in children and adolescents with obesity. Nutr Res, 2020; 84:53–62.
157.
ChouCC, KaoSC, PanCC, et al.Cognitively engaging movement games improve interference control and academic performance in overweight children: A randomized control trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2023; 33(4):521–534.
158.
SalahshoornezhadS, SohrabiZ, ManiA, et al.Effect of a multi-disciplinary program on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in obese and overweight elementary school girls: A randomized clinical trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 2022; 32(8):1982–1989.
159.
OrtegaFB, Mora-GonzalezJ, Cadenas-SanchezC, et al.Effects of an exercise program on brain health outcomes for children with overweight or obesity: The activebrains randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2022; 5(8):e2227893.
160.
MiguelesJH, Cadenas-SanchezC, LubansDR, et al.Effects of an exercise program on cardiometabolic and mental health in children with overweight or obesity: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2023; 6(7):e2324839.
161.
AbassiW, OuerghiN, FekiM, et al.Effects of moderate-vs. high-intensity interval training on physical fitness, enjoyment, and affective valence in overweight/obese female adolescents: A pre-/post-test study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2023; 27(9):3809–3822.
162.
GulleyLD, ShomakerLB, KellyNR, et al.Indirect effects of a cognitive-behavioral intervention on adolescent weight and insulin resistance through decreasing depression in a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Psychol, 2019; 44(10):1163–1173.
163.
GulleyLD, ShomakerLB, KellyNR, et al.Examining cognitive-behavioral therapy change mechanisms for decreasing depression, weight, and insulin resistance in adolescent girls at risk for type 2 diabetes. J Psychosom Res, 2022; 157:110781.
164.
ShomakerLB, KellyNR, PickworthCK, et al.A randomized controlled trial to prevent depression and ameliorate insulin resistance in adolescent girls at risk for type 2 diabetes. Ann Behav Med, 2016; 50(5):762–774.
165.
SkjakodegardHF, ConlonRPK, HystadSW, et al.Family-based treatment of children with severe obesity in a public healthcare setting: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Clin Obes, 2022; 12(3):e12513.
166.
ZhangQ, O’ConnorDB, Hugh-JonesS. Feasibility of a multiple-component mindfulness intervention for Chinese adolescents living with overweight: A pilot randomized trial. Appl Psychol Health Well Being, 2023; 15(2):516–535.
167.
Luis-RuizS, Sánchez-CastañedaC, GaroleraM, et al.Influence of executive function training on BMI, food choice, and cognition in children with obesity: Results from the TOuCH study. Brain Sci, 2023; 13(2):346.
168.
Rezaei NiyasarA, MoradiA, RadmanN, et al.Is online self-regulatory training effective in weight control? A pilot experiment on adolescence obesity during coronavirus-19 lockdown. Brain Behav, 2022; 12(11):e2772.
169.
SpenceND, NewtonAS, KeaschukRA, et al.Parents as agents of change in managing pediatric obesity: A randomized controlled trial comparing cognitive behavioral therapy versus psychoeducation interventions. Child Obes, 2023; 19(2):71–87.
170.
HarshmanSG, CastroI, PerkinsM, et al.Pediatric weight management interventions improve prevalence of overeating behaviors. Int J Obes (Lond), 2022; 46(3):630–636.
171.
Lofrano-PradoMC, JoseDJ, CarneiroLA, et al.Recreational physical activity improves adherence and dropout in a non-intensive behavioral intervention for adolescents with obesity. Res Q Exerc Sport, 2022; 93(4):659–669.
172.
NaeimijooP, AraniAM, BakhtiariM, FarsaniGM. Transdiagnostic treatment (UP-A) on shame, self-criticism, emotional eating and emotional dysregulation in obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Medical Science, 2022; 26(119):1.
173.
StonerS, FiorilloM. A program for self-concept improvement and weight reduction for overweight adolescent females. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 1976; 13(3):30–35.
174.
BoutelleKN, ZuckerN, PetersonCB, et al.An intervention based on Schachter’s externality theory for overweight children: The regulation of cues pilot. J Pediatr Psychol, 2014; 39(4):405–417.
175.
Eren FidanciB, AkbayrakN, ArslanF. Assessment of a health promotion model on obese Turkish children. J Nurs Res, 2017; 25(6):436–446.
176.
Romero-PerezEM, Nunez EnriquezO, Gastelum-CuadrasG, et al.Assessment of attitudes toward physical education by the implementation of an extracurricular program for obese children. IJERPH, 2020; 17(15):5300.
177.
Romero-PerezEM, Gonzalez-BernalJJ, Soto-CamaraR, et al.Influence of a physical exercise program in the anxiety and depression in children with obesity. IJERPH, 2020; 17(13):4655.
178.
SchranzN, TomkinsonG, ParlettaN, et al.Can resistance training change the strength, body composition and self-concept of overweight and obese adolescent males? A randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med, 2014; 48(20):1482–1488.
179.
McCallumZ, WakeM, GernerB, et al.Outcome data from the LEAP (Live, Eat and Play) trial: A randomized controlled trial of a primary care intervention for childhood overweight/mild obesity. Int J Obes (Lond), 2007; 31(4):630–636.
180.
DanielsenYS, NordhusIH, JúlíussonPB, et al.Effect of a family-based cognitive behavioural intervention on body mass index, self-esteem and symptoms of depression in children with obesity (aged 7–13): A randomised waiting list controlled trial. Obes Res Clin Pract, 2013; 7(2):e116–e128.
181.
JafarzadehS, Mohammad Khan KermanshahiS, Khani JeihooniA. Effect of comprehensive health promotion program on quality of life, weight, and physical activity among Iranian overweight school-age girls. Journal of Pediatric Perspectives, 2017; 5(4):4671–4681.
182.
YinTJC, WuF-L, LiuY-L, YuS. Effects of a weight-loss program for obese children: A “Mix of Attributes” approach. J Nurs Res, 2005; 13(1):21–30.
183.
BonhamMP, DordevicAL, WareRS, et al.Evaluation of a commercially delivered weight management program for adolescents. J Pediatr, 2017; 185:73–80.e73.
184.
PettyKH, DavisCL, TkaczJ, et al.Exercise effects on depressive symptoms and self-worth in overweight children: A randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Psychol, 2009; 34(9):929–939.
185.
CrokerH, VinerRM, NichollsD, et al.Family-based behavioural treatment of childhood obesity in a UK National Health Service setting: Randomized controlled trial. Int J Obes (Lond), 2012; 36(1):16–26.
186.
StaianoAE, BeylRA, GuanW, et al.Home-based exergaming among children with overweight and obesity: A randomized clinical trial. Pediatr Obes, 2018; 13(11):724–733.
187.
WrightK, NorrisK, Newman GigerJ, SuroZ. Improving healthy dietary behaviors, nutrition knowledge, and self-efficacy among underserved school children with parent and community involvement. Child Obes, 2012; 8(4):347–356.
188.
BoudreauADA, KurowskiDS, GonzalezWI, et al.Latino families, primary care, and childhood obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med, 2013; 44(3 (Suppl 3)):S247–S257.
189.
ChenFT, ChenSR, ChuIH, et al.Multicomponent exercise intervention and metacognition in obese preadolescents: A randomized controlled study. J Sport Exerc Psychol, 2017; 39(4):302–312.
190.
Luna-PechJA, Torres-MendozaBM, Luna-PechJA, et al.Normocaloric diet improves asthma-related quality of life in obese pubertal adolescents. Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 2014; 163(4):252–258.
191.
WakeM, BaurLA, GernerB, et al.Outcomes and costs of primary care surveillance and intervention for overweight or obese children: The LEAP 2 randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 2009; 339:b3308.
192.
LiJC, WelshJA, DiNalloJM, NixRL. Parent-focused childhood obesity intervention improves family functioning and children’s well-being. JOE, 2020; 58(2):21.
193.
WagenerTL, FedeleDA, MignognaMR, et al.Psychological effects of dance-based group exergaming in obese adolescents. Pediatr Obes, 2012; 7(5):e68–e74.
194.
MarkertJ, HergetS, PetroffD, et al.Telephone-based adiposity prevention for families with overweight children (T.A.F.F.-Study): One year outcome of a randomized, controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2014; 11(10):10327–10344.
195.
HergetS, MarkertJ, PetroffD, et al.Psychosocial well-being of adolescents before and after a 1-year telephone-based adiposity prevention study for families. J Adolesc Health, 2015; 57(3):351–354.
196.
WafaSW, TalibRA, HamzaidNH, et al.Randomized controlled trial of a good practice approach to treatment of childhood obesity in Malaysia: Malaysian childhood obesity treatment trial (MASCOT). Int J Pediatr Obes, 2011; 6(2–2):e62–e69.
197.
SacherPM, KolotourouM, ChadwickPM, et al.Randomized controlled trial of the MEND program: A family-based community intervention for childhood obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2010; 18 (Suppl 1):S62–S68.
198.
JonesM, LuceKH, OsborneMI, et al.Randomized, controlled trial of an internet-facilitated intervention for reducing binge eating and overweight in adolescents. Pediatrics, 2008; 121(3):453–462.
199.
PradoG, FernandezA, St GeorgeSM, et al.Results of a family-based intervention promoting healthy weight strategies in overweight hispanic adolescents and parents: An RCT. Am J Prev Med, 2020; 59(5):658–668.
200.
NayakBS, BhatVH. School based multicomponent intervention for obese children in Udupi District, South India - A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Diagn Res, 2016; 10(12):SC24–SC28.
201.
WakeM, LycettK, CliffordSA, et al.Shared care obesity management in 3-10 year old children: 12 month outcomes of HopSCOTCH randomised trial. BMJ, 2013; 346:f3092.
202.
SauderKA, DabeleaD, Bailey-CallahanR, et al.Targeting risk factors for type 2 diabetes in American Indian youth: The Tribal turning point pilot study. Pediatr Obes, 2018; 13(5):321–329.
203.
YavuzAY, HacıalioğluN. The effect of training provided for obese adolescents based on health promotion model on their healthy lifestyle behaviors and life quality. Prog Nutr, 2018; 20(1):146–160.
204.
LeeRL, LeungC, ChenH, et al.The impact of a school-based weight management program involving parents via mHealth for overweight and obese children and adolescents with intellectual disability: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2017; 14(10):1178.
205.
BerryDC, SchwartzTA, McMurrayRG, et al.The family partners for health study: A cluster randomized controlled trial for child and parent weight management. Nutr Diabetes, 2014; 4(1):e101.
206.
BerryDC, McMurrayRG, SchwartzTA, et al.A cluster randomized controlled trial for child and parent weight management: Children and parents randomized to the intervention group have correlated changes in adiposity. BMC Obes, 2017; 4(1):39.
207.
HeidarianpourA, ShokriE, SadeghianE, et al.Combined training in addition to cortisol reduction can improve the mental health of girls with precocious puberty and obesity. Front Pediatr, 2023; 11:1241744.
208.
LaiWK, Mohd SidikS, RampalL, et al.Effectiveness of a school-based intervention to manage overweight and obesity among adolescents in Seremban, Malaysia: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Human Nutrition & Metabolism, 2023; 34:200229.
209.
RouyanM, TorabE, MontazerS, et al.Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on body shaming and self-criticism of obese adolescents referred to Nutrition clinics in Tehran in 2019. IJDO, 2023.
210.
AbedelmalekS, AlouiK, Denguezli BouzgarouM, et al.Exergaming during Ramadan intermittent fasting improve body composition as well as physiological and psychological responses to physical exercise in adolescents with obesity. Front Nutr, 2022; 9:851054.
211.
KoseS, YildizS. Motivational support programme to enhance health and well-being and promote weight loss in overweight and obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial in Turkey. Int J of Nursing Practice, 2021; 27(1):e12878.
212.
ErçelikZ, ÇağlarS. The effectiveness of school-based interventions in preventing childhood obesity and depression in Turkey. HK J Paediatr (New Series), 2023; 28(4):209–218.
213.
DalyP, PaceT, BergJ, et al.A mindful eating intervention: A theory-guided randomized anti-obesity feasibility study with adolescent Latino females. Complement Ther Med, 2016; 28:22–28.
214.
BoccaG, KuitertMW, SauerPJ, et al.A multidisciplinary intervention programme has positive effects on quality of life in overweight and obese preschool children. Acta Paediatr, 2014; 103(9):962–967.
215.
StarkLJ, SpearS, BolesR, et al.A pilot randomized controlled trial of a clinic and home-based behavioral intervention to decrease obesity in preschoolers. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2011; 19(1):134–141.
216.
MellinLM, SlinkardLA, IrwinCE. Adolescent obesity intervention: Validation of the SHAPEDOWN program1. J Am Diet Assoc, 1987; 87(3):333–338.
217.
HoffmanJ, FrerichsL, StoryM, et al.An integrated clinic-community partnership for child obesity treatment: A randomized pilot trial. Pediatrics, 2018; 141(1):e20171444.
218.
LeeA, HoM, KeungVMW, KwongACM. Childhood obesity management shifting from health care system to school system: Intervention study of school-based weight management programme. BMC Public Health, 2014; 14(1):1128.
219.
Mohammed NawiA, Che JamaludinFI. Effect of internet-based intervention on obesity among adolescents in Kuala Lumpur: A school-based cluster randomised trial. Malays J Med Sci, 2015; 22(4):47–56.
220.
GuoH, ZengX, ZhuangQ, et al.Intervention of childhood and adolescents obesity in Shantou city. Obes Res Clin Pract, 2015; 9(4):357–364.
221.
ThivelD, JulianV, MiguetM, et al.Introducing eccentric cycling during a multidisciplinary weight loss intervention might prevent adolescents with obesity from increasing their food intake: The TEXTOO study. Physiol Behav, 2020; 214:112744.
222.
BraetC, Van WinckelM. Long-term follow-up of a cognitive behavioral treatment program for obese children. Behav Ther, 2000; 31(1):55–74.
223.
WaddenTA, StunkardAJ, RichL, et al.Obesity in black adolescent girls: A controlled clinical trial of treatment by diet, behavior modification, and parental support. Pediatrics, 1990; 85(3):345–352.
224.
EpsteinLH, PaluchRA, GordyCC, et al.Problem solving in the treatment of childhood obesity. J Consult Clin Psychol, 2000; 68(4):717–721.
225.
VosRC, HuismanSD, HoudijkEC, et al.The effect of family-based multidisciplinary cognitive behavioral treatment on health-related quality of life in childhood obesity. Qual Life Res, 2012; 21(9):1587–1594.
226.
EichenDM, StrongDR, RheeKE, et al.Change in eating disorder symptoms following pediatric obesity treatment. Int J Eat Disord, 2019; 52(3):299–303.
227.
JainV, KumarB, SharmaA, et al.A comprehensive yoga programme for weight reduction in children & adolescents with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Indian J Med Res, 2022; 155(3&4):387–396.
228.
LikhitweerawongN, BoonchooduangN, KittisakmontriK, et al.Effectiveness of mobile application on changing weight, healthy eating habits, and quality of life in children and adolescents with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr, 2021; 21(1):499.
229.
ListerNB, JebeileH, KhalidR, et al.Deconstructing complex interventions: Piloting a framework of delivery features and intervention strategies for the eating disorders in weight-related therapy (EDIT) collaboration. Nutrients, 2023; 15(6):1414.
230.
McMasterCM, CohenJ, AlexanderS, et al.Satisfaction and acceptability of paediatric weight management services amongst parents and carers: A mixed‐methods study. Clin Obes, 2020; 10(6):e12391.
231.
PhanT-LT, ChenFF, PintoAT, et al.Impact of psychosocial risk on outcomes among families seeking treatment for obesity. J Pediatr, 2018; 198:110–116.
232.
DavisonKK, BirchLL. Childhood overweight: A contextual model and recommendations for future research. Obes Rev, 2001; 2(3):159–171.
233.
SawyerSM, AfifiRA, BearingerLH, et al.Adolescence: A foundation for future health. Lancet, 2012; 379(9826):1630–1640.
234.
EpsteinLH, ValoskiA, WingRR, McCurleyJ. Ten-year outcomes of behavioral family-based treatment for childhood obesity. Health Psychol, 1994; 13(5):373–383.
235.
JalaliMS, Sharafi-AvarzamanZ, RahmandadH, AmmermanAS. Social influence in childhood obesity interventions: A systematic review. Obes Rev, 2016; 17(9):820–832.
236.
ErnestDK, OnughaEA, SinghB, et al.A scoping review of the social determinants of pediatric and adolescent obesity. Int J Pediatr, 2025; 2025(1):8871022.
237.
LampardAM, FranckleRL, DavisonKK. Maternal depression and childhood obesity: A systematic review. Prev Med, 2014; 59:60–67.
238.
AlbanoG, RowlandsK, BaciadonnaL, et al.Interpersonal difficulties in obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis to inform a rejection sensitivity-based model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2019; 107:846–861.
239.
DraperCE, GroblerL, MicklesfieldLK, NorrisSA. Impact of social norms and social support on diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour of adolescents: A scoping review. Child Care Health Dev, 2015; 41(5):654–667.
240.
MartinJ, ChaterA, LorencattoF. Effective behaviour change techniques in the prevention and management of childhood obesity. Int J Obes (Lond), 2013; 37(10):1287–1294.
241.
HarterS. Manual for the Self-Perception Profile for Children. University of Denver. 1985.
242.
PelhamB, SwannW. From self-conceptions to self-worth: On the sources and structure of global self-esteem. J Pers Soc Psychol, 1989; 57(4):672–680.
243.
JohnstonBC, EbrahimS, Carrasco-LabraA, et al.Minimally important difference estimates and methods: A protocol. BMJ Open, 2015; 5(10):e007953.
244.
DevjiT, Carrasco-LabraA, QasimA, et al.Evaluating the credibility of anchor based estimates of minimal important differences for patient reported outcomes: Instrument development and reliability study. BMJ, 2020; 369:m1714.
245.
HendersonM, MooreSA, Harnois-LeblancS, et al.; Steering Committee for Updating Canada’s Clinical Practice Guideline for Managing Pediatric Obesity. Effectiveness of behavioural and psychological interventions for managing obesity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis framed using minimal important difference estimates based on GRADE guidance to inform a clinical practice guideline. Pediatr Obes, 2025; 20(3):e13193.
246.
GehringND, JohnstonBC, BirkenC, et al.A survey of stakeholders’ perceived importance of health indicators and subgroup analyses to inform the Canadian clinical practice guideline for managing paediatric obesity. Pediatr Obes, 2022; 17(11):e12949.
247.
BryantM, AshtonL, NixonJ, et al.; CoOR Scientific advisory group. Framework of outcome measures recommended for use in the evaluation of childhood obesity treatment interventions: The CoOR framework. Pediatr Obes, 2014; 9(6):e116–e131.
248.
WilliamsonPR, AltmanDG, BagleyH, et al.The COMET handbook: Version 1.0. Trials, 2017; 18,(Suppl 3):280.
249.
WilliamsonPR, AltmanDG, BlazebyJM, et al.Developing core outcome sets for clinical trials: issues to consider. Trials, 2012; 13(1):132.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
