Many children and adolescents with overweight or obesity experience negative psychosocial health consequences. Systematic reviews show that behavioral interventions can help improve specific psychosocial outcomes. This scoping review aims to identify and map the different types of psychosocial outcomes measured and reported in randomized behavioral intervention trials for managing pediatric overweight and obesity.
Methods:
A total of 11 databases were searched until February 2024. We included randomized behavioral intervention trials for children and adolescents (≤18 years) with overweight or obesity that report at least one psychosocial outcome.
Results:
Overall, 197 articles reflecting 169 behavioral intervention trials were included. To assess the psychosocial outcomes captured, among 169 trials, 174 different measures were identified (e.g., self- and proxy-reported questionnaires). The psychosocial outcomes were organized into nine categories. The most frequently reported outcome categories were (1) emotional and behavioral functioning (n = 79 outcomes); (2) eating attitudes, behaviors, and body image (n = 72 outcomes); and (3) quality of life (n = 68 outcomes). Among all psychosocial outcomes captured, most outcomes were reported among older children and adolescents (78.4%) and for interventions with a duration of up to 26 weeks (75.1%).
Conclusions:
This scoping review identified a variety of psychosocial outcomes across different behavioral intervention trials and a variety of measures used to assess them. Evidence among younger samples and regarding the long-term effects of behavioral intervention trials on psychosocial health is limited. Identifying the core outcomes as well as a psychometric evaluation of the measures identified is needed.
JebeileH, KellyAS, O’MalleyG, et al.Obesity in children and adolescents: Epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2022; 10(5):351–365; doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X
2.
KansraAR, LakkunarajahS, JayMS. Childhood and adolescent obesity: A review. Front Pediatr, 2020; 8:581461; doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.581461
3.
MarcusC, DanielssonP, HagmanE. Pediatric obesity—Long-term consequences and effect of weight loss. J Intern Med, 2022; 292(6):870–891; doi: 10.1111/joim.13547
4.
MannanM, MamunA, DoiS, ClavarinoA. Prospective associations between depression and obesity for adolescent males and females- A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. PLoS One, 2016; 11(6):e0157240; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157240
5.
SutariaS, DevakumarD, YasudaSS, et al.Is obesity associated with depression in children? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child, 2019; 104(1):64–74; doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-314608
6.
HayesJF, Fitzsimmons-CraftEE, KaramAM, et al.Disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in youth with overweight and obesity: Implications for treatment. Curr Obes Rep, 2018; 7(3):235–246; doi: 10.1007/s13679-018-0316-9
7.
MoradiM, MozaffariH, AskariM, et al.Association between overweight/obesity with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2022; 62(2):555–570; doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1823813
8.
GriffithsLJ, ParsonsTJ, HillAJ. Self-esteem and quality of life in obese children and adolescents: A systematic review. Int J Pediatr Obes, 2010; 5(4):282–304; doi: 10.3109/17477160903473697
9.
PontSJ, PuhlR, CookSR, et al.; OBESITY SOCIETY. Stigma experienced by children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics, 2017; 140(6):e20173034; doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-3034
10.
PuhlRM, LatnerJD. Stigma, obesity, and the health of the nation’s children. Psychol Bull, 2007; 133(4):557–580; doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.557
11.
Van GeelM, VedderP, TanilonJ. Are overweight and obese youths more often bullied by their peers? A meta-analysis on the relation between weight status and bullying. Int J Obes (Lond), 2014; 38(10):1263–1267; doi: 10.1038/ijo.2014.117
12.
BallGDC, MerdadR, BirkenCS, et al.Managing obesity in children: A clinical practice guideline. CMAJ, 2025; 197(14):E372–E389; doi: 10.1503/cmaj.241456
13.
HamplSE, HassinkSG, SkinnerAC, et al.Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics, 2023; 151(2):e2022060640; doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-060640
14.
Al‐KhudairyL, LovemanE, ColquittJL, et al.Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017; 6(6); doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012691
15.
ColquittJL, LovemanE, O’MalleyC, et al.Diet, physical activity, and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obesity in preschool children up to the age of 6 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016; 3(3):CD012105; doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012105
16.
GowML, TeeMSY, GarnettSP, et al.Pediatric obesity treatment, self-esteem, and body image: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Pediatr Obes, 2020; 15(3):e12600; doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12600
17.
HendersonM, MooreSA, Harnois-LeblancS, et al.; Steering Committee for Updating Canada’s Clinical Practice Guideline for Managing Pediatric Obesity. Effectiveness of behavioural and psychological interventions for managing obesity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis framed using minimal important difference estimates based on GRADE guidance to inform a clinical practice guideline. Pediatr Obes, 2025; 20(3):e13193; doi: 10.1111/ijpo.13193
18.
HouseET, GowML, ListerNB, et al.Pediatric weight management, dietary restraint, dieting, and eating disorder risk: A systematic review. Nutr Rev, 2021; 79(10):1114–1133; doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa127
19.
JebeileH, GowML, BaurLA, et al.Treatment of obesity, with a dietary component, and eating disorder risk in children and adolescents: A systematic review with meta‐analysis. Obes Rev, 2019; 20(9):1287–1298; doi: 10.1111/obr.12866
20.
JebeileH, GowML, BaurLA, et al.Association of pediatric obesity treatment, including a dietary component, with change in depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr, 2019; 173(11):e192841; doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.2841
21.
MeadE, BrownT, ReesK, et al.Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese children from the age of 6 to 11 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017; 6(6):CD012651; doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012651
ArkseyH, O’MalleyL. Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol, 2005; 8(1):19–32; doi: 10.1080/1364557032000119616
24.
TriccoAC, LillieE, ZarinW, et al.PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med, 2018; 169(7):467–473; doi: 10.7326/M18-0850
25.
KwokC, SaccoS, ListerNB, et al.Changes in psychosocial outcomes reported in behavioural intervention trials for children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: A scoping review. Child Obes, 2026; doi: 10.1177/21532176251408689
26.
ForbesC, GreenwoodH, CarterM, et al.Automation of duplicate record detection for systematic reviews: Deduplicator. Syst Rev, 2024; 13(1):206; doi: 10.1186/s13643-024-02619-9
27.
HarrisPA, TaylorR, ThielkeR, et al.Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform, 2009; 42(2):377–381; doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010
28.
HarrisPA, TaylorR, MinorBL, et al.; REDCap Consortium. The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform, 2019; 95:103208; doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208
29.
IBM Corp. IBM SPSS statistics for windows. 2021.
30.
DeBarLL, StevensVJ, PerrinN, et al.A primary care–based, multicomponent lifestyle intervention for overweight adolescent females. Pediatrics, 2012; 129(3):e611–e620; doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0863
31.
ShomakerLB, Tanofsky‐KraffM, MatherneCE, et al.A randomized, comparative pilot trial of family‐based interpersonal psychotherapy for reducing psychosocial symptoms, disordered‐eating, and excess weight gain in at‐risk preadolescents with loss‐of‐control‐eating. Int J Eat Disord, 2017; 50(9):1084–1094; doi: 10.1002/eat.22741
32.
MellinLM, SlinkardLA, IrwinCE. Adolescent obesity intervention: Validation of the SHAPEDOWN program. J Am Diet Assoc, 1987; 87(3):333–338.
33.
FidelixY, Lofrano-PradoMC, FortesLS, et al.Aerobic training performed at ventilatory threshold improves psychological outcomes in adolescents with obesity. J Phys Act Health, 2019; 16(10):851–856; doi: 10.1123/jpah.2018-0193
34.
Romero-PérezEM, Núñez EnríquezO, Gastélum-CuadrasG, et al.Assessment of attitudes toward physical education by the implementation of an extracurricular program for obese children. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020; 17(15):5300; doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155300
35.
Romero-PérezEM, González-BernalJJ, Soto-CámaraR, et al.Influence of a physical exercise program in the anxiety and depression in children with obesity. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020; 17(13):4655; doi: 10.3390/ijerph17134655
36.
JelalianE, JandasekB, WolffJC, et al.Cognitive-behavioral therapy plus healthy lifestyle enhancement for depressed, overweight/obese adolescents: Results of a pilot trial. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 2019; 48(sup1):S24–S33; doi: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1163705
37.
DanielsenYS, NordhusIH, JúlíussonPB, et al.Effect of a family-based cognitive behavioural intervention on body mass index, self-esteem and symptoms of depression in children with obesity (aged 7–13): A randomised waiting list controlled trial. Obes Res Clin Pract, 2013; 7(2):e116–e128; doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2012.06.003
38.
StasinakiA, BüchterD, ShihC-HI, et al.Effects of a novel mobile health intervention compared to a multi-component behaviour changing program on body mass index, physical capacities and stress parameters in adolescents with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr, 2021; 21(1):308; doi: 10.1186/s12887-021-02781-2
39.
AnnesiJJ. Effects of a standardized curriculum on physical activity and body composition in after-school program participants with BMI scores above the 90th percentile: Assessing theory-based predictors. Psychosoc Interv, 2019; 28(2):83–90; doi: 10.5093/pi2019a2
40.
ButteNF, HoelscherDM, BarlowSE, et al.Efficacy of a community‐ versus primary care–centered program for childhood obesity: TX CORD RCT. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2017; 25(9):1584–1593; doi: 10.1002/oby.21929
41.
BonhamMP, DordevicAL, WareRS, et al.Evaluation of a commercially delivered weight management program for adolescents. J Pediatr, 2017; 185:73–80.e3; doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.01.042
42.
PettyKH, DavisCL, TkaczJ, et al.Exercise effects on depressive symptoms and self-worth in overweight children: A randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Psychol, 2009; 34(9):929–939; doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsp007
43.
DaleyAJ, CopelandRJ, WrightNP, et al.Exercise therapy as a treatment for psychopathologic conditions in obese and morbidly obese adolescents: A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 2006; 118(5):2126–2134; doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-1285
44.
CrokerH, VinerRM, NichollsD, et al.Family-based behavioural treatment of childhood obesity in a UK National Health Service setting: Randomized controlled trial. Int J Obes (Lond), 2012; 36(1):16–26; doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.182
45.
SepúlvedaAR, SolanoS, BlancoM, et al.Feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a multidisciplinary intervention in childhood obesity from primary care: Nutrition, physical activity, emotional regulation, and family. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 2020; 28(2):184–198; doi: 10.1002/erv.2702
46.
HuangJS, DillonL, TerronesL, et al.Fit4Life: A weight loss intervention for children who have survived childhood leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2014; 61(5):894–900; doi: 10.1002/pbc.24937
47.
KokkvollA, GrimsgaardS, SteinsbekkS, et al.Health in overweight children: 2-year follow-up of Finnmark Activity School—A randomised trial. Arch Dis Child, 2015; 100(5):441–448; doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-307107
48.
WeigensbergMJ, LaneCJ, ÁvilaQ, et al.Imagine HEALTH: Results from a randomized pilot lifestyle intervention for obese Latino adolescents using interactive guided ImagerySM. BMC Complement Altern Med, 2014; 14(1):28; doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-28
49.
YuH, LiF, HuY, et al.Improving the metabolic and mental health of children with obesity: A school-based nutrition education and physical activity intervention in Wuhan, China. Nutrients, 2020; 12(1):194; doi: 10.3390/nu12010194
50.
NjardvikU, GunnarsdottirT, OlafsdottirAS, et al.Incorporating appetite awareness training within family-based behavioral treatment of pediatric obesity: A randomized controlled pilot study. J Pediatr Psychol, 2018; 43(9):1017–1027; doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsy055
51.
AbrahamAA, ChowW-C, SoH-K, et al.Lifestyle intervention using an internet-based curriculum with cell phone reminders for obese Chinese teens: A randomized controlled study. Atkin SL. ed. PLoS One, 2015; 10(5):e0125673; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125673
52.
WaddenTA, StunkardAJ, RichL, et al.Obesity in black adolescent girls: A controlled clinical trial of treatment by diet, behavior modification, and parental support. Pediatrics, 1990; 85(3):345–352.
53.
PatrickK, NormanGJ, DavilaEP, et al.Outcomes of a 12-month technology-based intervention to promote weight loss in adolescents at risk for type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2013; 7(3):759–770; doi: 10.1177/193229681300700322
54.
LiJ, WelshJ, DiNalloJ, et al.Parent-focused childhood obesity intervention improves family functioning and children’s well-being. J Ext, 2020; 58(2); doi: 10.34068/joe.58.02.21
55.
EpsteinLH, PaluchRA, GordyCC, et al.Problem solving in the treatment of childhood obesity. J Consult Clin Psychol, 2000; 68(4):717–721; doi: 10.1037//0022-006X.68.4.717
56.
WagenerTL, FedeleDA, MignognaMR, et al.Psychological effects of dance‐based group exergaming in obese adolescents. Pediatr Obes, 2012; 7(5):e68–e74; doi: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00065.x
57.
JonesM, LuceKH, OsborneMI, et al.Randomized, controlled trial of an internet-facilitated intervention for reducing binge eating and overweight in adolescents. Pediatrics, 2008; 121(3):453–462; doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-1173
58.
DuckworthLC, GatelyPJ, RadleyD, et al.RCT of a high‐protein diet on hunger motivation and weight‐loss in obese children: An extension and replication. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2009; 17(9):1808–1810; doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.95
59.
BrancoBHM, MarianoIR, De OliveiraLP, et al.Sports and functional training improve a subset of obesity-related health parameters in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol, 2020; 11:589554; doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.589554
60.
WeintraubDL, TirumalaiEC, HaydelKF, et al.Team sports for overweight children: The Stanford sports to prevent obesity randomized trial (SPORT). Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2008; 162(3):232–237; doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2007.43
61.
de NietJ, TimmanR, BauerS, et al.The effect of a short message service maintenance treatment on body mass index and psychological well‐being in overweight and obese children: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Obes, 2012; 7(3):205–219; doi: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00048.x
62.
LochrieAS, WysockiT, HossainJ, et al.The effects of a family-based intervention (FBI) for overweight/obese children on health and psychological functioning. Clin Pract Pediatr Psychol, 2013; 1(2):159–170; doi: 10.1037/cpp0000020
63.
DavisAM, SampiloM, GallagherKS, et al.Treating rural paediatric obesity through telemedicine vs. telephone: Outcomes from a cluster randomized controlled trial. J Telemed Telecare, 2016; 22(2):86–95; doi: 10.1177/1357633X15586642
64.
DavisAM, SampiloM, GallagherKS, et al.Treating rural pediatric obesity through telemedicine: Outcomes from a small randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Psychol, 2013; 38(9):932–943; doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jst005
65.
JelalianE, Lloyd-RichardsonEE, MehlenbeckRS, et al.Behavioral weight control treatment with supervised exercise or peer-enhanced adventure for overweight adolescents. J Pediatr, 2010; 157(6):923–928.e1; doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.05.047
66.
JelalianE, SatoA, HartCN. The effect of group-based weight-control intervention on adolescent psychosocial outcomes: Perceived peer rejection, social anxiety, and self-concept. Child Health Care, 2011; 40(3):197–211; doi: 10.1080/02739615.2011.590391
67.
Lloyd-RichardsonEE, JelalianE, SatoAF, et al.Two-year follow-up of an adolescent behavioral weight control intervention. Pediatrics, 2012; 130(2):e281–e288; doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-3283
68.
GoldfieldGS, KennyGP, AlbergaAS, et al.Effects of aerobic or resistance training or both on health-related quality of life in youth with obesity: The HEARTY Trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 2017; 42(4):361–370; doi: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0386
69.
GoldfieldGS, KennyGP, AlbergaAS, et al.Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on psychological health in adolescents with obesity: The HEARTY randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol, 2015; 83(6):1123–1135; doi: 10.1037/ccp0000038
70.
AlbergaAS, EdacheIY, SigalRJ, et al.Effects of the HEARTY exercise randomized controlled trial on eating behaviors in adolescents with obesity. Obes Sci Pract, 2023; 9(2):158–171; doi: 10.1002/osp4.620
71.
DarlingKE, RancourtD, EvansEW, et al.Adolescent weight management intervention in a nonclinical setting: Changes in eating-related cognitions and depressive symptoms. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 2021; 42(7):579–587; doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000929
72.
JelalianE, EvansEW, RancourtD, et al.JOIN for ME : Testing a scalable weight control intervention for adolescents. Child Obes, 2020; 16(3):192–203; doi: 10.1089/chi.2019.0053
73.
RobinsonTN, MathesonD, WilsonDM, et al.A community-based, multi-level, multi-setting, multi-component intervention to reduce weight gain among low socioeconomic status Latinx children with overweight or obesity: The Stanford GOALS randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2021; 9(6):336–349; doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00084-X
74.
EmmanouilC-C, PervanidouP, CharmandariE, et al.The effectiveness of a health promotion and stress-management intervention program in a sample of obese children and adolescents. Hormones (Athens), 2018; 17(3):405–413; doi: 10.1007/s42000-018-0052-2
75.
AndersonYC, WynterLE, GrantCC, et al.A novel home‐based intervention for child and adolescent obesity: The results of the Whānau Pakari randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2017; 25(11):1965–1973; doi: 10.1002/oby.21967
76.
WildCEK, WynterLE, TriggsCM, et al.Five‐year follow‐up of a family‐based multidisciplinary program for children with obesity. Obesity, 2021; 29(9):1458–1468; doi: 10.1002/oby.23225
77.
StavrouS, NicolaidesNC, PapageorgiouI, et al.The effectiveness of a stress-management intervention program in the management of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence. J Mol Biochem, 2016; 5(2):63–70.
78.
VidmarAP, SalvySJ, WeeCP, et al.An addiction‐based digital weight loss intervention: A multi‐centre randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Obes, 2023; 18(3):e12990; doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12990
79.
VidmarAP, YamashitaN, FoxDS, et al.Can a behavioral weight-loss intervention change adolescents’ food addiction severity? Child Obes, 2022; 18(3):206–212; doi: 10.1089/chi.2021.0271
80.
WeinstockM, ThorntonLM, RaynorHA, et al.Parent involvement approach and changes in eating pathology within an adolescent obesity intervention. Eat Behav, 2023; 51:101807; doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101807
81.
BeanMK, LaRoseJG, RaynorHA, et al.The role of parents in adolescent obesity treatment: Results of the TEENS + randomized clinical pilot trial. Pediatr Obes, 2022; 17(3):e12858; doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12858
82.
JainV, KumarB, SharmaA, et al.A comprehensive yoga programme for weight reduction in children & adolescents with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Indian J Med Res, 2022; 155(3&4):387–396; doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_525_20
83.
HeidarianpourA, ShokriE, SadeghianE, et al.Combined training in addition to cortisol reduction can improve the mental health of girls with precocious puberty and obesity. Front Pediatr, 2023; 11:1241744; doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1241744
84.
MiguelesJH, Cadenas-SanchezC, LubansDR, et al.Effects of an exercise program on Cardiometabolic and mental health in children with overweight or obesity: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2023; 6(7):e2324839; doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.24839
85.
OrtegaFB, Mora-GonzalezJ, Cadenas-SanchezC, et al.Effects of an exercise program on brain health outcomes for children with overweight or obesity: The ActiveBrains randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2022; 5(8):e2227893; doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.27893
86.
AbassiW, OuerghiN, FekiM, et al.Effects of moderate- vs. high-intensity interval training on physical fitness, enjoyment, and affective valence in overweight/obese female adolescents: A pre-/post-test study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2023; 27(9):3809–3822; doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202305_32286
87.
GulleyLD, ShomakerLB, KellyNR, et al.Examining cognitive-behavioral therapy change mechanisms for decreasing depression, weight, and insulin resistance in adolescent girls at risk for type 2 diabetes. J Psychosom Res, 2022; 157:110781; doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110781
88.
GulleyLD, ShomakerLB, KellyNR, et al.Indirect effects of a cognitive-behavioral intervention on adolescent weight and insulin resistance through decreasing depression in a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Psychol, 2019; 44(10):1163–1173; doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsz064
89.
ShomakerLB, KellyNR, PickworthCK, et al.A randomized controlled trial to prevent depression and ameliorate insulin resistance in adolescent girls at risk for type 2 diabetes. Ann Behav Med, 2016; 50(5):762–774; doi: 10.1007/s12160-016-9801-0
90.
AbedelmalekS, AlouiK, Denguezli BouzgarouM, et al.Exergaming during Ramadan intermittent fasting improve body composition as well as physiological and psychological responses to physical exercise in adolescents with obesity. Front Nutr, 2022; 9:851054; doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.851054
91.
Luis-RuizS, Sánchez-CastañedaC, GaroleraM, et al.Influence of executive function training on BMI, food choice, and cognition in children with obesity: Results from the TOuCH Study. Brain Sci, 2023; 13(2):346; doi: 10.3390/brainsci13020346
92.
Lofrano-PradoMC, Donato JuniorJ, LambertucciAC, et al.Recreational physical activity improves adherence and dropout in a non-intensive behavioral intervention for adolescents with obesity. Res Q Exerc Sport, 2022; 93(4):659–669; doi: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1893259
93.
Erçeli̇kZ, CağlarS. The effectiveness of school-based interventions in preventing childhood obesity and depression in Turkey. Hong Kong J Paediatr New Ser, 2023; 28(4):209–218.
94.
NaeimijooP, AraniAM, BakhtiariM, et al.Transdiagnostic treatment (UP-A) on shame, self-criticism, emotional eating and emotional dysregulation in obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Med Sci, 2022; 26(119):1; doi: 10.54905/disssi/v26i119/ms38e1978
95.
PallanM, HurleyKL, GriffinT, et al.A cluster-randomised feasibility trial of a children’s weight management programme: The Child weigHt mANaGement for Ethnically diverse communities (CHANGE) study. Pilot Feasibility Stud, 2018; 4(1):175; doi: 10.1186/s40814-018-0373-6
96.
ChristieD, HudsonLD, KinraS, et al.A community-based motivational personalised lifestyle intervention to reduce BMI in obese adolescents: Results from the healthy eating and lifestyle programme (HELP) randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child, 2017; 102(8):695–701; doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311586
97.
TylerDO, HornerSD. A primary care intervention to improve weight in obese children: A feasibility study. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract, 2016; 28(2):98–106; doi: 10.1002/2327-6924.12246
98.
GesellSB, ScottTA, BarkinSL. Accuracy of perception of body size among overweight latino preadolescents after a 6-month physical activity skills building intervention. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 2010; 49(4):323–329; doi: 10.1177/0009922809339386
99.
BoutelleKN, ZuckerN, PetersonCB, et al.An intervention based on Schachter’s externality theory for overweight children: The regulation of cues pilot. J Pediatr Psychol, 2014; 39(4):405–417; doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jst142
100.
EstabrooksPA, ShoupJA, GattshallM, et al.Automated telephone counseling for parents of overweight children. Am J Prev Med, 2009; 36(1):35–42.e2; doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.024
101.
SaelensBE, SallisJF, WilfleyDE, et al.Behavioral weight control for overweight adolescents initiated in primary care. Obes Res, 2002; 10(1):22–32; doi: 10.1038/oby.2002.4
102.
CohenTR, HazellTJ, VanstoneCA, et al.Changes in eating behavior and plasma leptin in children with obesity participating in a family-centered lifestyle intervention. Appetite, 2018; 125:81–89; doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.017
103.
KirkS, WooJG, BrehmB, et al.Changes in eating behaviors of children with obesity in response to carbohydrate-modified and portion-controlled diets. Child Obes, 2017; 13(5):377–383; doi: 10.1089/chi.2017.0020
104.
LeeA, HoM, KeungVM, et al.Childhood obesity management shifting from health care system to school system: Intervention study of school-based weight management programme. BMC Public Health, 2014; 14(1):1128; doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1128
105.
McCallumZ, WakeM, GernerB, et al.Outcome data from the LEAP (Live, Eat and Play) trial: A randomized controlled trial of a primary care intervention for childhood overweight/mild obesity. Int J Obes (Lond), 2007; 31(4):630–636; doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803509
106.
HofsteengeGH, WeijsPJ, Delemarre-van De WaalHA, et al.Effect of the Go4it multidisciplinary group treatment for obese adolescents on health related quality of life: A randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 2013; 13(1):939; doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-939
107.
YinTJC, WuF-L, LiuY-L, et al.Effects of a weight-loss program for obese children: A “Mix of Attributes” approach. J Nurs Res, 2005; 13(1):21–30.
108.
EpsteinLH, WingRR, WoodallK, et al.Effects of family-based behavioral treatment on obese 5-to-8-year-old children. Behav Ther, 1985; 16(2):205–212.
109.
KumarS, CroghanIT, BiggsBK, et al.Family-based mindful eating intervention in adolescents with obesity: A pilot randomized clinical trial. Children (Basel), 2018; 5(7):93; doi: 10.3390/children5070093
110.
ThivelD, JulianV, MiguetM, et al.Introducing eccentric cycling during a multidisciplinary weight loss intervention might prevent adolescents with obesity from increasing their food intake: The TEXTOO study. Physiol Behav, 2020; 214:112744; doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112744
111.
BraetC, Van WinckelM. Long-term follow-up of a cognitive behavioral treatment program for obese children. Behav Ther, 2000; 31(1):55–74; doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(00)80004-0
112.
WakeM, BaurLA, GernerB, et al.Outcomes and costs of primary care surveillance and intervention for overweight or obese children: The LEAP 2 randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 2009; 339:b3308; doi: 10.1136/bmj.b3308
113.
Chirita-EmandiA, PuiuM. Outcomes of neurofeedback training in childhood obesity management: A pilot study. J Altern Complement Med, 2014; 20(11):831–837; doi: 10.1089/acm.2014.0040
114.
SandvikP, EkA, EliK, et al.Picky eating in an obesity intervention for preschool-aged children – What role does it play, and does the measurement instrument matter? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 2019; 16(1):76; doi: 10.1186/s12966-019-0845-y
115.
HergetS, MarkertJ, PetroffD, et al.Psychosocial well-being of adolescents before and after a 1-year telephone-based adiposity prevention study for families. J Adolesc Health, 2015; 57(3):351–354; doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.05.014
116.
MarkertJ, HergetS, PetroffD, et al.Telephone-based adiposity prevention for families with overweight children (T.A.F.F.-Study): One year outcome of a randomized, controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2014; 11(10):10327–10344; doi: 10.3390/ijerph111010327
117.
DoyleAC, GoldschmidtA, HuangC, et al.Reduction of overweight and eating disorder symptoms via the internet in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. J Adolesc Health, 2008; 43(2):172–179; doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.01.011
118.
LeeR, LeungC, ChenH, et al.The impact of a school-based weight management program involving parents via mHealth for overweight and obese children and adolescents with intellectual disability: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2017; 14(10):1178; doi: 10.3390/ijerph14101178
119.
TheimKR, SintonMM, GoldschmidtAB, et al.Adherence to behavioral targets and treatment attendance during a pediatric weight control trial. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2013; 21(2):394–397; doi: 10.1002/oby.20281
120.
WilfleyDE, SteinRI, SaelensBE, et al.Efficacy of maintenance treatment approaches for childhood overweight: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2007; 298(14):1661–1673; doi: 10.1001/jama.298.14.1661
121.
GoldschmidtAB, SteinRI, SaelensBE, et al.Importance of early weight change in a pediatric weight management trial. Pediatrics, 2011; 128(1):e33–e39; doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-2814
122.
JelalianE, MehlenbeckR, Lloyd-RichardsonEE, et al.‘Adventure therapy’ combined with cognitive-behavioral treatment for overweight adolescents. Int J Obes, 2006; 30(1):31–39; doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803069
123.
MehlenbeckRS, JelalianE, Lloyd‐RichardsonEE, et al.Effects of behavioral weight control intervention on binge eating symptoms among overweight adolescents. Psychol Sch, 2009; 46(8):776–786; doi: 10.1002/pits.20416
124.
JelalianE, HartCN, MehlenbeckRS, et al.Predictors of attrition and weight loss in an adolescent weight control program. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2008; 16(6):1318–1323; doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.51
125.
EichenDM, StrongDR, RheeKE, et al.Change in eating disorder symptoms following pediatric obesity treatment. Int J Eat Disord, 2019; 52(3):299–303; doi: 10.1002/eat.23015
126.
WilliamsonDA, MartinPD, WhiteMA, et al.Efficacy of an internet-based behavioral weight loss program for overweight adolescent African-American girls. Eat Weight Disord, 2005; 10(3):193–203; doi: 10.1007/BF03327547
127.
WilliamsonDA, WaldenHM, WhiteMA, et al.Two‐year internet‐based randomized controlled trial for weight loss in African‐American girls. Obesity, 2006; 14(7):1231–1243; doi: 10.1038/oby.2006.140
128.
WhiteMA, MartinPD, NewtonRL, et al.Mediators of weight loss in a family‐based intervention presented over the internet. Obes Res, 2004; 12(7):1050–1059; doi: 10.1038/oby.2004.132
129.
ShrewsburyVA, NguyenB, O’ConnorJ, et al.Short-term outcomes of community-based adolescent weight management: The Loozit® Study. BMC Pediatr, 2011; 11(1):13; doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-13
130.
NguyenB, ShrewsburyVA, O’ConnorJ, et al.Two-year outcomes of an adjunctive telephone coaching and electronic contact intervention for adolescent weight-loss maintenance: The Loozit randomized controlled trial. Int J Obes (Lond), 2013; 37(3):468–472; doi: 10.1038/ijo.2012.74
131.
NguyenB, ShrewsburyVA, O’ConnorJ, et al.Twelve-month outcomes of the Loozit randomized controlled trial: A community-based healthy lifestyle program for overweight and obese adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2012; 166(2):170–177; doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.841
132.
HoM, GowM, HalimJ, et al.Effect of a prescriptive dietary intervention on psychological dimensions of eating behavior in obese adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 2013; 10(1):119; doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-119
133.
GowML, BaurLA, HoM, et al.Can early weight loss, eating behaviors and socioeconomic factors predict successful weight loss at 12- and 24-months in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance participating in a randomised controlled trial? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 2016; 13(1):43; doi: 10.1186/s12966-016-0367-9
134.
SalahshoornezhadS, SohrabiZ, ManiA, et al.Effect of a multi-disciplinary program on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in obese and overweight elementary school girls: A randomized clinical trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 2022; 32(8):1982–1989; doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.04.014
135.
LaiWK, Mohd SidikS, RampalL, et al.Effectiveness of a school-based intervention to manage overweight and obesity among adolescents in Seremban, Malaysia: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Hum Nutr Metab, 2023; 34:200229; doi: 10.1016/j.hnm.2023.200229
136.
RouyanM, TorabE, MontazerS, et al.Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on body shaming and self-criticism of obese adolescents referred to nutrition clinics in Tehran in 2019. IJDO, 2023; doi: 10.18502/ijdo.v15i1.12210
137.
SkjåkødegårdHF, ConlonRPK, HystadSW, et al.Family‐based treatment of children with severe obesity in a public healthcare setting: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Clin Obes, 2022; 12(3):e12513; doi: 10.1111/cob.12513
138.
ZhangQ, O’ConnorDB, Hugh-JonesS. Feasibility of a multiple‐component mindfulness intervention for Chinese adolescents living with overweight: A pilot randomized trial. Appl Psychol Health Well Being, 2023; 15(2):516–535; doi: 10.1111/aphw.12393
139.
Rezaei NiyasarA, MoradiA, RadmanN, et al.Is online self‐regulatory training effective in weight control? A pilot experiment on adolescence obesity during coronavirus‐19 lockdown. Brain Behav, 2022; 12(11):e2772; doi: 10.1002/brb3.2772
140.
HarshmanSG, CastroI, PerkinsM, et al.Pediatric weight management interventions improve prevalence of overeating behaviors. Int J Obes (Lond), 2022; 46(3):630–636; doi: 10.1038/s41366-021-00989-x
141.
FedeleDA, JanickeDM, McQuaidEL, et al.A behavioral family intervention for children with overweight and asthma. Clin Pract Pediatr Psychol, 2018; 6(3):259–269; doi: 10.1037/cpp0000237
142.
BoccaG, KuitertM, SauerP, et al.A multidisciplinary intervention programme has positive effects on quality of life in overweight and obese preschool children. Acta Paediatr, 2014; 103(9):962–967; doi: 10.1111/apa.12701
143.
StarkLJ, SpearS, BolesR, et al.A pilot randomized controlled trial of a clinic and home‐based behavioral intervention to decrease obesity in preschoolers. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2011; 19(1):134–141; doi: 10.1038/oby.2010.87
144.
TaylorRW, CoxA, KnightL, et al.A tailored family-based obesity intervention: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 2015; 136(2):281–289; doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-0595
145.
ElnaggarRK, ShendyMA. Aerobic interval exercises versus dietary control induced changes of adipokines levels, lipid profile and quality of life in overweight or obese children. Int J Physiother, 2016; 3(5); doi: 10.15621/ijphy/2016/v3i5/117445
146.
HoffmanJ, FrerichsL, StoryM, et al.An integrated clinic-community partnership for child obesity treatment: A randomized pilot trial. Pediatrics, 2018; 141(1):e20171444.
147.
Aguilar-CorderoMJ, León RíosXA, Rojas-CarvajalAM, et al.Effects of physical activity on quality of life in overweight and obese children. Nutr Hosp, 2021; 38(4):736–741; doi: 10.20960/nh.03373
148.
JafarzadehS, Mohammad Khan KermanshahiS, Khani JeihooniA. Effect of comprehensive health program on quality of life, weight, and physical activity level in Iranian overweight school-age girls. Int J Pediatr, 2017; doi: 10.22038/ijp.2017.21126.1774
149.
NawiAM, JamaludinFIC. Effect of internet-based intervention on obesity among adolescents in Kuala Lumpur: A school-based cluster randomised trial. Malays J Med Sci, 2015; 22(4):47–56.
150.
FonsecaH, PriosteA, SousaP, et al.Effectiveness analysis of an internet-based intervention for overweight adolescents: Next steps for researchers and clinicians. BMC Obes, 2016; 3(1):15; doi: 10.1186/s40608-016-0094-4
151.
MiriSF, JavadiM, LinC-Y, et al.Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on nutrition improvement and weight of overweight and obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2019; 13(3):2190–2197; doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.05.010
152.
KalarchianMA, LevineMD, ArslanianSA, et al.Family-based treatment of severe pediatric obesity: Randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 2009; 124(4):1060–1068; doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-3727
153.
JensenCD, DuraccioKM, BarnettKA, et al.Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of an adaptive text messaging intervention for adolescent weight control in primary care. Clin Pract Pediatr Psychol, 2019; 7(1):57–67; doi: 10.1037/cpp0000268
154.
JanickeDM, LimCS, PerriMG, et al.Featured article: Behavior interventions addressing obesity in rural settings: The E-FLIP for Kids Trial. J Pediatr Psychol, 2019; 44(8):889–901; doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsz029
155.
FaudeO, KerperO, MulthauptM, et al.Football to tackle overweight in children. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2010; 20 Suppl 1:103–110; doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01087.x
156.
BenestadB, KarlsenT-I, SmåstuenMC, et al.Health-related quality of life after camp-based family obesity treatment: An RCT. BMJ Paediatr Open, 2019; 3(1):e000413; doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2018-000413
157.
StaianoAE, BeylRA, GuanW, et al.Home‐based exergaming among children with overweight and obesity: A randomized clinical trial. Pediatr Obes, 2018; 13(11):724–733; doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12438
158.
Yackobovitch-GavanM, NagelbergN, DemolS, et al.Influence of weight-loss diets with different macronutrient compositions on health-related quality of life in obese youth. Appetite, 2008; 51(3):697–703; doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.06.010
159.
BoudreauADA, KurowskiDS, GonzalezWI, et al.Latino families, primary care, and childhood obesity. Am J Prev Med, 2013; 44(3):S247–S257; doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.026
160.
WarschburgerP, KroellerK, HaertingJ, et al.Empowering parents of obese children (EPOC): A randomized controlled trial on additional long-term weight effects of parent training. Appetite, 2016; 103:148–156; doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.007
161.
WarschburgerP, KröllerK. Loss to follow-up in a randomized controlled trial study for pediatric weight management (EPOC). BMC Pediatr, 2016; 16(1):184; doi: 10.1186/s12887-016-0727-2
162.
PakpourAH, GellertP, DombrowskiSU, et al.Motivational interviewing with parents for obesity: An RCT. Pediatrics, 2015; 135(3):e644–e652; doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1987
163.
Luna-PechJA, Torres-MendozaBM, Luna-PechJA, et al.Normocaloric diet improves asthma-related quality of life in obese pubertal adolescents. Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 2014; 163(4):252–258; doi: 10.1159/000360398
164.
DaltonWT, SchetzinaKE, McBeeMT, et al.Parent report of child’s health-related quality of life after a primary-care-based weight management program. Child Obes, 2013; 9(6):501–508; doi: 10.1089/chi.2013.0036
165.
WafaSW, TalibRA, HamzaidNH, et al.Randomized controlled trial of a good practice approach to treatment of childhood obesity in Malaysia: Malaysian childhood obesity treatment trial (MASCOT). Int J Pediatr Obes, 2011; 6(2–2):e62–e69; doi: 10.3109/17477166.2011.566340
166.
HughesAR, StewartL, ChappleJ, et al.Randomized, controlled trial of a best-practice individualized behavioral program for treatment of childhood overweight: Scottish childhood overweight treatment trial (SCOTT). Pediatrics, 2008; 121(3):e539–e546; doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-1786
167.
KubikMY, LeeJ, FulkersonJA, et al.School-based secondary obesity prevention for eight- to twelve-year-olds: Results from the students, nurses, and parents seeking healthy options together randomized trial. Child Obes, 2021; 17(3):185–195; doi: 10.1089/chi.2020.0321
168.
WakeM, LycettK, CliffordSA, et al.Shared care obesity management in 3-10 year old children: 12 month outcomes of HopSCOTCH randomised trial. BMJ, 2013; 346(jun10 1):f3092; doi: 10.1136/bmj.f3092
169.
ChenJ-L, GuedesCM, LungAE. Smartphone-based healthy weight management intervention for Chinese American adolescents: Short-term efficacy and factors associated with decreased weight. J Adolesc Health, 2019; 64(4):443–449; doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.08.022
170.
VosRC, HuismanSD, HoudijkECAM, et al.The effect of family-based multidisciplinary cognitive behavioral treatment on health-related quality of life in childhood obesity. Qual Life Res, 2012; 21(9):1587–1594; doi: 10.1007/s11136-011-0079-1
171.
YavuzAY, HacıalioğluN. The effect of training provided for obese adolescents based on health promotion model on their healthy lifestyle behaviors and life quality. Prog Nutr, 2018; 20(1):146–160; doi: 10.23751/pn.v20i1.6301
172.
SolteroEG, AyersSL, AvalosMA, et al.Theoretical mediators of diabetes risk and quality of life following a diabetes prevention program for Latino youth with obesity. Am J Health Promot, 2021; 35(7):939–947; doi: 10.1177/08901171211012951
173.
SolteroEG, OlsonML, WilliamsAN, et al.Effects of a community‐based diabetes prevention program for Latino youth with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2018; 26(12):1856–1865; doi: 10.1002/oby.22300
174.
TaverasEM, MarshallR, SharifiM, et al.Comparative effectiveness of clinical-community childhood obesity interventions: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr, 2017; 171(8):e171325; doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1325
175.
ShalitinS, Ashkenazi-HoffnungL, Yackobovitch-GavanM, et al.Effects of a twelve-week randomized intervention of exercise and/or diet on weight loss and weight maintenance, and other metabolic parameters in obese preadolescent children. Horm Res, 2009; 72(5):287–301; doi: 10.1159/000245931
176.
Yackobovitch-GavanM, NagelbergN, PhillipM, et al.The influence of diet and/or exercise and parental compliance on health-related quality of life in obese children. Nutr Res, 2009; 29(6):397–404; doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.05.007
177.
RobertsonW, FlemingJ, KamalA, et al.Randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the ‘Families for Health’ programme to reduce obesity in children. Arch Dis Child, 2017; 102(5):416–426; doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311514
178.
ZoellnerJM, YouW, HillJL, et al.Comparing two different family‐based childhood obesity treatment programmes in a medically underserved region: Effectiveness, engagement and implementation outcomes from a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Obes, 2022; 17(1):e12840; doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12840
179.
MazzeoSE, KellyNR, SternM, et al.Parent skills training to enhance weight loss in overweight children: Evaluation of NOURISH. Eat Behav, 2014; 15(2):225–229; doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.01.010
180.
SteeleRG, AylwardBS, JensenCD, et al.Comparison of a family-based group intervention for youths with obesity to a brief individual family intervention: A practical clinical trial of positively fit. J Pediatr Psychol, 2012; 37(1):53–63; doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsr057
181.
BanksJ, SharpDJ, HuntLP, et al.Evaluating the transferability of a hospital-based childhood obesity clinic to primary care: A randomised controlled trial. Br J Gen Pract, 2012; 62(594):e6–e12; doi: 10.3399/bjgp12X616319
182.
FordAL, BerghC, SoderstenP, et al.Treatment of childhood obesity by retraining eating behaviour: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 2009; 340:b5388; doi: 10.1136/bmj.b5388
183.
LikhitweerawongN, BoonchooduangN, KittisakmontriK, et al.Effectiveness of mobile application on changing weight, healthy eating habits, and quality of life in children and adolescents with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr, 2021; 21(1):499; doi: 10.1186/s12887-021-02980-x
184.
KöseS, YıldızS. Motivational support programme to enhance health and well‐being and promote weight loss in overweight and obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial in Turkey. Int J Nurs Pract, 2021; 27(1):e12878; doi: 10.1111/ijn.12878
185.
Kitzman-UlrichH, WilsonDK, St. GeorgeSM, et al.A preliminary test of a motivational and parenting weight loss program targeting low-income and minority adolescents. Child Obes, 2011; 7(5):379–384; doi: 10.1089/chi.2011.0030
186.
HidayantyH, BardosonoS, KhusunH, et al.A social cognitive theory-based programme for eating patterns and sedentary activity among overweight adolescents in Makassar, South Sulawesi: A cluster randomised controlled trial. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2016; 25(Suppl 1):s83–s92; doi: 10.6133/apjcn.122016.s7
187.
SchranzN, TomkinsonG, ParlettaN, et al.Can resistance training change the strength, body composition and self-concept of overweight and obese adolescent males? A randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med, 2014; 48(20):1482–1488; doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092209
188.
KirschenbaumDS, HarrisES, TomarkenAJ. Effects of parental involvement in behavioral weight loss therapy for preadolescents. Behav Ther, 1984; 15(5):485–500; doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(84)80051-9
189.
BañosRM, OliverE, NavarroJ, et al.Efficacy of a cognitive and behavioral treatment for childhood obesity supported by the ETIOBE web platform. Psychol Health Med, 2019; 24(6):703–713; doi: 10.1080/13548506.2019.1566622
190.
WrightK, NorrisK, Newman GigerJ, et al.Improving healthy dietary behaviors, nutrition knowledge, and self-efficacy among underserved school children with parent and community involvement. Child Obes, 2012; 8(4):347–356; doi: 10.1089/chi.2012.0045
191.
WatsonPM, McKinnonA, SantinoN, et al.Integrating needs-supportive delivery into a laboratory-based randomised controlled trial for adolescent girls with overweight and obesity: Theoretical underpinning and 12-week psychological outcomes. J Sports Sci, 2021; 39(21):2434–2443; doi: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1939948
192.
GourlanM, SarrazinP, TrouilloudD. Motivational interviewing as a way to promote physical activity in obese adolescents: A randomised-controlled trial using self-determination theory as an explanatory framework. Psychol Health, 2013; 28(11):1265–1286; doi: 10.1080/08870446.2013.800518
193.
WalpoleB, DettmerE, MorrongielloBA, et al.Motivational interviewing to enhance self-efficacy and promote weight loss in overweight and obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Psychol, 2013; 38(9):944–953; doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jst023
194.
GreyM, BerryD, DavidsonM, et al.Preliminary testing of a program to prevent type 2 diabetes among high‐risk youth. J Sch Health, 2004; 74(1):10–15; doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2004.tb06595.x
195.
SauderKA, DabeleaD, Bailey‐CallahanR, et al.Targeting risk factors for type 2 diabetes in American Indian youth: The tribal turning point pilot study. Pediatr Obes, 2018; 13(5):321–329; doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12223
196.
KangH-S, RyuM-H, ParkS. The effects of a weight loss program focusing on maternal education on childhood obesity. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci), 2008; 2(3):150–158; doi: 10.1016/S1976-1317(08)60038-9
197.
HamOK, SungKM, LeeBG, et al.Transtheoretical model based exercise counseling combined with music skipping rope exercise on childhood obesity. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci), 2016; 10(2):116–122; doi: 10.1016/j.anr.2016.03.003
198.
BerryDC, SchwartzTA, McMurrayRG, et al.The family partners for health study: A cluster randomized controlled trial for child and parent weight management. Nutr Diabetes, 2014; 4(1):e101; doi: 10.1038/nutd.2013.42
199.
BerryDC, McMurrayRG, SchwartzTA, et al.A cluster randomized controlled trial for child and parent weight management: Children and parents randomized to the intervention group have correlated changes in adiposity. BMC Obes, 2017; 4(1):39; doi: 10.1186/s40608-017-0175-z
200.
CliffDP, OkelyAD, MorganPJ, et al.Movement skills and physical activity in obese children: Randomized controlled trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2011; 43(1):90–100; doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e741e8
201.
BagherniyaM, DaraniFM, SharmaM, et al.Assessment of the efficacy of physical activity level and lifestyle behavior interventions applying social cognitive theory for overweight and obese girl adolescents. J Res Health Sci, 2018; 18(2):e00409.
202.
BagherniyaM, SharmaM, Mostafavi DaraniF, et al.School-based nutrition education intervention using social cognitive theory for overweight and obese Iranian adolescent girls: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Int Q Community Health Educ, 2017; 38(1):37–45; doi: 10.1177/0272684X17749566
203.
LeeSY, KimJ, OhS, et al.A 24-week intervention based on nutrition care process improves diet quality, body mass index, and motivation in children and adolescents with obesity. Nutr Res, 2020; 84:53–62; doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.09.005
204.
StonerS, FiorilloM. A program for self-concept improvement and weight reduction for overweight adolescent females. Psychol J Hum Behav, 1976; 13(3):30–35.
205.
FidanciBE, AkbayrakN, ArslanF. Assessment of a health promotion model on obese Turkish children. J Nurs Res, 2017; 25(6):436–446; doi: 10.1097/JNR.0000000000000238
206.
KhanalS, WelsbyD, LloydB, et al.Effectiveness of a once per week delivery of a family‐based childhood obesity intervention: A cluster randomised controlled trial. Pediatr Obes, 2016; 11(6):475–483; doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12089
207.
ChristisonAL, EvansTA, BleessBB, et al.Exergaming for health: A randomized study of community-based exergaming curriculum in pediatric weight management. Games Health J, 2016; 5(6):413–421; doi: 10.1089/g4h.2015.0097
208.
GuoH, ZengX, ZhuangQ, et al.Intervention of childhood and adolescents obesity in Shantou city. Obes Res Clin Pract, 2015; 9(4):357–364; doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2014.11.006
209.
TaylorJH, XuY, LiF, et al.Psychosocial predictors and moderators of weight management programme outcomes in ethnically diverse obese youth. Pediatr Obes, 2017; 12(6):453–461; doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12165
210.
SacherPM, KolotourouM, ChadwickPM, et al.Randomized controlled trial of the MEND Program: A family‐based community intervention for childhood obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2010; 18 Suppl 1(S1):S62–S68; doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.433
211.
NayakBS, BhatVH. School based multicomponent intervention for obese children in Udupi District, South India - A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Diagn Res, 2016; 10(12):SC24–SC28; doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/23766.9116
212.
YuCCW, SungRYT, HauKT, et al.The effect of diet and strength training on obese children’s physical self-concept. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2008; 48(1):76–82.
213.
Kitzman-UlrichH, HampsonR, WilsonDK, et al.An adolescent weight-loss program integrating family variables reduces energy intake. J Am Diet Assoc, 2009; 109(3):491–496; doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.11.029
214.
WilfleyDE, SaelensBE, SteinRI, et al.Dose, content, and mediators of family-based treatment for childhood obesity: A multisite randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr, 2017; 171(12):1151–1159; doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.2960
215.
JelalianE, HadleyW, SatoA, et al.Adolescent weight control: An intervention targeting parent communication and modeling compared with minimal parental involvement. J Pediatr Psychol, 2015; 40(2):203–213; doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsu082
216.
HadleyW, McCulloughMB, RancourtD, et al.Shaking up the system: The role of change in maternal-adolescent communication quality and adolescent weight loss. J Pediatr Psychol, 2015; 40(1):121–131; doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsu073
217.
PatsopoulouA, TsimtsiouZ, KatsioulisA, et al.Evaluating the efficacy of the feeding exercise randomized trial in overweight and obese adolescents. Child Obes, 2017; 13(2):128–137; doi: 10.1089/chi.2016.0192
218.
ChewC, OhJ, RajasegaranK, et al.Evaluation of a group family-based intervention programme for adolescent obesity: The LITE randomised controlled pilot trial. Singapore Med J, 2021; 62(1):39–47; doi: 10.11622/smedj.2019122
219.
PradoG, FernandezA, St. GeorgeSM, et al.Results of a family-based intervention promoting healthy weight strategies in overweight Hispanic adolescents and parents: An RCT. Am J Prev Med, 2020; 59(5):658–668; doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.010
220.
EllisDA, JanisseH, Naar-KingS, et al.The effects of multisystemic therapy on family support for weight loss among obese African-American adolescents: Findings from a randomized controlled trial. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 2010; 31(6):461–468; doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181e35337
221.
SpenceND, NewtonAS, KeaschukRA, et al.Parents as agents of change in managing pediatric obesity: A randomized controlled trial comparing cognitive behavioral therapy versus psychoeducation interventions. Child Obes, 2023; 19(2):71–87;doi: 10.1089/chi.2021.0194
222.
ChenF-T, ChenS-R, ChuI-H, et al.Multicomponent exercise intervention and metacognition in obese preadolescents: A randomized controlled study. J Sport Exerc Psychol, 2017; 39(4):302–312; doi: 10.1123/jsep.2017-0013
223.
HuangT, LarsenKT, JepsenJRM, et al.Effects of an obesity intervention program on cognitive function in children: A randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2015; 23(10):2101–2108; doi: 10.1002/oby.21209
224.
ChouC, KaoS, PanC, et al.Cognitively engaging movement games improve interference control and academic performance in overweight children: A randomized control trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2023; 33(4):521–534; doi: 10.1111/sms.14264
225.
DalyP, PaceT, BergJ, et al.A mindful eating intervention: A theory-guided randomized anti-obesity feasibility study with adolescent Latino females. Complement Ther Med, 2016; 28:22–28; doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2016.07.006
226.
BudianaD, ArifDN, MudjihartonoA. The effect of endurance and strength physical activity program and nutrition education to obesity children life satisfaction. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng, 2017; 180:e012194; doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/180/1/012194
227.
HooperL, FramsonC, DonaldsonA, et al.The American academy of pediatrics guideline for obesity: An adolescent health perspective. J Adolesc Health, 2024; 75(4):535–537; doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.07.006
228.
JebeileH, CardelMI, KyleTK, et al.Addressing psychosocial health in the treatment and care of adolescents with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2021; 29(9):1413–1422; doi: 10.1002/oby.23194
229.
NewsonL, AbayomiJ. Reframing interventions for optimal child nutrition and childhood obesity: The importance of considering psychological factors. Proc Nutr Soc, 2025; 84(1):53–64; doi: 10.1017/s0029665124000028
230.
KelleherE, DavorenMP, HarringtonJM, et al.Barriers and facilitators to initial and continued attendance at community-based lifestyle programmes among families of overweight and obese children: A systematic review. Obes Rev, 2017; 18(2):183–194; doi: 10.1111/obr.12478
231.
HeskethKR, LakshmanR, van SluijsEMF. Barriers and facilitators to young children’s physical activity and sedentary behaviour: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative literature. Obes Rev, 2017; 18(9):987–1017; doi: 10.1111/obr.12562
232.
KebbeM, DamanhouryS, BrowneN, et al.Barriers to and enablers of healthy lifestyle behaviours in adolescents with obesity: A scoping review and stakeholder consultation. Obes Rev, 2017; 18(12):1439–1453; doi: 10.1111/obr.12602
233.
LikhitweerawongN, LouthrenooO, BoonchooduangN, et al.Bidirectional prediction between weight status and executive function in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Obes Rev, 2022; 23(8):e13458; doi: 10.1111/obr.13458
234.
MartinA, BoothJN, McGeownS, et al.Longitudinal associations between childhood obesity and academic achievement: Systematic review with focus group data. Curr Obes Rep, 2017; 6(3):297–313; doi: 10.1007/s13679-017-0272-9
235.
MamrotP, HanćT. The association of the executive functions with overweight and obesity indicators in children and adolescents: A literature review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2019; 107:59–68; doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.021
236.
MillerAL, LeeHJ, LumengJC. Obesity-associated biomarkers and executive function in children. Pediatr Res, 2015; 77(1–2):143–147; doi: 10.1038/pr.2014.158
237.
ReinertKRS, Po’eEK, BarkinSL. The relationship between executive function and obesity in children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. J Obes, 2013; 2013:820956–820910; doi: 10.1155/2013/820956
238.
JohnstonBC, PatrickDL, DevjiT, et al.Patient-reported outcomes. In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2019; pp. 479–492; doi: 10.1002/9781119536604.ch18
239.
CalvertM, BlazebyJ, AltmanDG, et al.; CONSORT PRO Group. Reporting of patient-reported outcomes in randomized trials: The CONSORT PRO extension. JAMA, 2013; 309(8):814–822; doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.879
240.
ZenleaIS, SebastianskiM, KuceraM, et al.; Steering Committee for Updating Canada’s Clinical Practice Guideline for Managing Pediatric Obesity. Incorporation of patient and family values and preferences for health-related outcomes in paediatric obesity management: A systematic review. Pediatr Obes, 2023; 18(5):e13006; doi: 10.1111/ijpo.13006
241.
GehringND, JohnstonBC, BirkenC, et al.A survey of stakeholders’ perceived importance of health indicators and subgroup analyses to inform the Canadian clinical practice guideline for managing paediatric obesity. Pediatr Obes, 2022; 17(11):e12949; doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12949
242.
de VriesCEE, TerweeCB, Al NawasM, et al.Outcomes of the first global multidisciplinary consensus meeting including persons living with obesity to standardize patient-reported outcome measurement in obesity treatment research. Obes Rev, 2022; 23(8):e13452; doi: 10.1111/obr.13452
243.
DijkhorstPJ, De VriesCEE, TerweeCB, et al.A core set of patient‐reported outcome measures to measure quality of life in obesity treatment research. Obes Rev, 2025; 26(2):e13849; doi: 10.1111/obr.13849
244.
MackenzieRM, EllsLJ, SimpsonSA, et al.Core outcome set for behavioural weight management interventions for adults with overweight and obesity: Standardised reporting of lifestyle weight management interventions to aid evaluation (STAR-LITE). Obes Rev, 2020; 21(2):e12961; doi: 10.1111/obr.12961
245.
ValliC, SuñolR, OrregoC, et al.The development of a core outcomes set for self-management interventions for patients living with obesity. Clin Obes, 2022; 12(1):e12489; doi: 10.1111/cob.12489
246.
MacLeanPS, RothmanAJ, NicastroHL, et al.The accumulating data to optimally predict obesity treatment (ADOPT) core measures project: Rationale and approach. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2018; 26 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S6–S15; doi: 10.1002/oby.22154
247.
BrownV, MoodieM, SultanaM, et al.Core outcome set for early intervention trials to prevent obesity in childhood (COS-EPOCH): Agreement on “what” to measure. Int J Obes (Lond), 2022; 46(10):1867–1874; doi: 10.1038/s41366-022-01198-w
248.
BryantM, AshtonL, NixonJ, et al.; CoOR Scientific advisory group. Framework of outcome measures recommended for use in the evaluation of childhood obesity treatment interventions: The CoOR framework. Pediatr Obes, 2014; 9(6):e116–e131; doi: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2014.220.x
249.
Matvienko-SikarK, GriffinC, KellyC, et al.A core outcome set for trials of infant-feeding interventions to prevent childhood obesity. Int J Obes (Lond), 2020; 44(10):2035–2043; doi: 10.1038/s41366-020-0538-2
250.
de VriesLW, HarringtonD, GrootenI, et al.Development of a core outcome set for school-based intervention studies on preventing childhood overweight and obesity: Study protocol. BMJ Open, 2022; 12(7):e051726; doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051726
251.
LingJ, RobbinsLB, WenF. Interventions to prevent and manage overweight or obesity in preschool children: A systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud, 2016; 53:270–289; doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.10.017
252.
SimmondsM, LlewellynA, OwenCG, et al.Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obes Rev, 2016; 17(2):95–107; doi: 10.1111/obr.12334
253.
GibsonLY, AllenKL, DavisE, et al.The psychosocial burden of childhood overweight and obesity: Evidence for persisting difficulties in boys and girls. Eur J Pediatr, 2017; 176(7):925–933; doi: 10.1007/s00431-017-2931-y
254.
PutraIGNE, DalyM, RobinsonE. Childhood obesity trajectories and adolescent mental health: A UK cohort study. Pediatr Obes, 2025; 20(3):e13206; doi: 10.1111/ijpo.13206
255.
SandersonK, PattonGC, McKercherC, et al.Overweight and obesity in childhood and risk of mental disorder: A 20-year cohort study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 2011; 45(5):384–392; doi: 10.3109/00048674.2011.570309
256.
DraperCE, GroblerL, MicklesfieldLK, et al.Impact of social norms and social support on diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour of adolescents: A scoping review. Child Care Health Dev, 2015; 41(5):654–667; doi: 10.1111/cch.12241
257.
DreyerML, EganAM. Psychosocial functioning and its impact on implementing behavioral interventions for childhood obesity. Prog Pediatr Cardiol, 2008; 25(2):159–166; doi: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2008.05.007
258.
JalaliMS, Sharafi-AvarzamanZ, RahmandadH, et al.Social influence in childhood obesity interventions: A systematic review. Obes Rev, 2016; 17(9):820–832; doi: 10.1111/obr.12420
259.
LemstraME, RogersM. Mental health and socioeconomic status impact adherence to youth activity and dietary programs: A meta-analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract, 2021; 15(4):309–314; doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2021.05.003
260.
LobsteinT, NeveuxM, BrownT, et al.; STOP project consortium. Social disparities in obesity treatment for children age 3-10 years: A systematic review. Obes Rev, 2021; 22(2):e13153; doi: 10.1111/obr.13153
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
